<s>
The	O
history	B-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
Nintendo	I-Architecture
Entertainment	I-Architecture
System	I-Architecture
(	O
NES	O
)	O
spans	O
the	O
1982	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
Family	O
Computer	O
,	O
to	O
the	O
1985	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
NES	O
,	O
to	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
rise	O
to	O
global	O
dominance	O
based	O
upon	O
this	O
platform	O
throughout	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transitioning	O
the	O
company	O
from	O
its	O
arcade	O
game	O
history	O
into	O
this	O
combined	O
global	O
8-bit	O
home	B-Device
video	I-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
platform	O
,	O
the	O
Famicom	O
and	O
NES	O
continued	O
to	O
aggressively	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
next-generation	B-Application
16-bit	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
including	O
the	O
1988	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
platform	O
was	O
succeeded	O
by	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Famicom	I-Application
in	O
1990	O
and	O
the	O
Super	B-General_Concept
Nintendo	I-General_Concept
Entertainment	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
in	O
1991	O
,	O
but	O
its	O
support	O
and	O
production	O
continued	O
until	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interest	O
in	O
the	O
NES	O
has	O
been	O
renewed	O
by	O
collectors	O
and	O
emulators	O
,	O
including	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
own	O
Virtual	B-Application
Console	I-Application
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
game	O
industry	O
experienced	O
a	O
period	O
of	O
rapid	O
growth	O
and	O
unprecedented	O
popularity	O
during	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
to	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
golden	O
age	O
of	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
and	O
the	O
second	B-Application
generation	I-Application
of	I-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
:	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
(	O
1978	O
)	O
and	O
its	O
shoot	O
'	O
em	O
up	O
clones	B-General_Concept
had	O
become	O
a	O
phenomenal	O
success	O
across	O
arcades	O
worldwide	O
,	O
game	O
consoles	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Intellivision	B-Operating_System
became	O
popular	O
in	O
North	O
American	O
homes	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Epoch	B-Device
Cassette	I-Device
Vision	I-Device
became	O
the	O
best-selling	B-Application
console	I-Application
in	I-Application
Japan	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
Famicom	O
hardware	O
was	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
major	O
influence	O
was	O
Namco	O
's	O
Galaxian	B-Application
(	O
1979	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
replaced	O
the	O
more	O
intensive	O
bitmap	O
rendering	O
system	O
of	O
Space	B-Application
Invaders	I-Application
with	O
a	O
hardware	O
sprite	O
rendering	O
system	O
that	O
animated	O
sprites	O
over	O
a	O
scrolling	O
background	O
,	O
allowing	O
more	O
detailed	O
graphics	O
,	O
faster	O
gameplay	O
and	O
a	O
scrolling	O
animated	O
starfield	O
background	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
provided	O
the	O
basis	O
for	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Radar	B-Application
Scope	I-Application
(	O
1980	O
)	O
arcade	O
hardware	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
co-developed	O
with	O
Ikegami	O
Tsushinki	O
,	O
improving	O
on	O
Galaxian	B-Application
with	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
high-speed	O
emitter-coupled	B-General_Concept
logic	I-General_Concept
(	O
ECL	O
)	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
chips	O
and	O
memory	B-General_Concept
on	O
a	O
50	O
MHz	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
commercial	O
failure	O
of	O
Radar	B-Application
Scope	I-Application
,	O
the	O
game	O
's	O
arcade	O
hardware	O
was	O
converted	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
(	O
1981	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
a	O
major	O
arcade	O
hit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Home	O
systems	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
were	O
not	O
powerful	O
enough	O
to	O
handle	O
an	O
accurate	O
port	B-Protocol
of	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
,	O
so	O
Nintendo	O
wanted	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
allowed	O
a	O
fully	O
accurate	O
conversion	O
of	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
to	O
be	O
played	O
in	O
homes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Led	O
by	O
Masayuki	B-Application
Uemura	I-Application
,	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
R&D2	O
team	O
began	O
work	O
on	O
a	O
home	O
system	O
in	O
1982	O
,	O
ambitiously	O
targeted	O
to	O
be	O
less	O
expensive	O
than	O
its	O
competitors	O
,	O
yet	O
with	O
performance	O
that	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
surpassed	O
by	O
its	O
competitors	O
for	O
at	O
least	O
a	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uemura	O
