<s>
This	O
article	O
documents	O
the	O
progress	O
of	O
significant	O
human	B-General_Concept
–	I-General_Concept
computer	I-General_Concept
chess	I-General_Concept
matches	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
computers	I-Application
were	O
first	O
able	O
to	O
beat	O
strong	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
most	O
famous	O
success	O
was	O
the	O
victory	O
of	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
over	O
then	O
World	O
Chess	B-Application
Champion	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
in	O
1997	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
was	O
some	O
controversy	O
over	O
whether	O
the	O
match	O
conditions	O
favored	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2002	O
–	O
2003	O
,	O
three	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
matches	O
were	O
drawn	O
,	O
but	O
,	O
whereas	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
was	O
a	O
specialized	O
machine	O
,	O
these	O
were	O
chess	B-Application
programs	O
running	O
on	O
commercially	O
available	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
programs	O
running	O
on	O
commercially	O
available	O
desktop	O
computers	O
won	O
decisive	O
victories	O
against	O
human	O
players	O
in	O
matches	O
in	O
2005	O
and	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
chess	B-Application
programs	O
running	O
on	O
commercial	O
hardware	O
—	O
more	O
recently	O
including	O
mobile	O
phones	O
—	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
defeat	O
even	O
the	O
strongest	O
human	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1956	O
MANIAC	B-Device
,	O
developed	O
at	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
Scientific	O
Laboratory	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
to	O
defeat	O
a	O
human	O
in	O
a	O
chess-like	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1966	O
MIT	O
student	O
Richard	O
Greenblatt	O
wrote	O
the	O
chess	B-Application
program	O
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
using	O
MIDAS	O
macro	O
assembly	O
language	O
on	O
a	O
Digital	O
Equipment	O
Corporation	O
PDP-6	B-Device
computer	O
with	O
16K	O
of	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
evaluated	O
10	O
positions	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1967	O
,	O
several	O
MIT	O
students	O
and	O
professors	O
(	O
organized	O
by	O
Seymour	O
Papert	O
)	O
challenged	O
Dr.	O
Hubert	O
Dreyfus	O
to	O
play	O
a	O
game	O
of	O
chess	B-Application
against	O
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
asserted	O
that	O
no	O
computer	O
program	O
could	O
defeat	O
even	O
a	O
10-year-old	O
child	O
at	O
chess	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Herbert	O
A	O
.	O
Simon	O
,	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
pioneer	O
,	O
watched	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
spring	O
of	O
1967	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
played	O
in	O
the	O
Boston	O
Amateur	O
championship	O
,	O
winning	O
two	O
games	O
and	O
drawing	O
two	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
beat	O
a	O
1510	O
United	O
States	O
Chess	B-Application
Federation	O
player	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
1968	O
,	O
Mac	B-Application
Hack	I-Application
VI	I-Application
achieved	O
a	O
rating	O
of	O
1529	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
Northwestern	O
University	O
students	O
Larry	O
Atkin	O
,	O
David	O
Slate	O
and	O
Keith	O
Gorlen	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
Chess	B-Application
(	O
Northwestern	O
University	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
25	O
July	O
1976	O
,	O
Chess	B-Application
4.5	O
scored	O
5	O
–	O
0	O
in	O
the	O
Class	O
B	O
(	O
1600	O
–	O
1799	O
)	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
4th	O
Paul	O
Masson	O
chess	B-Application
tournament	O
in	O
Saratoga	O
,	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
4.5	O
was	O
rated	O
1722	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
4.5	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
Control	O
Data	O
Corporation	O
CDC	B-Device
Cyber	I-Device
175	O
supercomputer	B-Architecture
(	O
2.1	O
megaflops	O
)	O
looked	O
at	O
less	O
than	O
1500	O
positions	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
20	O
February	O
1977	O
,	O
Chess	B-Application
4.5	O
won	O
the	O
84th	O
Minnesota	O
Open	O
Championship	O
with	O
5	O
