<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
is	O
a	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
and	O
development	B-Application
kit	I-Application
for	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
and	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
combines	O
a	O
flat-file	O
database	O
with	O
a	O
graphical	O
,	O
flexible	O
,	O
user-modifiable	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
includes	O
a	O
built-in	O
programming	O
language	O
called	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
for	O
manipulating	O
data	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
combination	O
of	O
features	O
–	O
a	O
database	O
with	O
simple	O
form	O
layout	O
,	O
flexible	O
support	O
for	O
graphics	O
,	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
programming	O
–	O
suits	O
HyperCard	B-Application
for	O
many	O
different	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
of	O
applications	O
and	O
databases	O
,	O
interactive	O
applications	O
with	O
no	O
database	O
requirements	O
,	O
command	O
and	O
control	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
examples	O
in	O
the	O
demoscene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
originally	O
released	O
in	O
1987	O
for	O
$49.95	O
and	O
was	O
included	O
free	O
with	O
all	O
new	O
Macs	O
sold	O
afterwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
not	O
ported	O
to	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
but	O
can	O
run	O
in	O
the	O
Classic	O
Environment	O
on	O
versions	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
that	O
support	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
stack	O
"	O
of	O
virtual	O
"	O
cards	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
card	O
contains	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
interactive	O
objects	O
,	O
including	O
text	O
fields	O
,	O
check	O
boxes	O
,	O
buttons	O
,	O
and	O
similar	O
common	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
place	O
GUI	B-Application
objects	O
on	O
the	O
cards	O
using	O
an	O
interactive	O
layout	O
engine	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
simple	O
drag-and-drop	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
includes	O
prototype	O
or	O
template	O
cards	O
called	O
backgrounds	O
;	O
when	O
new	O
cards	O
are	O
created	O
they	O
can	O
refer	O
to	O
one	O
of	O
these	O
background	O
cards	O
,	O
which	O
causes	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
on	O
the	O
background	O
to	O
be	O
copied	O
onto	O
the	O
new	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
layout	O
engine	O
is	O
similar	O
in	O
concept	O
to	O
a	O
form	O
as	O
used	O
in	O
most	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
(	O
RAD	O
)	O
environments	O
such	O
as	O
Borland	B-Language
Delphi	I-Language
,	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
Visual	B-Language
Basic	I-Language
and	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
database	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
system	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
storage	O
of	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
objects	O
on	O
the	O
cards	O
in	O
the	O
physical	O
file	O
representing	O
the	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
database	O
does	O
not	O
exist	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
system	O
within	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stack	I-Application
;	O
no	O
database	B-General_Concept
engine	I-General_Concept
or	O
similar	O
construct	O
exists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
runtime	O
's	O
perspective	O
,	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
difference	O
between	O
moving	O
a	O
text	O
field	O
on	O
the	O
card	O
and	O
typing	O
into	O
it	O
;	O
both	O
operations	O
simply	O
change	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
the	O
target	O
object	O
within	O
the	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
final	O
key	O
element	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
is	O
the	O
script	O
,	O
a	O
single	O
code-carrying	O
element	O
of	O
every	O
object	O
within	O
the	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
script	O
is	O
a	O
text	O
field	O
whose	O
contents	O
are	O
interpreted	O
in	O
the	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
user	O
invokes	O
actions	O
in	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
like	O
clicking	O
on	O
a	O
button	O
or	O
typing	O
into	O
a	O
field	O
,	O
these	O
actions	O
are	O
translated	O
into	O
events	O
by	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
runtime	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
it	O
does	O
,	O
the	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
engine	O
runs	O
the	O
handler	O
;	O
if	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
,	O
the	O
runtime	O
examines	O
other	O
objects	O
in	O
the	O
visual	O
hierarchy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concepts	O
make	O
