<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
,	O
when	O
applied	O
to	O
video	O
games	O
,	O
refers	O
to	O
games	O
produced	O
by	O
hobbyists	O
for	O
proprietary	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
consoles	I-Device
which	O
are	O
not	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
user-programmable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
documentation	O
is	O
often	O
only	O
available	O
to	O
licensed	O
developers	O
,	O
and	O
these	O
systems	O
may	O
use	O
storage	O
formats	O
that	O
make	O
distribution	O
difficult	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
ROM	B-Protocol
cartridges	I-Protocol
or	O
encrypted	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
non-professional	O
developer	O
for	O
a	O
system	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
user-programmable	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
is	O
simply	O
called	O
a	O
hobbyist	O
(	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
developer	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
can	O
use	O
unofficial	O
,	O
community	O
maintained	O
toolchains	B-General_Concept
or	O
official	O
development	B-Application
kits	I-Application
such	O
as	O
Net	B-Device
Yaroze	I-Device
,	O
Linux	B-Device
for	I-Device
PlayStation	I-Device
2	I-Device
,	O
or	O
Microsoft	B-Device
XNA	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Targets	O
for	O
homebrew	B-Application
games	O
are	O
typically	O
those	O
which	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
commercially	O
relevant	O
or	O
produced	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
simpler	O
graphics	O
and/or	O
computational	O
abilities	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
,	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
,	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
,	O
Genesis	B-Operating_System
,	O
Dreamcast	B-Operating_System
,	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
,	O
PlayStation	B-Device
,	O
and	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
games	O
for	O
older	O
systems	O
are	O
typically	O
developed	O
using	O
emulators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
for	O
newer	O
systems	O
usually	O
involves	O
actual	O
hardware	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
accurate	O
emulators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
programmers	O
may	O
burn	O
an	O
EEPROM	B-General_Concept
to	O
plug	O
into	O
a	O
custom	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
board	O
or	O
use	O
audio	O
transfer	O
via	O
the	O
Starpath	O
Supercharger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
developers	O
have	O
several	O
ways	O
to	O
use	O
GBA	B-Device
flash	I-Device
cartridges	I-Device
in	O
this	O
regard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
Odball	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
game	O
for	O
the	O
Magnavox	B-Device
Odyssey	I-Device
since	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
produced	O
by	O
Robert	O
Vinciguerra	O
who	O
has	O
since	O
written	O
several	O
other	O
Odyssey	B-Device
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
handful	O
of	O
games	O
have	O
been	O
programmed	O
for	O
the	O
Fairchild	B-Operating_System
Channel	I-Operating_System
F	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
first	O
console	O
to	O
use	O
ROM	B-Protocol
cartridges	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
known	O
release	O
is	O
Sean	O
Riddle	O
's	O
clone	O
of	O
Lights	B-Application
Out	I-Application
which	O
included	O
instructions	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
modify	O
the	O
SABA	O
#20	O
Chess	O
game	O
into	O
a	O
Multi-Cartridge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Tetris	B-Device
and	O
in	O
2008	O
"	O
Videocart	O
27	O
:	O
Pac-Man	O
"	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
full	O
production	O
game	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
since	O
it	O
was	O
discontinued	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
compilers	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
,	O
but	O
like	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
most	O
development	O
is	O
done	O
in	O
6502	O
assembly	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
impediment	O
to	O
NES	O
homebrew	B-Application
development	O
is	O
the	O
relative	O
difficulty	O
involved	O
with	O
producing	O
physical	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
,	O
although	O
third-party	O
flash	B-Device
carts	I-Device
do	O
exist	O
,	O
making	O
homebrew	B-Application
possible	O
on	O
original	O
NES	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
varieties	O
of	O
custom	O
processors	O
are	O
used	O
within	O
NES	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
to	O
expand	O
system	O
capabilities	O
;	O
most	O
are	O
difficult	O
to	O
replicate	O
except	O
by	O
scavenging	O
old	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
unofficial	O
games	O
support	O
parallax	O
scrolling	O
and	O
MMC5	O
is	O
Street	B-Application
Fighter	I-Application
II	I-Application
:	O
Nostalgic	O
Edition	O
,	O
port	O
of	O
The	B-Application
World	I-Application
Warrior	I-Application
developed	O
by	O
Parisoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
original	O
Famicom	O
and	O
its	O
clones	O
can	O
play	O
unlicensed	O
games	O
,	O
the	O
10NES	O
hardware	O
lock-out	O
mechanism	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
model	O
NES	O
complicates	O
the	O
production	O
of	O
physical	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
has	O
no	O
physical	O
lockout	O
mechanism	O
(	O
instead	O
relying	O
on	O
software	O
encoding	O
)	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
easier	O
to	O
release	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pier	B-Application
Solar	I-Application
and	I-Application
the	I-Application
Great	I-Application
Architects	I-Application
,	O
Paprium	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
Teenage	O
Queen	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
games	O
that	O
were	O
released	O
as	O
physical	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
games	O
include	O
Sacred	O
Line	O
Genesis	B-Operating_System
,	O
Coffee	O
Crisis	O
,	O
and	O
Frog	O
Feast	O
for	O
the	O
Genesis	B-Operating_System
and	O
Mighty	O
Mighty	O
Missile	O
for	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
CD	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2018	O
game	O
Tanglewood	B-Application
was	O
notable	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
developed	O
using	O
original	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
development	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
TurboGrafx-16/PC	O
Engine	O
has	O
a	O
comparatively	O
small	O
homebrew	B-Application
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
homebrew	B-Application
title	O
was	O
MindRec	O
's	O
Implode	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
last	O
official	O
release	O
(	O
Dead	O
Of	O
The	O
Brain	O
I	O
&	O
II	O
for	O
the	O
PC	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
in	O
1999	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
title	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
MindRec	O
released	O
Meteor	O
Blaster	O
DX	O
on	O
CD-R	O
.	O
Their	O
official	O
word	O
on	O
the	O
change	O
of	O
CD	B-Device
format	O
was	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
unable	O
to	O
be	O
pressed	O
to	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
proper	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
glass	O
mastering	O
software	O
suddenly	O
unable	O
to	O
handle	O
the	O
unorthodox	O
style	O
of	O
CD	B-Device
structure	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
expects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
years	O
later	O
,	O
Aetherbyte	O
Studios	O
released	O
Insanity	O
,	O
a	O
Berzerk	B-Application
clone	O
,	O
on	O
pressed	O
CD-ROMs	B-Device
,	O
quelling	O
the	O
notion	O
of	O
unpressable	O
CDs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aetherbyte	O
later	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
prototype	O
and	O
produce	O
a	O
new	O
HuCard	B-Device
design	O
called	O
"	O
AbCARD	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
fully	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aetherbyte	O
celebrated	O
the	O
30th	O
Anniversary	O
of	O
the	O
PC	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
since	O
its	O
release	O
in	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
libraries	O
for	O
HuC/MagicKit	O
include	O
Squirrel	O
,	O
a	O
sound	O
engine	O
developed	O
by	O
Aetherbyte	O
Studios	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
SGX/ACD	O
library	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Tomatheous	O
,	O
that	O
gives	O
the	O
developer	O
easy	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
SuperGrafx	B-General_Concept
video	O
hardware	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
Arcade	O
Card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
cc65	B-Application
C	O
compiler	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
development	O
library	O
supported	O
