<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
(	O
or	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Project	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
umbrella	O
project	O
of	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
blockchains	B-Application
and	O
related	O
tools	O
that	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
started	O
in	O
December	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
and	O
SAP	B-Application
Ariba	O
have	O
contributed	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
collaborative	O
development	O
of	O
blockchain-based	O
distributed	O
ledgers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
renamed	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Foundation	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2015	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
announced	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
’s	O
objective	O
is	O
to	O
advance	O
cross-industry	O
collaboration	O
by	O
developing	O
blockchains	B-Application
and	O
distributed	O
ledgers	O
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
improving	O
the	O
systems’	O
performance	O
and	O
reliability	O
(	O
compared	O
to	O
cryptocurrency	O
designs	O
)	O
so	O
they	O
can	O
support	O
global	O
business	O
transactions	O
by	O
major	O
technological	O
,	O
financial	O
,	O
and	O
supply	O
chain	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
integrates	O
independent	O
open	O
protocols	O
and	O
standards	O
in	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
use-specific	O
modules	O
,	O
including	O
blockchains	B-Application
with	O
their	O
own	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
and	O
storage	O
routines	O
,	O
and	O
services	O
for	O
identity	O
,	O
access	O
control	O
and	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
some	O
debate	O
about	O
whether	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
would	O
develop	O
its	O
own	O
bitcoin-type	O
cryptocurrency	O
,	O
but	O
Behlendorf	O
clearly	O
stated	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Project	O
will	O
never	O
build	O
its	O
own	O
cryptocurrency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2018	O
,	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
released	O
the	O
production-ready	O
Sawtooth	O
1.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
long-term-support	O
version	O
of	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
(	O
v1.4	O
)	O
was	O
announced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daniela	O
Barbosa	O
was	O
named	O
executive	O
director	O
of	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Foundation	O
in	O
October	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
initiative	O
included	O
blockchain	B-Application
ISVs	O
,	O
(	O
Blockchain	B-Application
,	O
ConsenSys	O
,	O
Digital	O
Asset	O
,	O
R3	O
,	O
Onchain	O
)	O
,	O
well-known	O
technology	O
platform	O
companies	O
(	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Fujitsu	O
,	O
Hitachi	O
,	O
IBM	O
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
NEC	O
,	O
NTT	O
DATA	O
,	O
Red	O
Hat	O
,	O
VMware	O
)	O
,	O
financial	O
services	O
firms	O
(	O
ABN	O
AMRO	O
,	O
ANZ	O
Bank	O
,	O
BNY	O
Mellon	O
,	O
CLS	O
Group	O
,	O
CME	O
Group	O
,	O
the	O
Depository	O
Trust	O
&	O
Clearing	O
Corporation	O
(	O
DTCC	O
)	O
,	O
Deutsche	O
Börse	O
Group	O
,	O
J.P.	O
Morgan	O
,	O
State	O
Street	O
,	O
SWIFT	B-Language
,	O
Wells	O
Fargo	O
,	O
Sberbank	O
)	O
,	O
business	O
software	O
companies	O
like	O
SAP	B-Application
,	O
academic	O
institutions	O
(	O
Cambridge	O
Centre	O
for	O
Alternative	O
Finance	O
,	O
Blockchain	B-Application
at	O
Columbia	O
,	O
UCLA	O
Blockchain	B-Application
Lab	O
)	O
,	O
systems	O
integrators	O
and	O
others	O
(	O
Accenture	O
,	O
Calastone	O
,	O
Wipro	O
,	O
Credits	O
,	O
Guardtime	O
,	O
IntellectEU	O
,	O
Nxt	B-Application
Foundation	I-Application
,	O
Symbiont	O
,	O
Smart	O
Block	O
Laboratory	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
governing	O
board	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Project	O
consists	O
of	O
ten	O
members	O
chaired	O
by	O
Robert	O
Palatnick	O
,	O
(	O
managing	O
director	O
and	O
chief	O
technology	O
architect	O
for	O
DTCC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
fifteen-member	O
Technical	O
Steering	O
Committee	O
chaired	O
by	O
Tracy	O
Kuhrt	O
,	O
Associate	O
Director	O
,	O
Blockchain	B-Application
and	O
Multiparty	O
Systems	O
Architecture	O
,	O
at	O
Accenture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besu	O
is	O
an	O
enterprise-grade	O
Ethereum	B-Application
codebase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
is	O
a	O
permissioned	O
blockchain	B-Application
infrastructure	O
,	O
originally	O
contributed	O
by	O
IBM	O
and	O
Digital	O
Asset	O
,	O
providing	O
a	O
modular	O
architecture	O
with	O
a	O
delineation	O
of	O
roles	O
between	O
the	O
nodes	O
in	O
the	O
infrastructure	O
,	O
execution	O
of	O
Smart	B-Application
Contracts	I-Application
(	O
called	O
"	O
chaincode	O
"	O
in	O
Fabric	O
)	O
and	O
configurable	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
and	O
membership	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
Fabric	O
Network	O
comprises	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
"	O
Peer	O
nodes	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
execute	O
chaincode	O
,	O
access	O
ledger	O