up	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
system	O
;	O
stacks	O
,	O
backgrounds	O
and	O
cards	O
provide	O
a	O
form-like	O
GUI	B-Application
system	O
,	O
the	O
stack	O
file	O
provides	O
object	B-Application
persistence	I-Application
and	O
database-like	O
functionality	O
,	O
and	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
allows	O
handlers	O
to	O
be	O
written	O
for	O
GUI	B-Application
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
RAD	O
or	O
database	O
systems	O
of	O
the	O
era	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
combines	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
features	O
,	O
both	O
user-facing	O
and	O
developer-facing	O
,	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Empowerment	O
"	O
became	O
a	O
catchword	O
as	O
this	O
possibility	O
was	O
embraced	O
by	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
community	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
phrase	O
"	O
programming	O
for	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
us	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
anyone	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
professional	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
this	O
combination	O
of	O
features	O
that	O
also	O
makes	O
HyperCard	B-Application
a	O
powerful	O
hypermedia	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
build	O
backgrounds	O
to	O
suit	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
some	O
system	O
,	O
say	O
a	O
rolodex	O
,	O
and	O
use	O
simple	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
commands	O
to	O
provide	O
buttons	O
to	O
move	O
from	O
place	O
to	O
place	O
within	O
the	O
stack	O
,	O
or	O
provide	O
the	O
same	O
navigation	O
system	O
within	O
the	O
data	O
elements	O
of	O
the	O
UI	O
,	O
like	O
text	O
fields	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
systems	O
have	O
been	O
created	O
for	O
HTML	B-Language
,	O
but	O
traditional	O
Web	O
services	O
are	O
considerably	O
more	O
heavyweight	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
contains	O
an	O
object	B-Language
oriented	I-Language
scripting	B-Language
language	I-Language
called	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
noted	O
for	O
having	O
a	O
syntax	O
resembling	O
casual	O
English	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperTalk	B-Language
language	O
features	O
were	O
predetermined	O
by	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
environment	O
,	O
although	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
extended	O
by	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
externals	O
functions	O
(	O
XFCN	B-Language
)	O
and	O
commands	O
(	O
XCMD	O
)	O
,	O
written	O
in	O
a	O
compiled	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
weakly	O
typed	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
supports	O
most	O
standard	O
programming	O
structures	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
if-then	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
repeat	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperTalk	B-Language
is	O
verbose	O
,	O
hence	O
its	O
ease	O
of	O
use	O
and	O
readability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperTalk	B-Language
code	O
segments	O
are	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
scripts	O
"	O
,	O
a	O
term	O
that	O
is	O
considered	O
less	O
daunting	O
to	O
beginning	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
can	O
be	O
extended	O
significantly	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
external	O
command	O
(	O
XCMD	O
)	O
and	O
external	O
function	O
(	O
XFCN	B-Language
)	O
modules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
are	O
code	O
libraries	O
packaged	O
in	O
a	O
resource	B-Operating_System
fork	I-Operating_System
that	O
integrate	O
into	O
either	O
the	O
system	O
generally	O
or	O
the	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
language	O
specifically	O
;	O
this	O
is	O
an	O
early	O
example	O
of	O
the	O
plug-in	B-Application
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
conventional	O
plug-ins	B-Application
,	O
these	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
separate	O
installation	O
before	O
they	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
;	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
included	O
in	O
a	O
stack	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
directly	O
available	O
to	O
scripts	O
in	O
that	O
stack	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
HyperCard	B-Application
's	O
peak	O
popularity	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
a	O
whole	O
ecosystem	O
of	O
vendors	O
offered	O
thousands	O
of	O
these	O
externals	O
such	O
as	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
compilers	B-Language
,	O
graphing	O
systems	O
,	O
database	O
access	O
,	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
,	O
and	O
animation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
offered	O
an	O
XCMD	O
that	O