for	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
few	O
original	O
TurboGrafx	B-General_Concept
CD	B-Device
games	O
being	O
made	O
such	O
as	O
FX	O
Unit	O
Yuki	O
:	O
The	O
Henshin	O
Engine	O
and	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
Mysterious	O
Song	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
alternative	O
device	O
is	O
the	O
Super	O
Flash	O
,	O
by	O
Tototek	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
multiple	O
games	O
to	O
be	O
burned	O
onto	O
a	O
flash	O
memory	O
chip	O
in	O
a	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Neo-Geo	O
Home	O
Cart	O
and	O
Arcade	O
Systems	O
can	O
be	O
tough	O
candidates	O
for	O
homebrew	B-Application
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Neo-Geo	O
AES	O
and	O
MVS	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
have	O
two	O
separate	O
boards	O
:	O
one	O
for	O
video	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
for	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
programming	O
a	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
system	O
were	O
to	O
occur	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
involve	O
replacing	O
the	O
old	O
ROM	O
chips	O
with	O
one	O
's	O
newly	O
programmed	O
ones	O
as	O
the	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
are	O
in	O
a	O
sense	O
,	O
Arcade	O
boards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NGDevTeam	O
who	O
have	O
released	O
Fast	B-Application
Striker	I-Application
and	O
Gunlord	B-Application
found	O
a	O
workaround	O
with	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
What	O
they	O
did	O
was	O
print	O
out	O
their	O
own	O
board	O
,	O
and	O
soldered	O
their	O
own	O
ROM	O
chips	O
into	O
them	O
;	O
this	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
can	O
cause	O
the	O
Universe	O
Bios	B-Operating_System
logo	O
to	O
look	O
corrupted	O
if	O
a	O
custom	O
bios	B-Operating_System
were	O
to	O
be	O
programmed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programming	O
for	O
the	O
Neo-Geo	O
CD	B-Device
,	O
however	O
is	O
easier	O
than	O
programming	O
for	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
CD	B-Device
game	O
with	O
low	O
Megabit	O
counts	O
will	O
load	O
only	O
one	O
time	O
;	O
whereas	O
a	O
CD	B-Device
game	O
with	O
higher	O
megabit	O
counts	O
could	O
load	O
in	O
between	O
scenes	O
,	O
or	O
rounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Programmer	O
of	O
the	O
Neo-Geo	O
Universe	O
Bios	B-Operating_System
,	O
Razoola	O
is	O
currently	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
"	O
Skeleton	O
Game	O
Driver	O
"	O
that	O
supports	O
two	O
players	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ROM	O
is	O
meant	O
to	O
remedy	O
the	O
corrupted	O
Universe	O
Bios	B-Operating_System
Screens	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
work	O
with	O
an	O
unmodified/stock	O
Neo-Geo	O
Multi-Video	O
System	O
(	O
MVS	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
Advanced	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
(	O
AES	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Razion	B-Application
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
an	O
original	O
Neo	O
Geo	O
game	O
ported	O
over	O
to	O
modern	O
consoles	O
,	O
in	O
this	O
case	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
toolkits	O
and	O
utilities	O
available	O
to	O
program	O
homebrew	B-Application
on	O
the	O
handheld	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
unofficial	O
ports	O
and	O
demakes	O
of	O
games	O
from	O
other	O
home	O
consoles	O
and	O
handhelds	O
made	O
for	O
the	O
Game	O
Boy	O
,	O
some	O
examples	O
are	O
a	O
demake	O
of	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
game	O
Castlevania	B-Application
:	I-Application
Symphony	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Night	I-Application
and	O
a	O
port	O
of	O
Stunt	B-Application
Race	I-Application
FX	I-Application
for	O
the	O
Game	O
Boy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
hobbyist-developed	O
Atari	B-Device
Jaguar	I-Device
game	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1995	O
:	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Tetris	B-Device
called	O
JSTetris	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
written	O
using	O
a	O
hacked	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Alpine	O
Development	B-Application
Kit	I-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
pieces	O
of	O
hardware	O
used	O
to	O
program	O
official	O
Jaguar	B-Device
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
purchasing	O
all	O
the	O
intellectual	O
property	O
assets	O
of	O
Atari	O
Corporation	O
from	O
JTS	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
Hasbro	O
Interactive	O
,	O
on	O
May	O
14	O
,	O
1999	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
have	O
released	O
all	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
Jaguar	B-Device
,	O
declaring	O
the	O
console	O
an	O
open	B-Application
platform	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
announcement	O
,	O
a	O
few	O
developers	O
and	O
publishers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
AtariAge	B-Application
,	O
B&C	O
Computervisions	O
,	O
Piko	O
Interactive	O
,	O
Songbird	O
Productions	O
,	O
Telegames	O
,	O
and	O
Video61	O
,	O
have	O
released	O
both	O
previously	O
unfinished	O
games	O
from	O
the	O
Jaguar	B-Device
's	O
past	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
several	O
brand	O
new	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
emulation	B-Application
of	O
the	O
console	O
is	O
still	O
limited	O
,	O
coding	O
uses	O
a	O
real	O
console	O
through	O
either	O
the	O
Skunkboard	O
development	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
,	O
using	O
a	O
BJL	O
modified	O
Jaguar	B-Device
,	O
or	O
the	O
official	O
Alpine	O
Development	B-Application
Kit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
commercial	O
game	O
BattleSphere	B-Device
Gold	I-Device
,	O
also	O
contains	O
the	O
JUGS	O
(	O
Jaguar	B-Device
Unmodified	O
Game	O
Server	O
)	O
aid	O
to	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Games	O
are	O
released	O
in	O
either	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
,	O
CD	B-Device
–	O
or	O
both	O
–	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
developers	O
have	O
published	O
their	O
works	O
either	O
online	O
on	O
forums	O
or	O
in	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
via	O
independent	O
publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
CD	B-Device
releases	O
were	O
not	O
encrypted	O
,	O
requiring	O
either	O
C	O
's	O
Jaguar	B-Device
CD	B-Device
Bypass	O
Cartridge	B-Protocol
or	O
Reboot	O
's	O
Jagtopia	O
(	O
Freeboot	O
)	O
program	O
burned	O
into	O
a	O
CD	B-Device
in	O
order	O
to	O
run	O
unencrypted	O
CD	B-Device
games	O
,	O
but	O
Curt	O
Vendel	O
of	O
Atari	O
Museum	O
released	O
the	O
binaries	O
and	O
encryption	O
keys	O
for	O
both	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
and	O
CD	B-Device
format	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
games	O
without	O
the	O
need	O
of	O
development	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cracked	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
of	O
the	O
Jaguar	B-Device
CD	B-Device
can	O
be	O
soldered	O
inside	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
ST-to-Jaguar	O
conversions	O
,	O
which	O
involves	O
porting	O
titles	O
from	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
to	O
the	O
Jaguar	B-Device
,	O
which	O
may	O
include	O
some	O
enhancements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
select	O
titles	O
were	O
sold	O
on	O
August	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
and	O
others	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
date	O
,	O
are	O
being	O
licensed	O
and	O
sold	O
in	O
festivals	O
dedicated	O
to	O
the	O
system	O
such	O
as	O
E-JagFest	O
,	O
JagFest	O
or	O
online	O
via	O
AtariAge	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
only	O
one	O
Homebrew	B-Application
development	B-Application
kit	I-Application
known	O
for	O
the	O
PC-FX	B-Device
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Compiler	I-Application
Collection	I-Application
version	O
2.95.1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Mednafen	B-Language
author	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
library	O
for	O
the	O
compiler	O
called	O
pcfxlib	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
discontinued	O
due	O
to	O
lack	O
of	O
interest	O
until	O
trap15	O
started	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
library	O
called	O
liberis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
toolchain	B-General_Concept
is	O
designed	O
for	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
environment	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
cygwin	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
date	O
,	O
no	O
Homebrew	B-Application
titles	O
for	O
the	O
PC-FX	B-Device
have	O
been	O
released	O
,	O
although	O
Aetherbyte	O
Studios	O
and	O
Eponasoft	O
have	O
both	O
expressed	O
interest	O
in	O
developing	O
new	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Making	O
games	O
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