analyzed	O
the	O
innards	O
of	O
rival	O
consoles	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
and	O
Magnavox	B-Device
Odyssey	I-Device
,	O
sidestepping	O
their	O
primitive	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
main	O
competition	O
was	O
the	O
Epoch	B-Device
Cassette	I-Device
Vision	I-Device
,	O
the	O
best-selling	B-Application
console	I-Application
in	I-Application
Japan	I-Application
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
with	O
Nintendo	O
president	O
Hiroshi	O
Yamauchi	O
telling	O
employees	O
he	O
wanted	O
them	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
console	O
both	O
more	O
powerful	O
(	O
and	O
cheaper	O
than	O
the	O
Cassette	B-Device
Vision	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
R&D2	O
engineer	O
Katsuya	O
Nakakawa	O
analized	O
the	O
IC	O
chips	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
powerful	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
arcade	O
hardware	O
,	O
concluding	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
them	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
their	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
Nintendo	O
R&D2	O
engineer	O
,	O
Takao	O
Sawano	O
,	O
proposed	O
that	O
the	O
D-pad	B-Device
of	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
Game	B-Device
&	I-Device
Watch	I-Device
handheld	O
devices	O
should	O
be	O
adapted	O
for	O
the	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
the	O
toy	O
manufacturer	O
Coleco	O
was	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
new	O
home	B-Device
console	I-Device
to	O
compete	O
with	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
and	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
handling	O
fairly	O
accurate	O
ports	O
of	O
arcade	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coleco	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
to	O
Nintendo	O
R&D2	O
engineers	O
,	O
who	O
were	O
impressed	O
by	O
the	O
smoothly	O
animated	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
left	O
a	O
strong	O
impression	O
on	O
Sawano	O
and	O
Uemara	O
,	O
who	O
had	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
in	O
mind	O
while	O
working	O
on	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
new	O
console	O
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
was	O
a	O
significant	O
improvement	O
over	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
,	O
there	O
was	O
still	O
no	O
console	O
comparable	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
arcade	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
the	O
bundled	O
port	B-Protocol
of	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
helped	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
become	O
a	O
major	O
success	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
Ricoh	O
's	O
supervisors	O
was	O
Hiromitsu	O
Yagi	O
,	O
a	O
former	O
Mitsubishi	O
Electronics	O
engineer	O
who	O
had	O
previously	O
designed	O
the	O
large-scale	O
integration	O
(	O
LSI	O
)	O
chips	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
Color	I-Application
TV-Game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
in	O
the	O
1970s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
determine	O
the	O
system	O
specifications	O
of	O
the	O
new	O
console	O
,	O
Nakakawa	O
and	O
Masahiro	O
brought	O
along	O
a	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
arcade	O
machine	O
for	O
Ricoh	O
to	O
analyze	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
help	O
build	O
a	O
console	O
more	O
powerful	O
than	O
any	O
consoles	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
and	O
which	O
would	O
be	O
comparable	O
to	O
the	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
arcade	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Uemura	O
initially	O
thought	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
modern	O
16-bit	B-Application
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
(	O
CPU	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
settled	O
on	O
an	O
8-bit	O
CPU	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
inexpensive	O
MOS	B-General_Concept
Technology	I-General_Concept
6502	I-General_Concept
,	O
supplementing	O
it	O
with	O
a	O
custom	O
graphics	B-Architecture
chip	I-Architecture
,	O
the	O
Picture	O
Processing	O
Unit	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
Ricoh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
reduce	O
costs	O
,	O
suggestions	O
of	O
including	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
modem	B-Application
,	O
and	O
floppy	B-Device
disk	I-Device
drive	I-Device
were	O
rejected	O
,	O
but	O
expensive	O
circuitry	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
versatile	O
15-pin	O
expansion	O
port	B-Protocol
connection	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
console	O
for	O
future	O
add-on	O
functionality	O
such	O
as	O
peripheral	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
Famicom	B-Device
Modem	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Famicom	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