data	O
,	O
endorse	O
transactions	O
and	O
interface	O
with	O
applications	O
;	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
"	O
Orderer	O
nodes	O
"	O
which	O
ensure	O
the	O
consistency	O
of	O
the	O
blockchain	B-Application
and	O
deliver	O
the	O
endorsed	O
transactions	O
to	O
the	O
peers	O
of	O
the	O
network	O
;	O
and	O
(	O
3	O
)	O
Membership	O
Service	O
Providers	O
(	O
MSPs	O
)	O
,	O
each	O
generally	O
implemented	O
as	O
a	O
Certificate	O
Authority	O
,	O
managing	O
X.509	O
certificates	O
which	O
are	O
used	O
to	O
authenticate	O
member	O
identity	O
and	O
roles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
allows	O
for	O
use	O
of	O
different	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
algorithms	I-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
the	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
algorithm	I-Operating_System
that	O
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
used	O
with	O
the	O
platform	O
is	O
Practical	O
Byzantine	O
Fault	O
Tolerance	O
(	O
PBFT	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fabric	O
is	O
primarily	O
aimed	O
at	O
integration	O
projects	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
Distributed	O
Ledger	O
Technology	O
(	O
DLT	O
)	O
is	O
required	O
,	O
offering	O
no	O
user	O
facing	O
services	O
other	O
than	O
an	O
SDK	O
for	O
Node.js	B-Language
,	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
Go	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fabric	O
supports	O
chaincode	O
in	O
Go	B-Application
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
via	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Composer	O
,	O
or	O
natively	O
since	O
v1.1	O
)	O
out-of-the-box	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
Java	B-Language
by	O
installing	O
appropriate	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
therefore	O
potentially	O
more	O
flexible	O
than	O
competitors	O
that	O
only	O
support	O
a	O
closed	O
Smart	B-Application
Contract	I-Application
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
contributed	O
by	O
Intel	O
,	O
Sawtooth	O
includes	O
a	O
dynamic	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
feature	O
enabling	O
hot	O
swapping	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
algorithms	I-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
running	O
network	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
the	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
options	O
is	O
a	O
novel	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
protocol	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
Proof	O
of	O
Elapsed	O
Time	O
,	O
"	O
a	O
lottery-design	O
consensus	B-Operating_System
protocol	O
that	O
optionally	O
builds	O
on	O
trusted	O
execution	O
environments	O
provided	O
by	O
Intel	O
's	O
Software	O
Guard	O
Extensions	O
(	O
SGX	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sawtooth	O
supports	O
Ethereum	B-Application
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
via	O
"	O
seth	O
"	O
(	O
a	O
Sawtooth	O
transaction	O
processor	O
integrating	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Burrow	O
EVM	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
Solidity	O
support	O
,	O
Sawtooth	O
includes	O
SDKs	O
for	O
Python	O
,	O
Go	B-Application
,	O
Javascript	B-Language
,	O
Rust	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
C++	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Caliper	O
is	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
benchmark	O
tool	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
projects	O
hosted	O
by	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Caliper	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
performance	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
blockchain	B-Application
implementation	O
with	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
predefined	O
use	O
cases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Caliper	O
will	O
produce	O
reports	O
containing	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
performance	O
indicators	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
TPS	O
(	O
Transactions	O
Per	O
Second	O
)	O
,	O
transaction	O
latency	O
,	O
resource	O
utilization	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
intent	O
is	O
for	O
Caliper	O
results	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
other	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
projects	O
as	O
they	O
build	O
out	O
their	O
frameworks	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
reference	O
in	O
supporting	O
the	O
choice	O
of	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
implementation	O
suitable	O
for	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
specific	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Caliper	O
was	O
initially	O
contributed	O
by	O
developers	O
from	O
Huawei	O
,	O
Hyperchain	O
,	O
Oracle	O
,	O
Bitwise	O
,	O
Soramitsu	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
the	O
Budapest	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
and	O
Economics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Cello	O
is	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
module	O
toolkit	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
projects	O
hosted	O
by	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Cello	O
aims	O
to	O