is	I-Device
possible	O
with	O
any	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
modchip	O
or	O
the	O
double	O
'	O
Swap	O
Trick	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
softmod/save	O
game	O
exploit	O
called	O
"	O
tonyhax	O
"	O
Requirements	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
,	O
SDK	B-Application
,	O
and	O
a	O
'	O
Comms	O
Link	O
 '	O
device	O
to	O
upload	O
and	O
download	O
files	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
way	O
of	O
starting	O
homebrew	B-Application
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
is	I-Device
'	O
UniROM	O
 '	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
Softmod	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
was	O
originally	O
promoted	O
by	O
Sony	O
with	O
the	O
Net	B-Device
Yaroze	I-Device
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
large	O
scene	O
for	O
quite	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
official	O
Net	B-Device
Yaroze	I-Device
site	O
was	O
shut	O
down	O
in	O
mid-2009	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
stopped	O
supporting	O
the	O
system	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
users	O
who	O
still	O
owned	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
models	O
of	O
the	O
Sega	B-Device
Saturn	I-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
hobbyist	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modchips	O
for	O
the	O
Saturn	B-Device
Model	O
1	O
have	O
been	O
scarce	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
seems	O
that	O
no	O
one	O
has	O
produced	O
any	O
new	O
modchips	O
in	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
such	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
two	O
options	O
left	O
are	O
to	O
either	O
perform	O
the	O
swap	O
trick	O
or	O
extensively	O
modify	O
a	O
Saturn	B-Device
Model	O
2	O
modchip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Running	O
homebrew	B-Application
on	O
the	O
Model	O
2	O
can	O
be	O
accomplished	O
by	O
bridging	O
two	O
points	O
on	O
the	O
modchip	O
,	O
soldering	O
a	O
wire	O
from	O
the	O
modchip	O
to	O
the	O
Saturn	B-Device
power	O
supply	O
,	O
and	O
inserting	O
it	O
where	O
the	O
CD-ROM	B-Device
ribbon	O
cable	O
inserts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
program	O
created	O
by	O
CyberWarrior2000	O
that	O
abuses	O
the	O
"	O
Pro	B-Device
Action	I-Device
Replay	I-Device
"	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
's	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
unlocks	O
region	O
,	O
frequency	O
,	O
and	O
CD	B-Device
protection	O
of	O
most	O
Saturn	B-Device
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Either	O
a	O
modded	O
Saturn	B-Device
or	O
a	O
swap	O
trick	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
installer	O
,	O
which	O
loads	O
the	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
FlashROM	O
of	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Afterwards	O
,	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
unlocks	O
everything	O
and	O
most	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
,	O
from	O
backups	O
to	O
homebrews	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
's	O
Virtual	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
has	O
no	O
region	O
lock	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
n't	O
until	O
the	O
flash	B-Device
carts	I-Device
FlashBoy	O
and	O
FlashBoy+	O
were	O
released	O
that	O
the	O
homebrew	B-Application
scene	O
began	O
to	O
grow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
previously	O
unreleased	O
games	O
,	O
Bound	B-Application
High	I-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
64	I-Operating_System
homebrew	B-Application
scene	O
is	O
small	O
,	O
but	O
homebrew	B-Application
can	O
still	O
be	O
played	O
and	O
developed	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
Doctor	B-Device
V64	I-Device
(	O
Acclaim	O
used	O
a	O
Doctor	B-Device
V64	I-Device
to	O
help	O
develop	O
Turok	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Everdrive	B-Device
64	O
or	O
64drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
16-bit	O
top-down	O
shooter	O
Xeno	B-Application
Crisis	I-Application
has	O
received	O
a	O
version	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
64	I-Operating_System
,	O
released	O
on	O
physical	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
its	O
short	O
commercial	O
lifespan	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
two	O
years	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Dreamcast	I-Operating_System
benefits	O
from	O
an	O
active	O
homebrew	B-Application
scene	O
even	O
ten	O
years	O
after	O
its	O
discontinuation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
a	O
flaw	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Dreamcast	I-Operating_System
’s	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
which	O
was	O
intended	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
MIL-CD	O
'	O
s	O
,	O
the	O
console	O
can	O
run	O
software	O
from	O
a	O
CD-R	O
without	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
modchip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
responded	O
to	O
this	O
by	O
removing	O
MIL-CD	O
support	O
from	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
on	O
Dreamcast	B-Operating_System
consoles	O
manufactured	O
from	O
November	O
2000	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
console	O
is	O
especially	O
notable	O
for	O
its	O
commercial	O
homebrew	B-Application
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
emulator	B-Application
,	O
which	O
was	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
bootdisks	O
made	O
to	O
play	O
PlayStation	B-Device
games	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
featuring	O
visual	O
enhancements	O
over	O
the	O
original	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
independent	O
releases	O
include	O
Last	B-Application
Hope	I-Application
,	O
released	O
by	O
RedSpotGames	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
and	O
DUX	B-Application
,	O
both	O
Shoot	O
'	O
em	O
up	O
style	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
releases	O
were	O
written	O
using	O
the	O
KallistiOS	B-Operating_System
development	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
port	O
of	O
the	O
freeware	O
high-level	O
development	O
language	O
Fenix	B-Language
and	O
BennuGD	B-Application
is	O
available	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
game	O
development	O
;	O
many	O
DIV	O
Games	O
Studio	O
games	O
have	O
been	O
ported	O
and	O
others	O
were	O
originally	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
have	O
a	O
buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
bug	O
in	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
that	O
handles	O
PS1	O
game	O
compatibility	O
;	O
hackers	O
found	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
turn	O
this	O
into	O
a	O
loophole	O
called	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
Independence	O
Exploit	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
options	O
for	O
homebrew	B-Application
development	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
modchip	O
or	O
the	O
utilization	O
of	O
a	O
PS2	B-Device
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
and	O
an	O
HD	B-Device
Loader	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Europe	O
and	O
Australia	O
,	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
came	O
with	O
a	O
free	O
Yabasic	B-Language
interpreter	I-Language
on	O
the	O
bundled	O
demo	O
disc	O
for	O
some	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
simple	O
programs	O
to	O
be	O
created	O
for	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
by	O
the	O
end-user	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
port	O
of	O
the	O
NetBSD	B-Device
project	O
and	O
BlackRhino	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
,	O
an	O
alternative	O
Debian-based	O
distribution	O
,	O
are	O
also	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
homebrew	B-Application
programs	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
'	O
SMS	O
Media	O
Player	O
 '	O
)	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
listen	O
to	O
various	O
audio	O
file	O
formats	O
(	O
MP3	B-Application
,	O
OMA	O
,	O
Ogg	B-Algorithm
Vorbis	I-Algorithm
,	O
AAC	B-Application
,	O
FLAC	B-Application
,	O
AC3	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
watch	O
various	O
video	O
formats	O
(	O
DivX/XviD	O
,	O
MPEG1	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG2	B-Algorithm
,	O
MPEG4-ASP	B-Application
in	O
AVI	O
Container	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
external	O
USB/FireWire/thumb	O
drive/hard	O
disk	O
drive	O
(	O
FAT32	B-Application
only	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
internal	O
hard	B-Device
disk	I-Device
on	O
early	O
revision	O
consoles	O
,	O
optical	O
CD-R(W )	O
/DVD	O
±	O
R(W )	O
disks	O
(	O
modded	O
systems	O
or	O
patched	O
disks	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
network	O
shares	O
(	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
Network	I-Operating_System
or	O
PS2	B-Device