wins	O
and	O
1	O
loss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
30	O
April	O
1978	O
,	O
Chess	B-Application
4.6	O
scored	O
5	O
–	O
0	O
at	O
the	O
Twin	O
Cities	O
Open	O
in	O
Minneapolis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chess	B-Application
4.6	O
was	O
rated	O
2040	O
.	O
International	O
Master	O
Edward	O
Lasker	O
stated	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
"	O
My	O
contention	O
that	O
computers	O
cannot	O
play	O
like	O
a	O
master	O
,	O
I	O
retract	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
,	O
it	O
remained	O
an	O
open	O
question	O
whether	O
any	O
chess	B-Application
program	O
would	O
ever	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
defeat	O
the	O
expertise	O
of	O
top	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1968	O
,	O
International	O
Master	O
David	O
Levy	O
made	O
a	O
famous	O
bet	O
that	O
no	O
chess	B-Application
computer	I-Application
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
beat	O
him	O
within	O
ten	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
won	O
his	O
bet	O
in	O
1978	O
by	O
beating	O
Chess	B-Application
4.7	O
(	O
the	O
strongest	O
computer	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
Cray	B-General_Concept
Blitz	I-General_Concept
scored	O
5	O
–	O
0	O
in	O
the	O
Mississippi	O
State	O
Championship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
HiTech	B-General_Concept
won	O
the	O
Pennsylvania	O
State	O
Chess	B-Application
Championship	O
with	O
a	O
score	O
of	O
4½	O
–	O
½	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HiTech	B-General_Concept
defeated	O
International	O
Master	O
Ed	O
Formanek	O
(	O
2485	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Harvard	O
Cup	O
Man	O
versus	O
Computer	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Challenge	O
was	O
organized	O
by	O
Harvard	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Dutch	O
Computer	B-Application
Chess	I-Application
Federation	O
(	O
CSVN	O
)	O
organized	O
the	O
Aegon	O
Man	O
–	O
Machine	O
Tournaments	O
in	O
The	O
Hague	O
,	O
Netherlands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
early	O
tournaments	O
were	O
mostly	O
local	O
players	O
and	O
anti-computer	B-General_Concept
tactics	I-General_Concept
specialists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Thought	I-General_Concept
shared	O
first	O
place	O
with	O
Tony	O
Miles	O
in	O
the	O
Software	O
Toolworks	O
Championship	O
,	O
ahead	O
of	O
a	O
former	O
world	O
champion	O
Mikhail	O
Tal	O
and	O
several	O
grandmasters	O
,	O
including	O
Samuel	O
Reshevsky	O
,	O
Walter	O
Browne	O
,	O
and	O
Mikhail	O
Gurevich	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1989	O
,	O
Levy	O
was	O
defeated	O
by	O
the	O
computer	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Thought	I-General_Concept
in	O
an	O
exhibition	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-General_Concept
Thought	I-General_Concept
,	O
however	O
,	O
was	O
still	O
considerably	O
below	O
World	O
Championship	O
Level	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
then	O
reigning	O
world	O
chess	B-Application
champion	O
Garry	O
Kasparov	O
demonstrated	O
in	O
two	O
convincing	O
wins	O
in	O
1989	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
Chess	B-Application
Genius	O
"	O
program	O
was	O
entered	O
into	O
a	O
Professional	O
Chess	B-Application
Association	O
rapid	O
chess	B-Application
tournament	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kasparov	O
played	O
a	O
six-game	O
match	O
against	O
IBM	O
's	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kasparov	O
lost	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
(	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
–	O
Kasparov	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
Game	O
1	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
a	O
reigning	O
world	O
champion	O
had	O
lost	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
using	O
regular	O
time	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1997	O
,	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
defeated	O
Kasparov	O
3½	O
–	O
2½	O
in	O
a	O
highly	O
publicized	O
six-game	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
he	O
was	O
denied	O
access	O
to	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
's	O
recent	O
games	O
,	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
's	O
team	O
that	O
could	O