allows	O
HyperCard	B-Application
to	O
directly	O
query	O
Oracle	B-Application
databases	O
on	O
any	O
platform	O
,	O
superseded	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
Card	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Connected	O
via	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Desktop	I-Device
Bus	I-Device
(	O
ADB	O
)	O
,	O
this	O
instrument	O
can	O
read	O
the	O
state	O
of	O
connected	O
external	O
switches	O
or	O
write	O
digital	O
outputs	O
to	O
a	O
multitude	O
of	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Externals	O
allow	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
Toolbox	O
,	O
which	O
contains	O
many	O
lower-level	O
commands	O
and	O
functions	O
not	O
native	O
to	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
,	O
such	O
as	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
serial	O
and	O
ADB	B-Device
ports	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
created	O
by	O
Bill	O
Atkinson	O
following	O
an	O
LSD	O
trip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Work	O
for	O
it	O
began	O
in	O
March	O
1985	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
WildCard	O
(	O
hence	O
its	O
creator	B-Operating_System
code	I-Operating_System
of	O
WILD	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Dan	O
Winkler	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
and	O
the	O
name	O
was	O
changed	O
to	O
HyperCard	B-Application
for	O
trademark	O
reasons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
11	O
August	O
1987	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
day	O
of	O
the	O
MacWorld	O
Conference	O
&	O
Expo	O
in	O
Boston	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
understanding	O
that	O
Atkinson	O
would	O
give	O
HyperCard	B-Application
to	O
Apple	O
only	O
if	O
the	O
company	O
promised	O
to	O
release	O
it	O
for	O
free	O
on	O
all	O
Macs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
successful	O
almost	O
instantly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	O
Programmer	O
's	O
and	O
Developer	O
's	O
Association	O
(	O
APDA	O
)	O
said	O
,	O
"	O
HyperCard	B-Application
has	O
been	O
an	O
informational	O
feeding	O
frenzy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
of	O
release	O
,	O
there	O
were	O
multiple	O
HyperCard	B-Application
books	O
and	O
a	O
50	O
disk	O
set	O
of	O
public	O
domain	O
stacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
project	O
managers	O
found	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
being	O
used	O
by	O
a	O
huge	O
number	O
of	O
people	O
,	O
internally	O
and	O
externally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bug	B-Application
reports	O
and	O
upgrade	O
suggestions	O
continued	O
to	O
flow	O
in	O
,	O
demonstrating	O
its	O
wide	O
variety	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
and	O
its	O
mainstream	O
developers	O
understood	O
that	O
HyperCard	B-Application
's	O
user	O
empowerment	O
could	O
reduce	O
the	O
sales	O
of	O
ordinary	O
shrink-wrapped	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Stewart	O
Alsop	O
II	O
speculated	O
that	O
HyperCard	B-Application
might	O
replace	O
Finder	B-Application
as	O
the	O
shell	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
1989	O
,	O
Kevin	O
Calhoun	O
,	O
then	O
a	O
HyperCard	B-Application
engineer	O
at	O
Apple	O
,	O
led	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
upgrade	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
2.0	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
new	O
version	O
included	O
an	O
on-the-fly	O
compiler	B-Language
that	O
greatly	O
increased	O
performance	O
of	O
computationally	O
intensive	O
code	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
debugger	B-Application
and	O
many	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
underlying	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
HyperCard	B-Application
2.0	O
was	O
being	O
developed	O
,	O
a	O
separate	O
group	O
within	O
Apple	O
developed	O
and	O
in	O
1991	O
released	O
HyperCard	B-Application
IIGS	B-Device
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
for	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
IIGS	I-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aimed	O
mainly	O
at	O
the	O
education	O
market	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
IIGS	B-Device
has	O
roughly	O
the	O
same	O
feature	O
set	O
as	O
the	O
1.x	O
versions	O
of	O
Macintosh	B-Device
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
while	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
color	O
graphics	O
abilities	O
of	O
the	O
IIGS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
stacks	O
(	O
HyperCard	B-Application
program	O
documents	O
)	O
are	O
not	O
binary-compatible	O
,	O
a	O
translator	O
program	O
(	O
another	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stack	I-Application
)	O
allows	O
them	O
to	O
be	O
moved	O
from	O
one	O
platform	O
to	O
the	O
other	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
Apple	O