host	O
:	O
protocol	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
more	O
recent	O
development	O
(	O
May	O
2008	O
)	O
called	O
Free	O
McBoot	O
or	O
FMCB	O
allows	O
homebrew	B-Application
programs	O
to	O
be	O
launched	O
without	O
a	O
trigger	O
disc	O
required	O
by	O
the	O
older	O
exploit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
on	O
unmodded	O
systems	O
without	O
a	O
functional	O
disc	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
installation	O
of	O
the	O
exploit	O
to	O
each	O
individual	O
memory	O
card	O
requires	O
either	O
an	O
already	O
exploited/modded	O
system	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
installer	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
boot	O
image	O
that	O
can	O
load	O
an	O
app	O
that	O
loads	O
ELF	O
files	O
(	O
a	O
Network	O
Adaptor	O
with	O
a	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
is	O
also	O
required	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
exploit	O
does	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
latest	O
slimline	O
PS2s	B-Device
(	O
the	O
later	O
SCPH-9000x	O
models	O
with	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
2.30	O
)	O
but	O
will	O
work	O
on	O
all	O
models	O
prior	O
to	O
that	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
newest	O
versions	O
of	O
Free	O
McBoot	O
(	O
version	O
1.90	O
and	O
newer	O
)	O
also	O
have	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
install	O
and	O
boot	O
from	O
both	O
Sony	O
and	O
non-Sony	O
HDDs	O
when	O
using	O
an	O
original	O
"	O
fat	O
"	O
model	O
PS2	B-Device
and	O
network	O
adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
few	O
minor	O
issues	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
now	O
possible	O
to	O
play	O
games	O
entirely	O
from	O
the	O
HDD	B-Device
,	O
without	O
needing	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
optical	O
disc	O
drive	O
nor	O
a	O
physical	O
memory	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
installing	O
an	O
exploit	O
,	O
unsigned	O
executables	O
(	O
Executable	O
and	O
Linkable	O
Format	O
)	O
may	O
be	O
launched	O
from	O
a	O
Memory	O
Card	O
or	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
programs	O
include	O
emulators	B-Application
,	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
management	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
PC-based	O
or	O
NAS-based	O
file	O
shares	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
exploit	O
is	O
also	O
notable	O
for	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
copy	O
PS1/PS2	O
save	O
files	O
from	O
a	O
Memory	O
Card	O
to	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
drive	O
,	O
a	O
functionality	O
normally	O
only	O
possible	O
with	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
DexDrive	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sony	O
released	O
a	O
Linux-based	B-Device
operating	I-Device
system	I-Device
for	I-Device
the	I-Device
PS2	I-Device
in	O
a	O
package	O
that	O
also	O
includes	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
Ethernet	O
adapter	O
and	O
HDD	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kit	O
boots	O
by	O
installing	O
a	O
proprietary	O
interface	O
(	O
the	O
run-time	B-Device
environment	I-Device
)	O
which	O
is	O
on	O
a	O
region-encoded	O
DVD	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
the	O
European	O
and	O
North	O
America	O
kits	O
would	O
only	O
work	O
with	O
a	O
PS2	B-Device
from	O
their	O
respective	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
number	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
emulators	B-Application
of	O
older	O
computer	O
and	O
gaming	O
systems	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
for	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
development	O
on	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
tended	O
to	O
be	O
difficult	O
,	O
since	O
it	O
uses	O
a	O
proprietary	O
MiniDVD-based	O
drive	O
and	O
media	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
the	O
standard	O
DVD	O
drives	O
of	O
the	O
PS2	B-Device
and	O
Xbox	B-Device
for	O
piracy	O
protection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
its	O
connectivity	O
is	O
limited	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
does	O
not	O
feature	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	O
or	O
an	O
HDD	B-Device
port	O
like	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
barrier	O
to	O
burning	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
discs	O
with	O
a	O
consumer	O
DVD	O
burner	O
is	O
the	O
Burst	O
Cutting	O
Area	O
,	O
a	O
"	O
barcode	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
innermost	O
ring	O
of	O
the	O
disc	O
,	O
an	O
area	O
inaccessible	O
to	O
most	O
burners	O
and	O
writeable	O
only	O
by	O
very	O
expensive	O
disc	O
pressing	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
to	O
run	O
homebrew	B-Application
software	O
on	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
was	O
through	O
a	O
patching-system	O
exploit	O
of	O
Phantasy	O
Star	O
Online	O
Episode	O
I	O
&	O
II	O
,	O
requiring	O
users	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
game	O
and	O
a	O
Broadband	O
Adapter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
difficult	O
to	O
find	O
because	O
a	O
follow-up	O
has	O
been	O
released	O
(	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
Phantasy	O
Star	O
Online	O
Episode	O
I	O
&	O
II	O
Plus	O
)	O
and	O
thus	O
the	O
original	O
PSO	O
was	O
rarely	O
sold	O
after	O
then	O
,	O
and	O
because	O
the	O
Broadband	O
Adapter	O
was	O
not	O
often	O
carried	O
in	O
stores	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
's	O
very	O
limited	O
selection	O
of	O
online	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
the	O
most	O
common	O
method	O
is	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
Action	B-Device
Replay	I-Device
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
an	O
SD	O
card	O
adapter	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
memory	O
card	O
slot	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
run	O
homebrew	B-Application
from	O
the	O
SD	O
card	O
,	O
or	O
over	O
Ethernet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
method	O
involves	O
using	O
a	O
modchip	O
to	O
allow	O
the	O
GameCube	B-Application
to	O
run	O
homebrew	B-Application
from	O
a	O
MiniDVD-R	O
via	O
the	O
disc	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
method	O
uses	O
a	O
save	O
game	O
exploit	O
which	O
involves	O
transferring	O
modified	O
game	O
save	O
files	O
to	O
a	O
GameCube	B-Application
memory	O
card	O
that	O
triggers	O
arbitrary	O
code	O
execution	O
when	O
loaded	O
by	O
an	O
official	O
game	O
,	O
allowing	O
custom	O
software	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
from	O
a	O
memory	O
card	O
,	O
SD	O
card	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
media	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
's	O
case	O
does	O
not	O
fit	O
a	O
full-size	O
DVD-R	O
,	O
third	O
party	O
replacement	O
cases	O
are	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
software	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
GameCube	I-Application
mainly	O
consist	O
of	O
emulators	B-Application
for	O
other	O
systems	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
several	O
popular	O
homebrew	B-Application
utilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
is	O
an	O
“	O
all-in-one	O
homebrew	B-Application
utility	O
”	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
file	O
browser	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
force	O
software	O
to	O
use	O
different	O
video	O
modes	O
that	O
are	O
n't	O
officially	O
supported	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
progressive	O
scan	O
or	O
16:9	O
widescreen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
is	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
software	O
frontend	O
for	O
the	O
Game	O
Boy	O
Player	O
peripheral	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
often	O
used	O
for	O
capturing	O
high-quality	O
footage	O
from	O
Game	O
Boy	O
,	O
Game	O
Boy	O
Color	O
,	O
and	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
16-bit	O
top-down	O
shooter	O
Xeno	B-Application
Crisis	I-Application
has	O
received	O
a	O
version	O
for	O
the	O
Gamecube	B-Application
,	O
released	O
on	O
physical	O
optical	O
disc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xbox	B-Application
console	I-Application
uses	O
several	O
measures	O
,	O
including	O
cryptographically	O
signed	O
code	O
to	O
obfuscate	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
method	O
of	O
executing	O
homebrew	B-Application
code	O
required	O
installing	O
a	O
mod	O
chip	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
flashed	O
with	O
a	O
modified	O
Microsoft	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
allowed	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
boot	O
unsigned	O
executables	O
(	O
XBEs	O
)	O
and	O
control	O
several	O
hardware	O
variables	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
region	O
coding	O
and	O
video	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
leak	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