study	O
hundreds	O
of	O
Kasparov	O
's	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
loss	O
,	O
Kasparov	O
said	O
that	O
he	O
sometimes	O
saw	O
deep	O
intelligence	O
and	O
creativity	O
in	O
the	O
machine	O
's	O
moves	O
,	O
suggesting	O
that	O
during	O
the	O
second	O
game	O
,	O
human	O
chess	B-Application
players	O
,	O
in	O
contravention	O
of	O
the	O
rules	O
,	O
intervened	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kasparov	O
demanded	O
a	O
rematch	O
,	O
but	O
IBM	O
refused	O
and	O
dismantled	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
increasing	O
processing	O
power	O
,	O
Chess	B-Application
programs	O
running	O
on	O
regular	O
workstations	O
began	O
to	O
rival	O
top	O
flight	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
Rebel	B-Application
10	I-Application
defeated	O
Viswanathan	O
Anand	O
who	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
was	O
ranked	O
second	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
by	O
a	O
score	O
of	O
5	O
–	O
3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Out	O
of	O
the	O
eight	O
games	O
,	O
four	O
were	O
blitz	O
games	O
(	O
five	O
minutes	O
plus	O
five	O
seconds	O
Fischer	O
delay	O
(	O
see	O
time	O
control	O
)	O
for	O
each	O
move	O
)	O
;	O
these	O
Rebel	B-Application
won	O
3	O
–	O
1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
two	O
were	O
semi-blitz	O
games	O
(	O
fifteen	O
minutes	O
for	O
each	O
side	O
)	O
which	O
Rebel	B-Application
won	O
as	O
well	O
(	O
1½	O
–	O
½	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
played	O
9	O
grandmasters	O
at	O
the	O
Sparkassen	O
Chess	B-Application
Meeting	O
in	O
Dortmund	O
,	O
Germany	O
from	O
6	O
–	O
17	O
July	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2000	O
Sparkassen	O
Chess	B-Application
Meeting	O
was	O
a	O
category	O
19	O
chess	B-Application
tournament	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computer	O
program	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
competed	O
in	O
a	O
round	O
robin	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
scored	O
4½	O
in	O
9	O
rounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
performed	O
at	O
a	O
rating	O
of	O
2703	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2002	O
,	O
Vladimir	O
Kramnik	O
(	O
who	O
had	O
succeeded	O
Kasparov	O
as	O
Classical	O
World	O
Chess	B-Application
Champion	O
)	O
and	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
competed	O
in	O
the	O
eight-game	O
Brains	B-General_Concept
in	I-General_Concept
Bahrain	I-General_Concept
match	O
,	O
which	O
ended	O
in	O
a	O
4	O
–	O
4	O
draw	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kramnik	O
was	O
given	O
several	O
advantages	O
in	O
his	O
match	O
against	O
Fritz	B-Application
when	O
compared	O
to	O
most	O
other	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
matches	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
one	O
Kasparov	O
lost	O
against	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
in	O
1997	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
code	O
of	O
Fritz	B-Application
was	O
frozen	O
some	O
time	O
before	O
the	O
first	O
match	O
and	O
Kramnik	O
was	O
given	O
a	O
copy	O
of	O
Fritz	B-Application
to	O
practice	O
with	O
for	O
several	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
difference	O
was	O
that	O
in	O
games	O
lasting	O
more	O
than	O
56	O
moves	O
,	O
Kramnik	O
was	O
allowed	O
to	O
adjourn	O
until	O
the	O
following	O
day	O
,	O
during	O
which	O
time	O
he	O
could	O
use	O
his	O
copy	O
of	O
Fritz	B-Application
to	O
aid	O
him	O
in	O
his	O
overnight	O
analysis	O
of	O
the	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kramnik	O
won	O
games	O
2	O
and	O
3	O
by	O
"	O
conventional	O
"	O
anti-computer	B-General_Concept
tactics	I-General_Concept
—	O
play	O
conservatively	O
for	O
a	O
long-term	O
advantage	O
the	O
computer	O
is	O
not	O
able	O
to	O
see	O
in	O
its	O
game	O
tree	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fritz	B-Application
,	O
however	O
,	O
won	O
game	O
5	O
after	O
a	O
severe	O
blunder	O
by	O
Kramnik	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
True	O
to	O
form	O
,	O
Fritz	B-Application
found	O
a	O
watertight	O
defense	O
and	O
Kramnik	O
's	O
attack	O
petered	O
out	O
,	O
leaving	O
him	O
in	O
a	O
bad	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
post-game	O
human	O
and	O
computer	O
analysis	O
has	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