decided	O
that	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
packages	O
,	O
including	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
property	O
of	O
a	O
wholly	O
owned	O
subsidiary	O
called	O
Claris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
developers	O
chose	O
to	O
stay	O
at	O
Apple	O
rather	O
than	O
move	O
to	O
Claris	O
,	O
causing	O
the	O
development	O
team	O
to	O
be	O
split	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Claris	O
attempted	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
business	O
model	O
where	O
HyperCard	B-Application
could	O
also	O
generate	O
revenues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
first	O
the	O
freely-distributed	O
versions	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
shipped	O
with	O
authoring	O
disabled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
Claris	O
HyperCard	B-Application
contain	O
an	O
Easter	O
Egg	O
:	O
typing	O
"	O
magic	O
"	O
into	O
the	O
message	O
box	O
converts	O
the	O
player	O
into	O
a	O
full	O
HyperCard	B-Application
authoring	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
this	O
trick	O
became	O
nearly	O
universal	O
,	O
they	O
wrote	O
a	O
new	O
version	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
Player	O
,	O
which	O
Apple	O
distributed	O
with	O
the	O
Macintosh	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
while	O
Claris	O
sold	O
the	O
full	O
version	O
commercially	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
after	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
generating	O
revenue	O
,	O
Claris	O
did	O
little	O
to	O
market	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
continued	O
with	O
minor	O
upgrades	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
failed	O
attempt	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
third	O
generation	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
this	O
period	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
began	O
losing	O
market	O
share	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Without	O
several	O
important	O
,	O
basic	O
features	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
authors	O
began	O
moving	O
to	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
and	O
Macromedia	B-Application
Authorware	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nonetheless	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
continued	O
to	O
be	O
popular	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
widening	O
range	O
of	O
applications	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
game	O
The	B-Application
Manhole	I-Application
,	O
an	O
earlier	O
effort	O
by	O
the	O
creators	O
of	O
Myst	B-Application
,	O
to	O
corporate	O
information	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
eventually	O
folded	O
Claris	O
back	O
into	O
the	O
parent	O
company	O
,	O
returning	O
HyperCard	B-Application
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
core	O
engineering	O
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
the	O
eagerly	O
anticipated	O
upgrade	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
2.2	O
and	O
included	O
licensed	O
versions	O
of	O
Color	O
Tools	O
and	O
Addmotion	O
II	O
,	O
adding	O
support	O
for	O
color	O
pictures	O
and	O
animations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
these	O
tools	O
are	O
limited	O
and	O
often	O
cumbersome	O
to	O
use	O
because	O
HyperCard	B-Application
2.0	O
lacks	O
true	O
,	O
internal	O
color	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
attempts	O
were	O
made	O
to	O
restart	O
HyperCard	B-Application
development	O
once	O
it	O
returned	O
to	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
of	O
the	O
product	O
's	O
widespread	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
multimedia-authoring	O
tool	O
it	O
was	O
rolled	O
into	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
effort	O
to	O
allow	O
HyperCard	B-Application
to	O
create	O
QuickTime	B-Application
interactive	O
(	O
QTi	O
)	O
movies	O
started	O
,	O
once	O
again	O
under	O
the	O
direction	O
of	O
Kevin	O
Calhoun	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QTi	O
extended	O
QuickTime	B-Application
's	O
core	O
multimedia	O
playback	O
features	O
to	O
provide	O
true	O
interactive	O
facilities	O
and	O
a	O
low-level	O
programming	O
language	O
based	O
on	O
68000	B-Device
assembly	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
HyperCard	B-Application
3.0	O
was	O
first	O
presented	O
in	O
1996	O
when	O
an	O
alpha-quality	O
version	O
was	O
shown	O
to	O
developers	O
at	O
Apple	O
's	O
annual	O
Apple	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
(	O
WWDC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
the	O
leadership	O
of	O
Dan	O
Crow	O
development	O
continued	O
through	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
with	O
public	O
demos	O
showing	O
many	O
popular	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
color	O
support	O
,	O
Internet	O