official	O
development	B-Application
kit	I-Application
(	O
XDK	B-Application
)	O
,	O
homebrew	B-Application
coders	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
write	O
replacement	O
Xbox	B-Device
GUIs	O
(	O
known	O
as	O
dashboards	O
)	O
,	O
games	O
and	O
applications	O
for	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
softmod	B-Device
,	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
commercial	O
game	O
such	O
as	O
007	B-Application
:	I-Application
Agent	I-Application
Under	I-Application
Fire	I-Application
,	O
Mech	B-Application
Assault	I-Application
,	O
or	O
Splinter	O
Cell	O
,	O
had	O
been	O
created	O
to	O
execute	O
a	O
persistent	O
softmod	B-Device
installer	O
without	O
modification	O
of	O
the	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
utilizes	O
modified	O
font	O
and	O
sound	O
files	O
to	O
cause	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
to	O
cause	O
a	O
stack	B-General_Concept
buffer	I-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
and	O
load	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
dashboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
in	O
this	O
condition	O
,	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
is	I-Device
able	O
to	O
execute	O
homebrew	B-Application
games	O
and	O
applications	O
upon	O
boot	O
up	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
using	O
standard	O
PC	B-Device
libraries	O
,	O
writing	O
homebrew	B-Application
games	O
is	O
relatively	O
easy	O
and	O
the	O
vast	O
majority	O
of	O
libraries	O
available	O
for	O
a	O
PC	B-Device
programmer	O
are	O
available	O
to	O
an	O
Xbox	B-Device
homebrew	B-Application
programmer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
common	O
type	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
games	O
for	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
are	O
ports	O
of	O
PC	B-Device
games	O
whose	O
source	O
has	O
been	O
publicly	O
released	O
or	O
leaked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
classic	O
PC	B-Device
games	O
have	O
been	O
released	O
for	O
Xbox	B-Device
,	O
but	O
most	O
are	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
XDK	B-Application
which	O
limits	O
their	O
availability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
places	O
to	O
find	O
these	O
ports	O
are	O
through	O
IRC	B-Protocol
or	O
peer-to-peer	O
browsers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xbox	B-Device
system	O
is	O
also	O
very	O
adept	O
at	O
running	O
emulators	B-Application
which	O
have	O
been	O
ported	O
from	O
PC	B-Device
,	O
given	O
its	O
high	O
processing	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xbox	B-Device
is	I-Device
able	O
to	O
emulate	O
systems	O
up	O
to	O
the	O
previous	O
generation	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
64	I-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
this	O
reason	O
,	O
many	O
different	O
emulators	B-Application
have	O
been	O
created	O
for	O
or	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
development	O
for	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
handheld	O
has	O
been	O
popular	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
C	O
compilers	O
and	O
ready-made	O
,	O
high-quality	O
code	O
libraries	O
,	O
and	O
debugging	O
features	O
for	O
several	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
emulators	B-Application
like	O
VisualBoyAdvance-M	O
,	O
mGBA	O
,	O
NO$GBA	O
,	O
John	O
GBA	B-Device
and	O
My	O
Boy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Adding	O
to	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
for	O
the	O
system	O
is	O
the	O
immense	O
Pokémon	O
ROM	O
hacking	O
community	O
,	O
the	O
wide	O
availability	O
of	O
Flash	O
ROM	B-Protocol
cartridges	I-Protocol
and	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
writers	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
nostalgia	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
in	O
general	O
(	O
as	O
with	O
all	O
other	O
game	O
systems	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
now	O
many	O
emulators	B-Application
for	O
the	O
DS	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
NES	O
,	O
SNES	O
,	O
Sega	O
Master	O
System	O
,	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Mega	I-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
,	O
Neo-Geo	O
Pocket	O
,	O
Neo-Geo	O
MVS	O
(	O
arcade	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
older	O
handheld	O
consoles	O
like	O
the	O
Game	O
Boy	O
Color	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
cards	O
which	O
either	O
have	O
built-in	O
flash	O
memory	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
slot	O
which	O
can	O
accept	O
an	O
SD	O
,	O
or	O
MicroSD	O
(	O
like	O
the	O
DSTT	O
,	O
R4	B-Application
,	O
AceKard	B-Application
and	O
ez-flash	B-Application
V/Vi	I-Application
)	O
cards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
cards	O
typically	O
enable	O
DS	O
console	O
gamers	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
console	O
to	O
play	O
MP3s	B-Application
and	O
videos	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
non-gaming	O
functions	O
traditionally	O
reserved	O
for	O
separate	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
modification	O
device	O
called	O
Action	B-Device
Replay	I-Device
,	O
manufactured	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Datel	O
,	O
is	O
a	O
device	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
input	O
cheat	O
codes	O
that	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
hack	O
games	O
,	O
granting	O
the	O
player	O
infinite	O
health	O
,	O
power-ups	O
,	O
access	O
to	O
any	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
infinite	O
in	O
game	O
currency	O
,	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
walk	O
through	O
walls	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
other	O
abilities	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
game	O
and	O
code	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
his	O
camera	O
was	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
DS	O
through	O
the	O
GBA	B-Device
cartridge	B-Protocol
slot	O
,	O
DS-DSLR	O
allowed	O
him	O
to	O
execute	O
many	O
tasks	O
,	O
including	O
controlled	O
bracketing	O
,	O
custom	O
interval	O
shots	O
,	O
and	O
timed	O
long	O
exposures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
DSi	O
,	O
it	O
too	O
has	O
some	O
homebrew	B-Application
exploits	O
,	O
some	O
of	O
which	O
use	O
DSiWare	O
apps	O
such	O
as	O
Flipnote	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
(	O
aka	O
ugopwn	O
)	O
,	O
sudokuhax	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
game	O
called	O
Sudoku	O
by	O
EA	O
Games	O
,	O
grtpwn	O
,	O
exidiahax	O
,	O
fieldrunhax	O
,	O
4swordhax	O
,	O
UNO*hax	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
exploit	O
using	O
Petit	B-Device
Computer	I-Device
called	O
petit-compwner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
by	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
shutterbug2000	O
on	O
GBAtemp	O
has	O
released	O
two	O
DSi	O
exploits	O
,	O
one	O
being	O
called	O
Memory	O
Pit	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
using	O
the	O
DSi	O
Camera	O
app	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Flipnote	B-Application
Lenny	O
exploit	O
(	O
aka	O
ugopwn	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
Flipnote	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
has	O
released	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
its	O
proprietary	O
Software	B-Application
Development	I-Application
Kit	I-Application
(	O
SDK	B-Application
)	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
to	O
would-be	O
homebrew	B-Application
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
SDK	B-Application
,	O
called	O
XNA	B-Device
Game	I-Device
Studio	I-Device
,	O
is	O
a	O
free	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
SDK	B-Application
available	O
to	O
professional	O
development	O
companies	O
and	O
college	O
students	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
to	O
create	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
games	O
one	O
must	O
pay	O
for	O
a	O
premium	O
membership	O
to	O
the	O
XNA	B-Device
Creators	O
Club	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
games	O
are	O
verified	O
,	O
the	O
games	O
written	O
with	O
XNA	B-Device
Studio	I-Device
can	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
80	O
,	O
240	O
,	O
or	O
400	O
Microsoft	O
Points	O
to	O
all	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
owners	O
(	O
through	O
Xbox	B-Application
Live	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
creators	O
of	O
homebrew	B-Application
content	O
access	O
to	O
their	O
target	O
audience	O
of	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
owners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
content	O
is	O
available	O
under	O
the	O
Indie	O
Games	O
section	O
of	O
the	O
New	B-Device
Xbox	I-Device
Experience	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
20	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
a	O
hack	O
using	O
the	O
previously	O
discovered	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