Fritz	B-Application
program	O
was	O
unlikely	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
able	O
to	O
force	O
a	O
win	O
and	O
Kramnik	O
effectively	O
sacrificed	O
a	O
drawn	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2003	O
,	O
Kasparov	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
six-game	O
classical	O
time	O
control	O
match	O
with	O
a	O
$1	O
million	O
prize	O
fund	O
which	O
was	O
billed	O
as	O
the	O
FIDE	O
"	O
Man	O
vs.	O
Machine	O
"	O
World	O
Championship	O
,	O
against	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
reaching	O
a	O
decent	O
position	O
Kasparov	O
offered	O
a	O
draw	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
soon	O
accepted	O
by	O
the	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2003	O
,	O
Kasparov	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
four-game	O
match	O
against	O
the	O
computer	O
program	O
X3D	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
(	O
which	O
was	O
said	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
estimated	O
rating	O
of	O
2807	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
virtual	O
board	O
,	O
3D	O
glasses	O
and	O
a	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Man	O
vs	O
Machine	O
World	O
Team	O
Championships	O
were	O
two	O
chess	B-Application
tournaments	O
in	O
Bilbao	O
,	O
Spain	O
,	O
between	O
leading	O
chess	B-Application
grandmasters	O
and	O
chess	B-Application
computers	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
Ruslan	O
Ponomariov	O
(	O
then	O
having	O
Elo	O
2710	O
)	O
,	O
Veselin	O
Topalov	O
(	O
Elo	O
2757	O
)	O
and	O
Sergey	O
Karjakin	O
(	O
Elo	O
2576	O
)	O
played	O
against	O
computers	O
Hydra	B-Architecture
,	O
Fritz	B-Application
8	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ponomariov	O
and	O
Topalov	O
were	O
FIDE	O
world	O
chess	B-Application
champions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hydra	B-Architecture
was	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
special	O
machine	O
with	O
16	O
processors	O
located	O
in	O
Abu	O
Dhabi	O
,	O
UAE	O
;	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
,	O
the	O
then	O
reigning	O
computer	B-Application
chess	I-Application
world	O
champion	O
,	O
used	O
a	O
remote	O
4	O
x	O
2.8GHz	O
Xeon	B-Device
machine	O
located	O
at	O
Intel	O
UK	O
(	O
Swindon	O
)	O
;	O
and	O
Fritz	B-Application
8	I-Application
was	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
Centrino	O
1.7GHz	O
notebook	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
humans	O
won	O
one	O
game	O
:	O
Karjakin	O
,	O
the	O
youngest	O
and	O
lowest	O
rated	O
player	O
,	O
defeated	O
Deep	B-Application
Junior	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2005	O
,	O
3	O
former	O
FIDE	O
world	O
chess	B-Application
champions	O
—	O
Alexander	O
Khalifman	O
,	O
Ruslan	O
Ponomariov	O
and	O
Rustam	O
Kasimdzhanov	O
—	O
played	O
against	O
computers	O
Hydra	B-Architecture
,	O
Junior	B-Application
and	O
Fritz	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ponomariov	O
vs	O
Fritz	B-Application
game	O
on	O
21	O
November	O
2005	O
is	O
the	O
last	O
known	O
win	O
by	O
a	O
human	O
against	O
a	O
top	O
performing	O
computer	O
under	O
normal	O
chess	B-Application
tournament	O
conditions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
Hydra	B-Architecture
,	O
a	O
dedicated	O
chess	B-Application
computer	I-Application
with	O
custom	O
hardware	O
and	O
sixty-four	O
processors	O
and	O
also	O
winner	O
of	O
the	O
14th	O
IPCCC	O
in	O
2005	O
,	O
crushed	O
seventh-ranked	O
Michael	O
Adams	O
5½	O
–	O
½	O
in	O
a	O
six-game	O
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kramnik	O
,	O
then	O
still	O
the	O
World	O
Champion	O
,	O
played	O
a	O
six-game	O
match	O
against	O
the	O
computer	O
program	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
in	O
Bonn	O
,	O
Germany	O
from	O
25	O
November	O
–	O
5	O
December	O
2006	O
,	O
losing	O
4	O
–	O
2	O
to	O
the	O
machine	O
,	O
with	O
two	O
losses	O
and	O
four	O
draws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
version	O
10	O
ran	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
containing	O
two	O
Intel	B-Device
Xeon	I-Device
CPUs	I-Device
(	O
a	O
Xeon	B-Device
DC	O
5160	O
3GHz	O
processor	O
with	O
a	O
1333MHz	O
FSB	O
and	O
a	O
4MB	O
L2	O
cache	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
evaluate	O
eight	O
million	O
positions	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