System	I-Device
would	O
later	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
add-on	O
peripherals	B-Device
,	O
all	O
utilizing	O
the	O
Famicom	O
expansion	O
port	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
peripheral	B-Device
devices	I-Device
connecting	O
via	O
the	O
expansion	O
port	B-Protocol
would	O
include	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Device
Light	I-Device
Gun	I-Device
,	O
Family	B-Application
Trainer	I-Application
,	O
and	O
various	O
specialized	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
would	O
be	O
released	O
in	O
Japan	O
only	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Algorithm
3D	I-Algorithm
System	I-Algorithm
and	O
Famicom	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
System	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
wireless	O
broadcast	O
functionality	O
of	O
the	O
TV	B-Application
Tennis	I-Application
Electrotennis	I-Application
(	O
1975	O
)	O
got	O
Nintendo	O
designer	O
Masayuki	B-Application
Uemura	I-Application
to	O
consider	O
adding	O
that	O
capability	O
to	O
the	O
Famicom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
,	O
the	O
competing	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
SG-1000	I-Operating_System
was	O
unveiled	O
at	O
the	O
Tokyo	O
Toy	O
Show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launching	O
on	O
July	O
15	O
,	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
Family	O
Computer	O
(	O
commonly	O
known	O
by	O
the	O
Japanese-English	O
term	O
Famicom	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
8-bit	O
console	O
using	O
interchangeable	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
launch	O
game	O
list	O
is	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
,	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
Junior	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Popeye	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
many	O
Famicom	O
units	O
reportedly	O
had	O
faulty	O
graphics	O
chips	O
and	O
froze	B-General_Concept
during	O
gameplay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Famicom	O
was	O
subsequently	O
reissued	O
with	O
a	O
new	O
motherboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Famicom	O
easily	O
outsold	O
its	O
primary	O
competitor	O
,	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
SG-1000	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
made	O
it	O
the	O
best-selling	B-Application
console	I-Application
in	I-Application
Japan	I-Application
,	O
surpassing	O
the	O
Cassette	B-Device
Vision	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Major	O
arcade	O
developer	B-Application
Namco	O
approached	O
Nintendo	O
about	O
Famicom	O
development	O
,	O
as	O
they	O
had	O
no	O
means	O
of	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
contracted	O
a	O
30%	O
fee	O
to	O
Nintendo	O
per	O
game	O
sold	O
,	O
consisting	O
of	O
10%	O
as	O
a	O
licensing	O
fee	O
for	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
and	O
20%	O
as	O
the	O
production	O
cost	O
of	O
new	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
two	O
companies	O
reached	O
a	O
tentative	O
agreement	O
,	O
with	O
final	O
contract	O
papers	O
to	O
be	O
signed	O
at	O
the	O
1983	O
Summer	O
Consumer	O
Electronics	O
Show	O
(	O
CES	O
)	O
,	O
Atari	O
refused	O
to	O
sign	O
at	O
the	O
last	O
minute	O
,	O
after	O
seeing	O
Coleco	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
main	O
competitors	O
in	O
the	O
market	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
demonstrating	O
a	O
prototype	O
of	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
for	O
its	O
forthcoming	O
Coleco	B-Device
Adam	I-Device
home	O
computer	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coleco	O
had	O
licensed	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
for	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
home	B-Device
console	I-Device
,	O
but	O
Atari	O
had	O
the	O
exclusive	O
computer	O
license	O
for	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
the	O
game	O
had	O
been	O
originally	O
produced	O
for	O
the	O
ColecoVision	B-Device
and	O
could	O
thus	O
automatically	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
the	O
backward	O
compatible	O
Adam	B-Device
computer	I-Device
,	O
Atari	O
took	O
the	O
demonstration	O
as	O
a	O
sign	O
that	O
Nintendo	O
was	O
also	O
dealing	O
with	O
Coleco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Famicom	O
hardware	O
first	O
made	O
its	O
North	O
American	O
debut	O
in	O
the	O
arcades	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Nintendo	B-Application
VS.	I-Application
System	I-Application
in	O
1984	O
;	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
success	O
in	O
arcades	O
paved	O
the	O
way	O
for	O
the	O
official	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
NES	O
console	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
of	O
America	O
's	O
market	O
research	O
was	O
met	O
with	O
warnings	O
to	O
stay	O
away	O
from	O
home	B-Device
consoles	I-Device
,	O
with	O
US	O
retailers	O
refusing	O
to	O
stock	O
game	O
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Meanwhile	O
,	O
the	O