vulnerability	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
kernel	O
versions	O
4532	O
and	O
4548	O
had	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
XeLL	O
,	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
bootloader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
hack	O
was	O
beyond	O
the	O
average	O
user	O
and	O
required	O
an	O
Xbox	B-Device
serial	O
cable	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
and	O
a	O
flashed	O
DVD	O
Drive	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Felix	O
Domke	O
,	O
the	O
programmer	O
behind	O
XeLL	O
,	O
has	O
since	O
announced	O
a	O
live	O
bootable	O
Linux	B-Application
CD	B-Device
suitable	O
for	O
novice	O
users	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
capabilities	O
to	O
be	O
installed	O
to	O
the	O
SATA	O
hard	B-Device
drive	I-Device
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
such	O
a	O
distribution	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
still	O
is	O
n't	O
considered	O
a	O
popular	O
platform	O
for	O
homebrew	B-Application
development	O
,	O
given	O
the	O
dependence	O
of	O
the	O
exploit	O
on	O
the	O
DVD-ROM	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
load	O
a	O
burnt	O
DVD	O
game	O
,	O
a	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
game	O
King	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
,	O
and	O
two	O
older	O
kernel	O
revisions	O
of	O
the	O
console	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
group	O
independent	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
is	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
means	O
to	O
run	O
homebrew	B-Application
code	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Free60	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
:	O
The	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
vulnerability	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Xbox	I-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
kernel	O
versions	O
4532	O
and	O
4548	O
was	O
addressed	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
NXE	O
system	O
and	O
dashboard	O
update	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
was	O
since	O
re-enabled	O
on	O
any	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
with	O
dash	O
2.0.7371.0	O
or	O
lower	O
via	O
an	O
exploit	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
JTAG	O
/	O
SMC	O
hack	O
but	O
was	O
promptly	O
patched	O
again	O
by	O
Microsoft	O
with	O
the	O
2.0.8495.0	O
update	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
has	O
now	O
become	O
available	O
on	O
most	O
Xbox	B-Operating_System
360	I-Operating_System
consoles	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
Reset	O
Glitch	O
Hack	O
(	O
excluding	O
the	O
late	O
Winchester	O
revision	O
,	O
which	O
fixed	O
this	O
exploit	O
with	O
mitigations	O
in	O
hardware	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
was	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
from	O
day	O
one	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Very	O
soon	O
after	O
launch	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
users	O
managed	O
to	O
install	O
Fedora	O
Core	O
5	O
onto	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
via	O
the	O
'	O
Install	B-Application
Other	I-Application
OS	I-Application
 '	O
option	O
in	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
's	O
XMB	O
(	O
Xross	O
Media	O
Bar	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
also	O
allows	O
configuring	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
to	O
boot	O
into	O
the	O
other	O
OS	O
installed	O
by	O
default	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
far	O
,	O
several	O
Linux	B-Application
flavors	O
have	O
been	O
successfully	O
installed	O
to	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
Fedora	O
Core	O
5	O
,	O
Fedora	O
Core	O
6	O
,	O
Gentoo	B-Application
,	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
and	O
Yellow	B-General_Concept
Dog	I-General_Concept
Linux	I-General_Concept
(	O
YDL	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latter	O
comes	O
installed	O
with	O
the	O
Cell	O
SDK	B-Application
by	O
default	O
,	O
allowing	O
programmers	O
a	O
low	O
cost	O
entry	O
into	O
Cell	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
graphics	O
support	O
was	O
limited	O
to	O
framebuffer	O
access	O
only	O
(	O
no	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
's	O
graphics	O
chip	O
RSX	O
)	O
,	O
yet	O
some	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
RSX	B-Device
graphics	I-Device
processor	I-Device
was	O
achieved	O
(	O
but	O
Sony	O
blocked	O
this	O
with	O
firmware	O
release	O
2.10	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
developers	O
do	O
have	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
Cell	O
microprocessor	O
,	O
including	O
6	O
of	O
its	O
7	O
active	O
Synergistic	O
Processing	O
Elements	O
(	O
SPEs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	O
OS	O
resides	O
under	O
a	O
hypervisor	B-Operating_System
and	O
prevents	O
users	O
from	O
taking	O
full	O
control	O
of	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
's	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
a	O
security	O
measure	O
which	O
helps	O
Sony	O
feel	O
secure	O
enough	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
PS3	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Sixaxis	O
controller	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
exposed	O
to	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Windows	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
driver	O
seems	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
successfully	O
created	O
yet	O
that	O
exposes	O
its	O
accelerometer	O
functionality	O
,	O
except	O
for	O
Motioninjoy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2008	O
,	O
a	O
vulnerability	O
was	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
partial	O
debug	O
firmware	O
on	O
a	O
regular	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
debug	O
functionality	O
is	O
disabled	O
,	O
so	O
neither	O
homebrew	B-Application
applications	O
nor	O
backup	O
games	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
exploit	O
was	O
found	O
on	O
August	O
14	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
boot	O
some	O
backup	O
games	O
from	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
's	O
HDD	B-Device
,	O
although	O
the	O
exact	O
instructions	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
do	O
this	O
were	O
not	O
released	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
6	O
,	O
2009	O
a	O
hacking	O
ring	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
"	O
Sh4d0ws	O
"	O
leaked	O
the	O
jig	O
files	O
needed	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
into	O
service	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
triggered	O
into	O
service	O
mode	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
yet	O
of	O
any	O
use	O
because	O
the	O
files	O
needed	O
to	O
make	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
console	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
leaked	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
31	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
PSGroove	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
PS3	I-Operating_System
through	O
the	O
USB	B-Protocol
port	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
and	O
made	O
open	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
exploit	O
works	O
on	O
all	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
PS3	I-Operating_System
models	O
released	O
up	O
until	O
then	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
George	O
Hotz	O
,	O
better	O
known	O
under	O
his	O
nickname	O
"	O
geohot	O
"	O
,	O
appeared	O
on	O
Attack	O
of	O
the	O
Show	O
because	O
he	O
released	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Operating_System
3	I-Operating_System
's	O
encryption	O
keys	O
,	O
therefore	O
any	O
homebrew	B-Application
or	O
custom	O
firmware	O
can	O
be	O
signed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
signed	O
,	O
homebrew	B-Application
can	O
be	O
natively	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Charges	O
included	O
violating	O
the	O
DMCA	O
,	O
CFAA	O
,	O
copyright	O
law	O
,	O
and	O
California	O
's	O
CCDAFA	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
breach	O
of	O
contract	O
(	O
related	O
to	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Network	I-Device
User	O
Agreement	O
)	O
,	O
tortious	O
interference	O
,	O
misappropriation	O
,	O
and	O
trespass	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
advance	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
's	O
release	O
,	O
WiiCade	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
site	O
to	O
host	O
Adobe	B-Operating_System
Flash	I-Operating_System
homebrew	B-Application
games	O
specifically	O
designed	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
and	O
its	O
remote	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
played	O
without	O
any	O
exploits	O
using	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
's	O
Opera	B-Application
web	I-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