was	O
in	O
its	O
opening	O
book	O
Kramnik	O
is	O
allowed	O
to	O
see	O
Fritz	B-Application
's	O
display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Fritz	B-Application
display	O
contains	O
opening	O
book	O
moves	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
games	O
,	O
Elo	O
performance	O
,	O
score	O
from	O
grandmaster	O
games	O
and	O
the	O
move	O
weighting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
days	O
later	O
,	O
the	O
second	O
game	O
resulted	O
in	O
a	O
victory	O
for	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
when	O
Kramnik	O
made	O
what	O
Susan	O
Polgar	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
blunder	O
of	O
the	O
century	O
"	O
,	O
when	O
he	O
failed	O
to	O
defend	O
against	O
a	O
threatened	O
mate-in-one	O
in	O
an	O
even	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
See	O
also	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
vs.	O
Vladimir	O
Kramnik	O
blunder	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
speculation	O
that	O
interest	O
in	O
human	O
–	O
computer	B-Application
chess	I-Application
competition	O
would	O
plummet	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
2006	O
Kramnik	O
–	O
Deep	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
match	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2007	O
,	O
Rybka	B-Application
has	O
played	O
some	O
odds	O
matches	O
against	O
grandmasters	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2008	O
,	O
Rybka	B-Application
played	O
an	O
odds	O
match	O
against	O
Vadim	O
Milov	O
,	O
its	O
strongest	O
opponent	O
yet	O
in	O
an	O
odds	O
match	O
(	O
Milov	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
had	O
an	O
Elo	O
rating	O
of	O
2705	O
,	O
28th	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
two	O
standard	O
games	O
(	O
Milov	O
had	O
white	O
,	O
no	O
odds	O
)	O
,	O
Rybka	B-Application
won	O
1½	O
–	O
½	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
engine	O
running	O
on	O
slower	O
hardware	O
,	O
a	O
528MHz	O
HTC	O
Touch	O
HD	O
mobile	O
phone	O
,	O
reached	O
the	O
grandmaster	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chess	B-Application
engine	O
Hiarcs	B-Application
13	O
runs	O
inside	O
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
4	O
on	O
the	O
mobile	O
phone	O
HTC	O
Touch	O
HD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
4	O
won	O
the	O
Copa	O
Mercosur	O
tournament	O
in	O
Buenos	O
Aires	O
,	O
Argentina	O
with	O
9	O
wins	O
and	O
1	O
draw	O
on	O
4	O
–	O
14	O
August	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
4	O
searches	O
fewer	O
than	O
20,000	O
positions	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
as	O
explained	O
by	O
Tsukrov	O
,	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
GUI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
supercomputers	B-Architecture
such	O
as	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
that	O
searched	O
200	O
million	O
positions	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
4	O
achieves	O
a	O
higher	O
performance	O
level	O
than	O
Deep	B-General_Concept
Blue	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
3	O
using	O
version	O
12.1	O
of	O
Hiarcs	B-Application
won	O
the	O
same	O
event	O
the	O
previous	O
year	O
with	O
six	O
wins	O
and	O
four	O
draws	O
,	O
running	O
on	O
a	O
624MHz	O
HP	O
iPAQ	O
hx2790	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pocket	B-Application
Fritz	I-Application
3	O
achieved	O
a	O
performance	O
rating	O
of	O
2690	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
a	O
chess	B-Application
engine	O
Komodo	B-Application
played	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
handicap	O
matches	O
with	O
GM	O
Petr	O
Neuman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
chess	B-Application
engine	O
Komodo	B-Application
played	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
handicap	O
matches	O
with	O
Australian	O
GM	O
David	O
Smerdon	O
at	O
knight	O
odds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smerdon	O
won	O
5	O
–	O
1	O
,	O
in	O
spite	O
of	O
most	O
commentators	O
who	O
favored	O
Komodo	B-Application
to	O
win	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
Komodo	B-Application
trained	O
by	O
an	O
NNUE	O
reinforcement	O
learning	O
algorithm	O
,	O
played	O
8	O
15-minute	O
games	O
against	O
top	O
grandmaster	O
Hikaru	O
Nakamura	O
given	O
double-pawn	O
odds	O
.	O
</s>
