<s>
Holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
(	O
HIM	O
)	O
is	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interferometry	I-Algorithm
applied	O
for	O
microscopy	O
for	O
visualization	O
of	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
distinguishes	O
itself	O
from	O
other	O
microscopy	O
methods	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
interference	O
for	O
converting	O
invisible	O
phase	O
shifts	O
into	O
intensity	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
microscopy	O
methods	O
related	O
to	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
are	O
phase	O
contrast	O
microscopy	O
and	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interferometry	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Holography	B-Algorithm
was	O
born	O
as	O
"	O
new	O
microscopy	O
principle	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
D	O
.	O
Gabor	O
invented	O
holography	B-Algorithm
for	O
electron	O
microscopy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
invention	O
of	O
holography	B-Algorithm
opened	O
up	O
new	O
possibilities	O
in	O
imaging	O
of	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	O
methods	O
in	O
microscopy	O
that	O
allow	O
not	O
only	O
qualitative	O
,	O
but	O
quantitative	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combining	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
with	O
methods	O
of	O
numerical	O
processing	O
has	O
solved	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
untreated	O
,	O
native	O
biological	O
phase	O
micro-object	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	O
method	O
the	O
images	O
appear	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
interference	O
of	O
two	O
object	O
waves	O
passed	O
the	O
same	O
path	O
through	O
the	O
microscope	O
optical	O
system	O
but	O
in	O
different	O
points	O
of	O
time	O
:	O
the	O
reconstructed	O
from	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
"	O
empty	O
"	O
object	O
wave	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
object	O
wave	O
disturbed	O
by	O
the	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
under	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
of	O
the	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
object	O
wave	O
is	O
recorded	O
using	O
a	O
reference	O
beam	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
optical	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	O
microscope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
dependence	O
on	O
conditions	O
of	O
the	O
interference	O
two	O
methods	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
realized	O
:	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
phase-contrast	O
method	O
and	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference-contrast	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Holographic	B-Algorithm
phase-contrast	O
method	O
is	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
technique	O
for	O
phase	O
micro-object	O
visualization	O
that	O
converts	O
the	O
phase	O
shifts	O
inserted	O
by	O
the	O
micro-object	O
to	O
the	O
wave	O
of	O
light	O
passed	O
through	O
it	O
into	O
intensity	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
addition	O
(	O
constructive	O
interference	O
)	O
or	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
subtraction	O
(	O
destructive	O
interference	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
wave	O
reconstructed	O
from	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
the	O
object	O
wave	O
disturbed	O
by	O
the	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
under	O
study	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
equal	O
intensities	O
of	O
the	O
interfering	O
waves	O
,	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
phase-contrast	O
method	O
allows	O
obtaining	O
maximal	O
contrast	O
of	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
in	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
phase-contrast	O
method	O
is	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
interaction	O
of	O
two	O
identical	O
waves	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
free	O
of	O
aberrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
can	O
be	O
realized	O
as	O
the	O
method	O
of	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
addition	O
and	O
subtraction	O
in	O
an	O
interference	O
fringe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
conditions	O
for	O
the	O
waves	O
to	O
be	O
antiphased	O
or	O
in-phased	O
(	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
subtraction	O
or	O
addition	O
)	O
are	O
automatically	O
created	O
within	O
a	O
dark	O
and	O
bright	O
interference	O
fringes	O
,	O
correspondingly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
requires	O
developing	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
in	O
its	O
place	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Holographic	B-Algorithm
interference-contrast	O
method	O
is	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
technique	O
for	O
phase	O
micro-object	O
visualization	O
that	O
converts	O
the	O
phase	O
shifts	O
inserted	O
by	O
the	O
micro-object	O
to	O
the	O
passed	O
light	O
wave	O
light	O
into	O
deviations	O
of	O
interference	O
fringes	O
in	O
its	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
micro-object	O
has	O
a	O
homogeneous	B-General_Concept
refractive	O
index	O
distribution	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
reconstruct	O
its	O
physical	O
3D	O
shape	O
under	O
digital	O
processing	O
the	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
wave	O
reconstructed	O
from	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
replica	O
of	O
the	O
object	O
wave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
methods	O
of	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
realized	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
device	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	O
microscope	O
uses	O
an	O
optical	O
microscope	O
in	O
an	O
off-axis	O
conventional	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
set-up	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
reference	O
wave	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
usual	O
for	O
the	O
holography	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
laser	O
as	O
a	O
coherent	O
source	O
of	O
light	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
object	O
wave	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
objective	O
in	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
the	O
micro-objects	O
under	O
study	O
is	O
recorded	O
on	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
using	O
the	O
reference	O
wave	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
developed	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
is	O
returned	O
in	O
its	O
original	O
position	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
works	O
as	O
a	O
fixed	O
optical	O
element	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	O
microscope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
images	O
appear	O
under	O
simultaneous	O
observation	O
of	O
the	O
real	O
object	O
wave	O
disturbed	O
by	O
micro-object	O
and	O
the	O
"	O
empty	O
"	O
object	O
wave	O
reconstructed	O
from	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
period	O
of	O
the	O
observed	O
interference	O
picture	O
is	O
adjusted	O
just	O
by	O
cross	O
shift	O
of	O
the	O
hologram	B-Algorithm
from	O
its	O
initial	O
position	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
background	O
of	O
the	O
HIM	O
methods	O
are	O
coherent	O
noise	O
and	O
speckle	B-Algorithm
structure	O
of	O
the	O
images	O
appearing	O
as	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
coherent	O
source	O
of	O
light	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
methods	O
of	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
were	O
worked	O
out	O
and	O
applied	O
for	O
phase	O
micro-object	O
study	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
,	O
a	O
computer	O
began	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
by	O
their	O
interferograms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
21st	O
century	O
,	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
has	O
become	O
digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
(	O
DHIM	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
the	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
with	O
digital	O
methods	O
of	O
image	O
processing	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
phase	O
micro-objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
phase-contrast	O
or	O
interference-contrast	O
images	O
(	O
interferograms	O
)	O
are	O
recorded	O
by	O
a	O
digital	O
camera	O
from	O
which	O
a	O
computer	O
reconstructs	O
3D	O
images	O
by	O
using	O
numerical	O
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
closest	O
method	O
to	O
the	O
digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
microscopy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
both	O
method	O
solve	O
the	O
same	O
problem	O
of	O
micro-object	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
is	O
more	O
"	O
optical	O
"	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
microscopy	O
is	O
more	O
"	O
digital	O
"	O
method	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
holographic	B-Algorithm
interference	I-Algorithm
microscopy	I-Algorithm
allows	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
and	O
non-invasive	O
quantitative	O
study	O
of	O
biomedical	O
micro-objects	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
cells	O
of	O
an	O
organism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
measurements	O
of	O
thickness	O
of	O
thin	O
transparent	O
films	O
,	O
crystals	O
,	O
and/or	O
3D	B-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
of	O
their	O
surfaces	O
for	O
quality	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