connectivity	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
play	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
(	O
which	O
were	O
now	O
special	O
QuickTime	B-Application
movies	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
upon	O
HyperCard	B-Application
3.0	O
stalled	O
when	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
team	O
was	O
focused	O
away	O
from	O
developing	O
QuickTime	B-Application
interactive	O
to	O
the	O
streaming	O
features	O
of	O
QuickTime	B-Application
4.0	O
.	O
in	O
1998	O
Steve	O
Jobs	O
disliked	O
the	O
software	O
because	O
Atkinson	O
had	O
chosen	O
to	O
stay	O
at	O
Apple	O
to	O
finish	O
it	O
instead	O
of	O
joining	O
Jobs	O
at	O
NeXT	O
,	O
and	O
(	O
according	O
to	O
Atkinson	O
)	O
"	O
it	O
had	O
Sculley	O
's	O
stink	O
all	O
over	O
it	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
HyperCard	B-Application
engineering	O
team	O
was	O
reassigned	O
to	O
other	O
tasks	O
after	O
Jobs	O
decided	O
to	O
abandon	O
the	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
runs	O
natively	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
classic	B-Application
Mac	I-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
but	O
it	O
can	O
still	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
's	O
Classic	O
mode	O
on	O
PowerPC	O
based	O
machines	O
(	O
G5	O
and	O
earlier	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
functional	O
native	O
HyperCard	B-Application
authoring	O
environment	O
is	O
Classic	O
mode	O
in	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
10.4	I-Application
(	O
Tiger	O
)	O
on	O
PowerPC-based	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
hypertext	O
and	O
artistic	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
PowerPoint	B-Application
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
often	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
general-purpose	O
presentation	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
applications	O
include	O
simple	O
databases	O
,	O
"	O
choose	O
your	O
own	O
adventure	O
"	O
-type	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
educational	O
teaching	O
aids	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
rapid	O
application	O
design	O
facilities	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
also	O
often	O
used	O
for	O
prototyping	O
applications	O
and	O
sometimes	O
even	O
for	O
version	O
1.0	O
implementations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Inside	O
Apple	O
,	O
the	O
QuickTime	B-Application
team	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
's	O
biggest	O
customers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
has	O
lower	O
hardware	O
requirements	O
than	O
Macromedia	B-Operating_System
Director	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
commercial	O
software	O
products	O
were	O
created	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
most	O
notably	O
the	O
original	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
graphic	O
adventure	O
game	O
Myst	B-Application
,	O
the	O
Voyager	O
Company	O
's	O
Expanded	O
Books	O
,	O
multimedia	O
CD-ROMs	O
of	O
Beethoven	O
's	O
Ninth	O
Symphony	O
CD-ROM	O
,	O
A	O
Hard	O
Day	O
's	O
Night	O
by	O
the	B-Application
Beatles	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
Voyager	O
MacBeth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
electronic	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
Whole	O
Earth	O
Catalog	O
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
prototype	O
and	O
demo	O
of	O
the	O
popular	O
game	O
You	B-Application
Do	I-Application
n't	I-Application
Know	I-Application
Jack	I-Application
was	O
written	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Quebec	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
a	O
robot	O
arm	O
used	O
to	O
insert	O
and	O
retrieve	O
video	O
disks	O
at	O
the	O
National	O
Film	O
Board	O
CinéRobothèque	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Hypercard	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
control	O
the	O
BBC	O
Radiophonic	O
Workshop	O
Studio	O
Network	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
used	O
to	O
prototype	O
a	O
fully	O
functional	O
prototype	O
of	O
SIDOCI	O
(	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
experiments	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
to	O
develop	O
an	O
integrated	O
electronic	B-Application
patient	I-Application
record	I-Application
system	I-Application
)	O
and	O
was	O
heavily	O
used	O
by	O
Montréal	O
Consulting	O
firm	O
DMR	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
how	O
"	O
a	O
typical	O
day	O
in	O
the	O
life	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
about	O
to	O
get	O
surgery	O
"	O
would	O
look	O
like	O
in	O
a	O
paperless	O
age	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Activision	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
until	O
then	O
mainly	O
a	O
game	O
company	O
,	O
saw	O
HyperCard	B-Application
as	O
an	O
entry	O
point	O
into	O