was	O
hacked	O
via	O
a	O
custom	O
serial	O
interface	O
in	O
December	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
most	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
exploits	O
is	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
,	O
a	O
custom	O
channel	O
that	O
lets	O
users	O
run	O
homebrew	B-Application
software	O
on	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
's	O
first	O
full	O
release	O
was	O
in	O
December	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
Nintendo	O
successfully	O
patched	O
various	O
older	O
exploits	O
to	O
install	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
,	O
many	O
exploits	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
channel	O
on	O
current	O
firmware	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
channel	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
using	O
exploits	O
in	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
NTSC	O
version	O
of	O
Super	B-Application
Smash	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
Brawl	I-Application
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Channel	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
DNS	O
exploit	O
with	O
the	O
EULA	O
,	O
or	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
via	O
an	O
exploit	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
's	O
messaging	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
that	O
only	O
exploits	O
that	O
use	O
disc	O
games	O
are	O
compatible	O
with	O
installing	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
on	O
the	O
vWii	O
(	O
virtual	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
)	O
mode	O
on	O
a	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
U	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
exception	O
of	O
"	O
wuphax	O
"	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
that	O
installs	O
the	O
channel	O
via	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
U	O
specific	O
system	O
permission	O
exploits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
Opera	B-Application
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
let	O
developers	O
make	O
their	O
own	O
games	O
in	O
JavaScript	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
9	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Team	O
Twiizers	O
released	O
an	O
exploit	O
called	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
malformed	O
mail	O
letter	O
(	O
Buffer	B-General_Concept
overflow	I-General_Concept
)	O
to	O
load	O
a	O
boot.elf	O
file	O
into	O
memory	O
,	O
which	O
then	O
installs	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
to	O
run	O
unsigned	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
other	O
methods	O
exploiting	O
the	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Channel	I-Protocol
(	O
)	O
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
's	O
EULA	O
(	O
str2hax	O
)	O
have	O
been	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
BlueBomb	O
meant	O
that	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
Mini	O
was	O
hackable	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
previously	O
not	O
possible	O
due	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
Mini	O
's	O
Internet	O
,	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
messaging	O
capabilities	O
and	O
SD	O
slot	O
removed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
homebrew	B-Application
exploit	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
,	O
ninjhax	O
,	O
originally	O
called	O
ssspwn	O
,	O
allowed	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
scan	O
a	O
QR	O
Code	O
to	O
exploit	O
the	O
game	O
Cubic	B-Device
Ninja	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
ways	O
to	O
run	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
have	O
been	O
discovered	O
since	O
then	O
,	O
including	O
freakyhax	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
in	O
the	O
Deluxe	O
edition	O
of	O
Freakyforms	B-Device
:	I-Device
Your	I-Device
Creations	I-Device
,	I-Device
Alive	I-Device
!	I-Device
</s>
<s>
;	O
Doodlebomb	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
in	O
the	O
1.1.1	O
and	O
older	O
versions	O
of	O
Swapdoodle	O
;	O
,	O
browserhax	O
and	O
broswerhax-xl	O
,	O
both	O
using	O
the	O
Internet	O
Browser	O
(	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
)	O
;	O
,	O
soundhax	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Operating_System
3DS	I-Operating_System
Sound	O
app	O
,	O
pichaxx	O
,	O
using	O
Pokémon	B-Application
Picross	I-Application
,	O
unSAFE_MODE	O
,	O
which	O
injects	O
a	O
corrupted	O
WiFi	O
profile	O
into	O
the	O
SAFE_MODE	O
firmware	O
,	O
kartdlphax	O
,	O
using	O
Mario	B-Application
Kart	I-Application
7	I-Application
,	O
ntrboot	O
,	O
using	O
an	O
NDS	O
flash	O
cart	O
,	O
and	O
smashbroshax	O
,	O
a	O
New	B-Device
3DS	I-Device
exclusive	O
exploit	O
for	O
Super	B-Application
Smash	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
for	I-Application
Nintendo	I-Application
3DS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
system	O
updates	O
that	O
have	O
"	O
Further	O
improvements	O
to	O
overall	O
system	O
stability	O
and	O
other	O
minor	O
adjustments	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
user	O
experience	O
"	O
in	O
their	O
changelog	O
are	O
simply	O
to	O
patch	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
(	O
userland	B-Operating_System
)	O
exploits	O
that	O
require	O
a	O
specific	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
game	O
or	O
application	O
are	O
often	O
patched	O
in	O
these	O
updates	O
by	O
adding	O
those	O
exploited	O
application	O
versions	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
IsTitleAllowed	O
"	O
blacklist	O
,	O
which	O
prevents	O
outdated	O
applications	O
on	O
the	O
list	O
from	O
launching	O
and	O
forces	O
users	O
to	O
update	O
those	O
applications	O
to	O
the	O
latest	O
version	O
to	O
launch	O
the	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
notehax	O
only	O
works	O
on	O
outdated	O
versions	O
of	O
Flipnote	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
3D	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
11.6.0-39	O
system	O
update	O
,	O
all	O
regions	O
of	O
Flipnote	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
version	O
<=	O
1.0.1	O
in	O
USA	O
,	O
<=	O
1.2.0	O
in	O
EUR	O
,	O
and	O
<=	O
1.3.1	O
in	O
JPN	O
were	O
blocked	O
from	O
launching	O
the	O
application	O
,	O
patching	O
the	O
exploit	O
on	O
current	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unsigned	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
launched	O
from	O
the	O
SD	O
card	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
install	O
custom	O
firmware	O
on	O
the	O
device	O
by	O
using	O
an	O
exploit	O
to	O
run	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
itself	O
can	O
be	O
launched	O
on	O
system	O
versions	O
9.0-11.16	O
on	O
any	O
3DS	B-Operating_System
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
without	O
installing	O
custom	O
firmware	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
will	O
need	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
exploit	O
each	O
time	O
they	O
want	O
to	O
access	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
directly	O
install	O
custom	O
software	O
onto	O
the	O
3DS	B-Operating_System
home	O
menu	O
,	O
custom	O
firmware	O
is	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
December	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
exploit	O
uses	O
an	O
oversight	O
in	O
DSiWare	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
run	O
the	O
custom	O
code	O
from	O
the	O
DSiWare	O
menu	O
in	O
the	O
3DS	B-Operating_System
settings	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
3DS	B-Operating_System
hacks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
4	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
firmware	O
1.76	O
and	O
below	O
which	O
grants	O
kernel	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
userland	B-Operating_System
exploit	O
was	O
WebKit	B-Language
via	O
the	O
PS4	O
Web	O
Browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
opened	O
the	O
door	O
for	O
unsigned	O
code	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
and	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
community	O
began	O
to	O
emerge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
on	O
the	O
PS4	O
includes	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
boot	O
the	O
PS4	O
into	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
,	O
although	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
permanent	O
and	O
the	O
console	O
will	O
revert	O
to	O
Orbis	O
OS	O
on	O
reboot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
an	O
exploit	O
for	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Vita	I-Device
was	O
released	O
named	O
"	O
HENkaku	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
installed	O
by	O
visiting	O
a	O
website	O
and	O
clicking	O
on	O
the	O
install	O
button	O
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
Vita	I-Device
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
student	O
TheFloW	O
(	O
Andy	O
Nguyen	O
)	O