bring	O
the	O
on-demand	O
"	O
as-a-service	O
"	O
deployment	O
model	O
to	O
the	O
blockchain	B-Application
ecosystem	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
effort	O
required	O
for	O
creating	O
,	O
managing	O
and	O
terminating	O
blockchains	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Cello	O
was	O
initially	O
contributed	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
with	O
sponsors	O
from	O
Soramitsu	O
,	O
Huawei	O
and	O
Intel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Composer	O
was	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
collaboration	O
tools	O
for	O
building	O
blockchain	B-Application
business	O
networks	O
that	O
make	O
it	O
simple	O
and	O
fast	O
for	O
business	O
owners	O
and	O
developers	O
to	O
create	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
and	O
blockchain	B-Application
applications	O
to	O
solve	O
business	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Built	O
with	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
leveraging	O
modern	O
tools	O
including	O
node.js	B-Language
,	O
npm	O
,	O
CLI	O
and	O
popular	O
editors	O
,	O
Composer	O
offered	O
business-centric	O
abstractions	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
sample	O
apps	O
with	O
easy	O
to	O
test	O
DevOps	O
processes	O
to	O
create	O
robust	O
blockchain	B-Application
solutions	O
that	O
drive	O
alignment	O
across	O
business	O
requirements	O
with	O
technical	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blockchain	B-Application
package	O
management	O
tooling	O
contributed	O
by	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Composer	O
was	O
a	O
user-facing	O
rapid	O
prototyping	O
tooling	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
top	O
of	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
easy	O
management	O
of	O
Assets	O
(	O
data	O
stored	O
on	O
the	O
blockchain	B-Application
)	O
,	O
Participants	O
(	O
identity	O
management	O
,	O
or	O
member	O
services	O
)	O
and	O
Transactions	O
(	O
Chaincode	O
,	O
a.k.a.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Application
Contracts	I-Application
,	O
which	O
operate	O
on	O
Assets	O
on	O
the	O
behalf	O
of	O
a	O
Participant	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
application	O
can	O
be	O
exported	O
as	O
a	O
package	O
(	O
a	O
BNA	O
file	O
)	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
executed	O
on	O
a	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Fabric	O
instance	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
a	O
Node.js	B-Language
application	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Loopback	O
application	O
framework	O
)	O
and	O
provide	O
a	O
REST	O
interface	O
to	O
external	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
27th	O
of	O
April	O
,	O
2020	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Technical	O
Steering	O
Committee	O
moved	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Composer	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
End	O
of	O
Life	O
"	O
lifecycle	O
stage	O
,	O
ending	O
new	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Explorer	O
is	O
a	O
blockchain	B-Application
module	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
projects	O
hosted	O
by	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designed	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
user-friendly	O
Web	O
application	O
,	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
Explorer	O
can	O
view	O
,	O
invoke	O
,	O
deploy	O
or	O
query	O
blocks	O
,	O
transactions	O
and	O
associated	O
data	O
,	O
network	O
information	O
(	O
name	O
,	O
status	O
,	O
list	O
of	O
nodes	O
)	O
,	O
chain	O
codes	O
and	O
transaction	O
families	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
any	O
other	O
relevant	O
information	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
ledger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Explorer	O
was	O
initially	O
contributed	O
by	O
IBM	O
,	O
Intel	O
and	O
DTCC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Quilt	O
is	O
a	O
business	O
blockchain	B-Application
tool	O
and	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
projects	O
hosted	O
by	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Quilt	O
offers	O
interoperability	O
between	O
ledger	O
systems	O
by	O
implementing	O
the	O
Interledger	O
protocol	O
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
ILP	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
primarily	O
a	O
payments	O
protocol	O
and	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
transfer	O
value	O
across	O
distributed	O
ledgers	O
and	O
non-distributed	O
ledgers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Interledger	O
protocol	O
provides	O
atomic	O
swaps	O
between	O
ledgers	O
(	O
even	O
non-blockchain	O
or	O
distributed	O
ledgers	O
)	O
and	O
a	O
single	O
account	O
namespace	O
for	O
accounts	O
within	O
each	O
ledger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
addition	O
of	O
Quilt	O
to	O
Hyperledger	B-Application
,	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
now	O
hosts	O
both	O
the	O
Java	B-Language
(	O
Quilt	O
)	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
Interledger.js	O
)	O
Interledger	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyperledger	B-Application
Quilt	O
was	O
initially	O
contributed	O
by	O
NTT	O
Data	O
and	O
Ripple	O
.	O
</s>