the	O
business	O
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Changing	O
its	O
name	O
to	O
Mediagenic	O
,	O
it	O
published	O
several	O
major	O
HyperCard-based	O
applications	O
,	O
most	O
notably	O
Danny	O
Goodman	O
's	O
Focal	O
Point	O
,	O
a	O
personal	O
information	O
manager	O
,	O
and	O
Reports	O
For	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
a	O
program	O
by	O
Nine	O
To	O
Five	O
Software	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
treat	O
HyperCard	B-Application
as	O
a	O
full	O
database	O
system	O
with	O
robust	O
information	O
viewing	O
and	O
printing	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HyperCard-inspired	O
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
for	O
a	O
while	O
included	O
the	O
Roadster	O
plug-in	B-Application
that	O
allowed	O
stacks	O
to	O
be	O
placed	O
inside	O
web	O
pages	O
and	O
viewed	O
by	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
with	O
an	O
appropriate	O
browser	B-Application
plug-in	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
even	O
a	O
Windows	O
version	O
of	O
this	O
plug-in	B-Application
allowing	O
computers	O
other	O
than	O
Macintoshes	B-Device
to	O
use	O
the	O
plug-in	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
HyperCard	B-Application
virus	O
was	O
discovered	O
in	O
Belgium	O
and	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
in	O
April	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
HyperCard	B-Application
executed	O
scripts	O
in	O
stacks	O
immediately	O
on	O
opening	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
also	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
applications	O
susceptible	O
to	O
macro	B-Application
viruses	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
few	O
viruses	O
were	O
based	O
on	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
and	O
their	O
overall	O
impact	O
was	O
minimal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
s	O
Apple	O
Applications	O
in	O
1987	O
stated	O
that	O
HyperCard	B-Application
"	O
may	O
make	O
Macintosh	B-Device
the	O
personal	O
computer	O
of	O
choice	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
noting	O
that	O
its	O
large	O
memory	O
requirement	O
made	O
it	O
best	O
suited	O
for	O
computers	O
with	O
2MB	O
of	O
memory	O
and	O
hard	B-Device
drives	I-Device
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
predicted	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
smallest	O
programming	O
shop	O
should	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
turn	O
out	O
stackware	O
"	O
,	O
especially	O
for	O
using	O
CD-ROMs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
predicted	O
in	O
1988	O
that	O
most	O
future	O
Mac	O
software	O
would	O
be	O
developed	O
using	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
if	O
only	O
because	O
using	O
it	O
was	O
so	O
addictive	O
that	O
developers	O
"	O
wo	O
n't	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
tear	O
themselves	O
away	O
from	O
it	O
long	O
enough	O
to	O
create	O
anything	O
else	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
stating	O
that	O
"	O
like	O
any	O
first	O
entry	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
some	O
flaws	O
"	O
,	O
the	O
magazine	O
wrote	O
that	O
"	O
HyperCard	B-Application
opened	O
up	O
a	O
new	O
category	O
of	O
software	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
praised	O
Apple	O
for	O
bundling	O
it	O
with	O
every	O
Mac	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
Steve	O
Wozniak	O
called	O
HyperCard	B-Application
"	O
the	O
best	O
program	O
ever	O
written	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
products	O
that	O
made	O
use	O
of	O
and	O
popularized	O
the	O
hypertext	O
concept	O
to	O
a	O
large	O
popular	O
base	O
of	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Jakob	O
Nielsen	O
has	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
HyperCard	B-Application
was	O
really	O
only	O
a	O
hypermedia	O
program	O
since	O
its	O
links	O
started	O
from	O
regions	O
on	O
a	O
card	O
,	O
not	O
text	O
objects	O
;	O
actual	O
HTML-style	O
text	O
hyperlinks	O
were	O
possible	O
in	O
later	O
versions	O
,	O
but	O
were	O
awkward	O
to	O
implement	O
and	O
seldom	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deena	O
Larsen	O
programmed	O
links	O
into	O
HyperCard	B-Application
for	O
Marble	O
Springs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bill	O
Atkinson	O
later	O
lamented	O
that	O
if	O
he	O
had	O
only	O
realized	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
network-oriented	O
stacks	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
focusing	O
on	O
local	O
stacks	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
machine	O
,	O
HyperCard	B-Application
could	O
have	O
become	O
the	O
first	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
saw	O
a	O
loss	O
in	O
popularity	O
with	O
the	O
growth	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
Web	O
could	O
handle	O
and	O
deliver	O
data	O
in	O
much	O