arcade	O
industry	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
slump	O
as	O
the	O
golden	O
age	O
of	O
arcade	B-Application
video	I-Application
games	I-Application
came	O
to	O
an	O
end	O
,	O
but	O
arcades	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
recover	O
and	O
stabilize	O
with	O
the	O
help	O
of	O
software	O
conversion	O
kit	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
developed	O
the	O
VS.	O
System	O
with	O
the	O
same	O
hardware	O
as	O
the	O
Famicom	O
,	O
and	O
introduced	O
it	O
as	O
the	O
successor	O
to	O
their	O
Nintendo-Pak	O
arcade	O
system	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
titles	O
such	O
as	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
3	I-Application
and	O
Mario	B-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
While	O
technologically	O
weaker	O
than	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
more	O
powerful	O
Punch-Out	B-Application
arcade	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
VS.	O
System	O
was	O
relatively	O
inexpensive	O
,	O
epitomizing	O
Gunpei	O
Yokoi	O
's	O
philosophy	O
of	O
"	O
lateral	O
thinking	O
with	O
withered	O
technology.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
VS.	O
System	O
was	O
also	O
able	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
wider	O
variety	O
of	O
games	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
being	O
able	O
to	O
easily	O
port	B-Protocol
over	O
games	O
from	O
the	O
Famicom	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
10,000	O
and	O
20,000	O
arcade	O
units	O
were	O
sold	O
in	O
1984	O
,	O
while	O
individual	O
Vs.	O
titles	O
often	O
appeared	O
as	O
top-earners	O
on	O
the	O
US	O
arcade	O
charts	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
VS.	B-Device
Tennis	I-Device
and	O
VS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Baseball	B-Application
in	O
1984	O
,	O
then	O
Duck	B-Application
Hunt	I-Application
and	O
VS.	B-Application
Hogan	I-Application
's	I-Application
Alley	I-Application
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Vs.	O
System	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
become	O
the	O
highest-grossing	O
arcade	B-Application
machine	I-Application
of	I-Application
1985	I-Application
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
VS.	O
System	O
gave	O
Nintendo	O
the	O
confidence	O
to	O
release	O
the	O
Famicom	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
as	O
a	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
,	O
which	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
called	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
(	O
NES	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
president	O
Hiroshi	O
Yamauchi	O
said	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
"	O
Atari	O
collapsed	O
because	O
they	O
gave	O
too	O
much	O
freedom	O
to	O
third-party	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
the	O
market	O
was	O
swamped	O
with	O
rubbish	O
games.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
avoid	O
the	O
stigma	O
of	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
,	O
Nintendo	O
issued	O
prerelease	O
marketing	O
of	O
the	O
AVS	O
as	O
a	O
full	O
home	O
computer	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
included	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
cassette	O
data	O
recorder	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
BASIC	O
interpreter	B-Application
software	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
BASIC	O
interpreter	B-Application
would	O
later	O
be	O
sold	O
together	O
with	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
as	O
the	O
Family	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
package	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
cassette	O
deck	O
for	O
data	O
storage	O
would	O
later	O
be	O
released	O
as	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Device
Data	I-Device
Recorder	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AVS	O
includes	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
computer-style	O
input	O
devices	O
:	O
gamepads	O
,	O
a	O
handheld	O
joystick	O
,	O
a	O
3-octave	O
musical	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
Zapper	B-Device
light	I-Device
gun	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AVS	O
Zapper	B-Device
is	O
hinged	O
,	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
straighten	O
out	O
into	O
a	O
wand	O
form	O
,	O
or	O
bend	O
into	O
a	O
gun	O
form	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
AVS	O
uses	O
a	O
wireless	O
infrared	O
interface	O
for	O
all	O
its	O
peripherals	B-Device
,	O
including	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
cassette	O
deck	O
,	O
and	O
controllers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	O
peripherals	B-Device
for	O
the	O
Advanced	O
Video	O
System	O
are	O
on	O
display	O
at	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
World	O
Store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
,	O
attendees	O
acknowledged	O
the	O
advanced	O
technology	O
,	O
but	O
responded	O
poorly	O
to	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
and	O