found	O
a	O
kernel	O
bug	O
in	O
firmware	O
versions	O
3.65	O
,	O
3.67	O
,	O
and	O
3.68	O
that	O
allowed	O
unsigned	O
code	O
to	O
be	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
he	O
developed	O
an	O
exploit	O
called	O
"	O
h-encore	O
"	O
which	O
allowed	O
one	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
HENkaku	O
hack	O
on	O
later	O
PS	B-Device
Vita	I-Device
versions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	O
bug	O
was	O
patched	O
in	O
firmware	O
version	O
3.69	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
userland	B-Operating_System
bug	O
still	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
26	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
TheFloW	O
released	O
HENlo	O
,	O
a	O
WebKit-based	O
exploit	O
chain	O
for	O
developers	O
and	O
security	O
researchers	O
on	O
his	O
GitHub	B-Application
page	O
;	O
a	O
working	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
exploit	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
all	O
Vita	O
firmware	O
versions	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
SKGleba	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
way	O
to	O
execute	O
code	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
for	O
5.5.5	O
and	O
below	O
is	O
through	O
vulnerabilities	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
's	O
built	O
in	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
different	O
userland	B-Operating_System
and	O
PowerPC	O
kernel	O
exploits	O
in	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
internet	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
userland	B-Operating_System
exploits	O
used	O
C	O
code	O
(	O
on	O
versions	O
2.0.0-5.3.2	O
)	O
and	O
libstagefright	O
bugs	O
(	O
on	O
versions	O
5.4.0-5.5.1	O
)	O
to	O
load	O
custom	O
code	O
in	O
the	O
browser	O
,	O
with	O
memory	O
and	O
permission	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
other	O
kernel	O
exploit	O
works	O
on	O
5.5.2	O
and	O
below	O
,	O
but	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
unreliability	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
only	O
used	O
on	O
5.5.2	O
to	O
install	O
a	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
U	O
software	O
exploit	O
called	O
Haxchi	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
installed	O
to	O
a	O
DS	O
VC	O
game	O
,	O
Haxchi	O
launches	O
homebrew	B-Application
directly	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
)	O
using	O
an	O
exploit	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
file	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
homebrew	B-Application
applications	O
that	O
run	O
via	O
the	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Launcher	O
have	O
been	O
collected	O
and	O
hosted	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
hosted	O
applications	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	O
directly	O
on	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
using	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
App	O
Store	O
app	O
in	O
the	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
U	O
's	O
built-in	O
emulated	B-Application
Wii	B-Operating_System
environment	O
(	O
often	O
nicknamed	O
vWii	O
or	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
Mode	O
)	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
running	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
homebrew	B-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
vWii	O
is	O
much	O
more	O
fragile	O
than	O
a	O
real	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
console	I-Operating_System
and	O
has	O
a	O
higher	O
chance	O
of	O
being	O
rendered	O
inoperable	O
if	O
dangerous	O
software	O
is	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
changes	O
made	O
to	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
operating	O
system	O
in	O
vWii	O
mode	O
,	O
previous	O
exploits	O
that	O
utilized	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
Menu	O
itself	O
to	O
load	O
the	O
HackMii	O
Installer	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Letterbomb	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
on	O
vWii	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wuphax	O
uses	O
the	O
public	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
U	O
IOSU	O
exploit	O
to	O
temporarily	O
inject	O
the	O
HackMii	O
installer	O
into	O
the	O
Mii	O
Channel	O
so	O
that	O
The	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
can	O
be	O
installed	O
without	O
an	O
exploit	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Compat	O
Installer	O
uses	O
the	O
public	O
IOSU	O
exploit	O
to	O
install	O
the	O
Open-Source	O
Homebrew	B-Application
Channel	O
from	O
Wii	B-Operating_System
U	O
Mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
was	O
first	O
exploited	O
by	O
a	O
team	O
called	O
ReSwitched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
did	O
not	O
allow	O
true	O
homebrew	B-Application
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
system	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
did	O
let	O
developers	O
look	O
for	O
other	O
security	O
bugs	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
that	O
year	O
on	O
October	O
1	O
,	O
ReSwitched	O
announced	O
new	O
exploits	O
and	O
tools	O
that	O
allowed	O
homebrew	B-Application
developers	O
to	O
start	O
working	O
on	O
homebrew	B-Application
programs	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
before	O
they	O
could	O
be	O
launched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
34th	O
Chaos	O
Communication	O
Congress	O
,	O
hackers	O
Plutoo	O
,	O
Derrek	O
,	O
and	O
Naehrwert	O
announced	O
a	O
kernel	O
exploit	O
for	O
the	O
system	O
(	O
which	O
they	O
said	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
released	O
)	O
and	O
said	O
that	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
launcher	O
was	O
coming	O
soon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
29	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
SciresM	O
,	O
a	O
respected	O
developer	O
in	O
the	O
homebrew	B-Application
community	O
,	O
announced	O
that	O
a	O
custom	O
firmware	O
called	O
"	O
Atmosphere	O
"	O
would	O
be	O
released	O
for	O
all	O
available	O
firmware	O
versions	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
exploit	O
takes	O
advantage	O
of	O
a	O
bug	O
in	O
the	O
boot	O
ROM	O
on	O
the	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
X1	I-Operating_System
chip	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
,	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
has	O
both	O
a	O
homebrew	B-Application
launcher	O
and	O
custom	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Access	O
to	O
a	O
Japanese	O
copy	O
of	O
Puyo	B-Application
Puyo	I-Application
Tetris	I-Application
is	O
needed	O
to	O
install	O
CFW	O
on	O
version	O
1.0.0	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
install	O
homebrew	B-Application
on	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
is	O
also	O
dependent	O
on	O
the	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
consoles	O
that	O
were	O
released	O
after	O
June	O
2018	O
with	O
version	O
4.1.0	O
shipped	O
have	O
their	O
boot	O
ROMs	O
patched	O
against	O
the	O
full	O
control	O
TrustZone	O
exploit	O
that	O
would	O
allowed	O
for	O
homebrew	B-Application
to	O
be	O
installed	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
currently	O
not	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
homebrew	B-Application
to	O
the	O
HAC-001(-01 )	O
revision	O
of	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
,	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
Lite	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Switch	I-Application
–	O
OLED	O
Model	O
without	O
the	O
purchase	O
and	O
installation	O
of	O
a	O
specialized	O
modchip	O
which	O
replicates	O
the	O
vulnerability	O
of	O
the	O
Tegra	B-Operating_System
X1	I-Operating_System
chip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Device
Xbox	I-Device
One	I-Device
and	O
Series	B-Device
X/S	I-Device
have	O
a	O
Dev	O
Mode	O
which	O
,	O
though	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
retail	O
game	O
development	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
run	O
unsigned	O
homebrew	B-Application
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
be	O
enabled	O
on	O
any	O
retail	O
Xbox	B-Application
console	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Homebrew	B-Application
software	O
can	O
be	O
developed	O
as	O
Universal	B-Device
Windows	I-Device
Platform	I-Device
applications	O
,	O
allowing	O
many	O
programs	O
designed	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
desktop	O
editions	O
of	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
to	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
console	O
including	O
console	O
emulators	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Device
Xbox	I-Device
One	I-Device
and	O
Series	B-Device
X/S	I-Device
have	O
had	O
limited	O
exploits	O
found	O
,	O
but	O
very	O
few	O
have	O
allowed	O
homebrew	B-Application
,	O
and	O
all	O
known	O
exploits	O
have	O
been	O
patched	O
as	O
of	O
October	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