the	O
same	O
way	O
as	O
HyperCard	B-Application
without	O
being	O
limited	O
to	O
files	O
on	O
a	O
local	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
had	O
a	O
significant	O
impact	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
as	O
it	O
inspired	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
both	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
(	O
through	O
its	O
influence	O
on	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
'	O
s	O
colleague	O
Robert	O
Cailliau	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
(	O
whose	O
creator	O
,	O
Brendan	O
Eich	O
,	O
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
key	O
inspiration	O
for	O
ViolaWWW	B-Protocol
,	O
an	O
early	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
pointing-finger	O
cursor	B-Application
used	O
for	O
navigating	O
stacks	O
was	O
later	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
first	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
,	O
as	O
the	O
hyperlink	O
cursor	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Myst	B-Application
computer	I-Application
game	I-Application
franchise	O
,	O
initially	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stack	I-Application
and	O
included	O
bundled	O
with	O
some	O
Macs	O
(	O
for	O
example	O
the	O
Performa	B-Device
5300	O
)	O
,	O
still	O
lives	O
on	O
,	O
making	O
HyperCard	B-Application
a	O
facilitating	O
technology	O
for	O
starting	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
best-selling	O
computer	O
games	O
of	O
all	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Ward	O
Cunningham	O
,	O
the	O
inventor	O
of	O
Wiki	B-Protocol
,	O
the	O
wiki	B-Protocol
concept	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
a	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stack	I-Application
he	O
wrote	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
established	O
a	O
project	O
to	O
preserve	O
and	O
emulate	B-Application
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
upload	O
their	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GUI	B-Application
of	O
the	O
prototype	O
Apple	O
Wizzy	B-Device
Active	I-Device
Lifestyle	I-Device
Telephone	I-Device
was	O
based	O
on	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperCard	B-Application
influenced	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Web	O
in	O
late	O
1990	O
through	O
its	O
influence	O
on	O
Robert	O
Cailliau	O
,	O
who	O
assisted	O
in	O
developing	O
Tim	O
Berners-Lee	O
'	O
s	O
first	O
Web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Javascript	B-Language
was	O
inspired	O
by	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
do	O
not	O
operate	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
by	O
1988	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
300	O
stacks	O
were	O
publicly	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
from	O
the	O
commercial	O
CompuServe	O
network	O
(	O
which	O
was	O
not	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
official	O
Internet	O
yet	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
four	O
products	O
are	O
available	O
which	O
offer	O
HyperCard-like	O
abilities	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
HyperNext	O
is	O
a	O
software	O
development	O
system	O
that	O
uses	O
many	O
ideas	O
from	O
HyperCard	B-Application
and	O
can	O
create	O
both	O
standalone	O
applications	O
and	O
stacks	O
that	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
freeware	B-License
Hypernext	O
Player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperNext	O
is	O
available	O
for	O
Mac	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
9	I-Operating_System
&	O
X	O
,	O
and	O
Windows	O
XP	O
&	O
Vista	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperStudio	B-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
HyperCard	B-Application
clones	O
,	O
is	O
,	O
developed	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
Software	O
MacKiev	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LiveCode	B-Application
,	O
published	O
by	O
LiveCode	B-Application
,	O
Ltd.	O
,	O
expands	O
greatly	O
on	O
HyperCard	B-Application
's	O
feature	O
set	O
and	O
offers	O
color	O
and	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
toolkit	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
deployed	O
on	O
many	O
popular	O
platforms	O
(	O
Android	O
,	O
iOS	O
,	O
Classic	O
Macintosh	B-Application
system	I-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
,	O
Windows	O
98	O
through	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Linux/Unix	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
LiveCode	B-Application
directly	O
imports	O
extant	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
and	O
provides	O
a	O
migration	O
path	O
for	O
stacks	O
still	O
in	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
first	O
HyperCard	B-Application
clone	O
,	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
but	O
with	O
many	O
added	O
features	O