wireless	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
purposefully	O
designed	O
the	O
system	O
so	O
as	O
not	O
to	O
resemble	O
a	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
,	O
and	O
would	O
avoid	O
terms	O
associated	O
with	O
game	O
consoles	O
,	O
with	O
marketing	O
manager	O
Gail	O
Tilden	O
choosing	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Game	B-Protocol
Pak	I-Protocol
"	O
for	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
,	O
"	O
Control	O
Deck	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
"	O
for	O
the	O
whole	O
platform	O
altogether	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
obscure	O
the	O
video	O
game	O
connotation	O
,	O
NES	O
replaced	O
the	O
top-loading	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
slot	O
of	O
the	O
Famicom	O
and	O
AVS	O
with	O
a	O
front-loading	O
chamber	O
for	O
software	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
that	O
place	O
the	O
inserted	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
out	O
of	O
view	O
,	O
reminiscent	O
of	O
a	O
VCR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
another	O
approach	O
to	O
market	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
North	O
American	O
retailers	O
as	O
an	O
"	O
entertainment	O
system	O
"	O
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
a	O
video	B-Application
game	I-Application
console	I-Application
,	O
Nintendo	O
positioned	O
the	O
NES	O
more	O
squarely	O
as	O
a	O
toy	O
,	O
emphasizing	O
the	O
Zapper	B-Device
light	I-Device
gun	I-Device
,	O
and	O
more	O
significantly	O
,	O
R.O.B.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
had	O
a	O
dozen	O
playable	O
NES	O
displays	O
surrounding	O
another	O
giant	O
television	O
,	O
featuring	O
Baseball	B-Application
being	O
played	O
by	O
real	O
Major	B-Application
League	I-Application
Baseball	I-Application
players	O
who	O
also	O
signed	O
autographs	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
anchor	O
the	O
curious	O
audiences	O
to	O
a	O
familiar	O
American	O
pastime	O
among	O
all	O
the	O
surreal	O
fantasy	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Deluxe	O
Set	O
included	O
a	O
Control	O
Deck	O
console	O
,	O
two	O
gamepads	O
,	O
R.O.B.	O
,	O
the	O
Zapper	B-Device
light	I-Device
gun	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
Game	O
Paks	O
Gyromite	O
and	O
Duck	B-Application
Hunt	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fifteen	O
additional	O
games	O
were	O
sold	O
separately	O
:	O
10-Yard	B-Application
Fight	I-Application
,	O
Baseball	B-Application
,	O
Clu	B-Device
Clu	I-Device
Land	I-Device
,	O
Excitebike	B-Application
,	O
Golf	B-Application
,	O
Hogan	B-Application
's	I-Application
Alley	I-Application
,	O
Ice	B-Application
Climber	I-Application
,	O
Kung	B-Application
Fu	I-Application
,	O
Pinball	B-Device
,	O
Soccer	B-Application
,	O
Stack-Up	O
,	O
Super	O
Mario	O
Bros.	O
,	O
Tennis	B-Device
,	O
Wild	B-Application
Gunman	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Wrecking	B-Application
Crew	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
unloading	O
their	O
products	O
into	O
stores	O
,	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
of	O
America	O
crew	O
was	O
confronted	O
by	O
strangers	O
who	O
resented	O
any	O
Japanese-influenced	O
company	O
in	O
a	O
time	O
of	O
international	O
trade	O
issues	O
and	O
cheap	O
Japanese	O
clones	B-General_Concept
of	O
American	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
460,000	O
game	B-Protocol
cartridges	I-Protocol
were	O
also	O
sold	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
nationwide	O
launch	O
in	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
NES	O
was	O
available	O
in	O
two	O
different	O
packages	O
:	O
the	O
fully	O
featured	O
Deluxe	O
Set	O
as	O
had	O
been	O
configured	O
during	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
City	O
launch	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
scaled-down	O
Control	O
Deck	O
package	O
which	O
included	O
the	O
console	O
,	O
two	O
gamepads	O
,	O
and	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
1986	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
announced	O
the	O
intention	O
to	O
adapt	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
System	I-Device
floppy	B-Device
drive	I-Device
peripheral	O
to	O
the	O
NES	O
by	O
late	O
1986	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
need	O
was	O
obviated	O
by	O
the	O
proliferation	O
of	O
larger	O
and	O
faster	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
technology	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
drive	O
's	O
NES	O
launch	O
was	O
canceled	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
original	O
being	O
discontinued	O
in	O
Japan	O
by	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1991	O
and	O
1992	O
,	O
NES	O
sales	O
were	O
booming	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
partly	O
driven	O
by	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
which	O
helped	O
uplift	O
NES	O
sales	O
in	O
the	O
region	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
this	O
was	O