such	O
as	O
:	O
full	O
color	O
support	O
,	O
pixel	O
and	O
vector	O
graphics	O
,	O
a	O
full	O
GUI	B-Application
toolkit	O
,	O
and	O
support	O
for	O
many	O
modern	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
create	O
both	O
standalone	O
applications	O
and	O
projects	O
that	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
freeware	B-License
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
Player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
convert	O
extant	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
into	O
SuperCard	B-Operating_System
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SK8	B-Language
was	O
a	O
"	O
HyperCard	B-Application
killer	O
"	O
developed	O
within	O
Apple	O
but	O
never	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
extends	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
to	O
allow	O
arbitrary	O
objects	O
which	O
allowed	O
it	O
to	O
build	O
complete	O
Mac-like	O
applications	O
(	O
instead	O
of	O
stacks	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hyper	O
DA	O
by	O
Symmetry	O
was	O
a	O
Desk	O
Accessory	O
for	O
classic	O
single-tasked	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
that	O
allows	O
viewing	O
HyperCard	B-Application
1.x	O
stacks	O
as	O
added	O
windows	O
in	O
any	O
extant	O
application	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
also	O
embedded	O
into	O
many	O
Claris	O
products	O
(	O
like	O
MacDraw	O
II	O
)	O
to	O
display	O
their	O
user	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HyperPad	O
from	O
Brightbill-Roberts	O
is	O
a	O
clone	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
written	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Plus	O
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
WinPlus	B-Application
,	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
for	O
Windows	O
and	O
Macintosh	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
purchased	O
Plus	O
and	O
created	O
a	O
cross-platform	O
version	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
Card	I-Application
,	O
later	O
renamed	O
Oracle	B-Application
Media	I-Application
Objects	I-Application
,	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
4GL	B-Language
for	O
database	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
LinkWay	O
-	O
a	O
mouse-controlled	O
HyperCard-like	O
environment	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
PCs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asymetrix	O
's	O
Windows	O
application	O
ToolBook	B-Application
resembles	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
and	O
later	O
included	O
an	O
external	O
converter	O
to	O
read	O
HyperCard	B-Application
stacks	I-Application
(	O
the	O
first	O
was	O
a	O
third-party	O
product	O
from	O
Heizer	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TileStack	O
is	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
web	O
based	O
version	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
that	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
original	O
HyperCard	B-Application
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
built	O
its	O
system-wide	O
scripting	B-Language
engine	I-Language
AppleScript	B-Application
on	O
a	O
language	O
similar	O
to	O
HyperTalk	B-Language
;	O
it	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
for	O
desktop	O
publishing	O
(	O
DTP	O
)	O
workflow	B-Protocol
automation	I-Protocol
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1990s	O
FaceSpan	O
provided	O
a	O
third-party	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppleScript	B-Application
also	O
has	O
a	O
native	O
graphical	O
programming	O
front-end	O
called	O
Automator	O
,	O
released	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	I-Application
Tiger	I-Application
in	O
April	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
HyperCard	B-Application
's	O
strengths	O
was	O
its	O
handling	O
of	O
multimedia	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
multimedia	O
systems	O
like	O
Macromedia	B-Application
Authorware	I-Application
and	O
Macromedia	B-Operating_System
Director	I-Operating_System
are	O
based	O
on	O
concepts	O
originating	O
in	O
HyperCard	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppWare	B-Application
,	O
originally	O
named	O
Serius	O
Developer	O
,	O
is	O
sometimes	O
seen	O
to	O
be	O
similar	O
to	O
HyperCard	B-Application
,	O
as	O
both	O
are	O
rapid	O
application	O
development	O
(	O
RAD	O
)	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AppWare	B-Application
was	O
sold	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
90s	O
and	O
worked	O
on	O
both	O
Mac	O
and	O
Windows	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zoomracks	B-Application
,	O
a	O
DOS	B-Device
application	O
with	O
a	O
similar	O
"	O
stack	O
"	O
database	O
metaphor	O
,	O
predates	O
HyperCard	B-Application
by	O
4	O
years	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
contentious	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