repealed	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
only	O
way	O
Japanese	O
products	O
could	O
legally	O
enter	O
the	O
South	O
Korean	O
market	O
was	O
through	O
licensing	O
to	O
a	O
third-party	O
(	O
non-Japanese	O
)	O
distributor	O
,	O
as	O
was	O
the	O
case	O
with	O
the	O
Comboy	O
and	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Comboy	I-Application
,	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Super	B-General_Concept
Nintendo	I-General_Concept
Entertainment	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
less	O
than	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
Master	O
System	O
(	O
marketed	O
as	O
the	O
Gam*Boy	O
or	O
Aladdinboy	O
by	O
Samsung	B-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
sold	O
730,000	O
units	O
in	O
the	O
country	O
by	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
,	O
much	O
more	O
popular	O
method	O
,	O
was	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
an	O
unlicensed	O
Taiwanese	O
hardware	B-General_Concept
clone	I-General_Concept
named	O
the	O
Dendy	O
produced	O
in	O
Russia	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Aesthetically	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
replica	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Famicom	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
unique	O
color	O
scheme	O
and	O
labels	O
,	O
and	O
with	O
controller	O
ports	O
on	O
the	O
front	O
using	O
DE-9	B-Protocol
serial	O
connectors	O
,	O
identical	O
to	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
8-bit	I-Device
family	I-Device
of	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Dendy	O
games	O
sold	O
in	O
Russia	O
are	O
bootleg	B-General_Concept
copies	O
,	O
not	O
licensed	O
by	O
Nintendo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Japan	O
,	O
the	O
Famicom	O
had	O
sold	O
about	O
units	O
by	O
January	O
1986	O
,	O
helped	O
by	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
sales	O
to	O
more	O
than	O
units	O
with	O
95%	O
of	O
the	O
home	O
video	O
game	O
market	O
by	O
early	O
1987	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NES	O
widely	O
outsold	O
its	O
primary	O
competitors	O
,	O
the	O
Sega	O
Master	O
System	O
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
7800	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Buoyed	O
by	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
,	O
NES	O
Game	B-Protocol
Pak	I-Protocol
produced	O
similar	O
sales	O
records	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
console	O
's	O
library	O
exploded	O
with	O
classic	O
flagship	O
franchise-building	O
and	O
best-selling	O
hits	O
like	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
(	O
1985	O
)	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Zelda	I-Application
(	O
1986	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Metroid	B-Device
(	O
1986	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Zelda	I-Application
(	O
1987	O
)	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
NES	O
game	O
to	O
sell	O
over	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
(	O
non-bundled	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
more	O
than	O
40	O
million	O
copies	O
,	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
was	O
the	O
highest	B-Application
selling	I-Application
video	I-Application
game	I-Application
in	O
history	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Released	O
in	O
1988	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
Bros	I-Application
.	I-Application
3	I-Application
would	O
gross	O
more	O
than	O
$500	O
million	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
7	O
million	O
copies	O
sold	O
in	O
America	O
and	O
4	O
million	O
copies	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
making	O
it	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
and	O
fastest	O
selling	O
standalone	O
home	O
video	O
game	O
in	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NES	O
had	O
reached	O
a	O
larger	O
user	O
base	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
than	O
any	O
previous	O
console	O
,	O
surpassing	O
the	O
previous	O
record	O
set	O
by	O
the	O
Atari	B-General_Concept
2600	I-General_Concept
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
NEC	O
and	O
Hudson	O
Soft	O
released	O
the	O
PC	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
in	O
1988	O
,	O
Sega	O
released	O
the	O
16-bit	B-Application
Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
in	O
1989	O
,	O
where	O
they	O
were	O
respectively	O
marketed	O
as	O
the	O
TurboGrafx-16	B-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
Genesis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Facing	O
new	O
competition	O
from	O
the	O
PC	B-General_Concept
Engine	I-General_Concept
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Genesis	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
market	O
share	O
began	O
to	O
erode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
responded	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Famicom	I-Application
(	O
Super	B-General_Concept
Nintendo	I-General_Concept
Entertainment	I-General_Concept
System	I-General_Concept
in	O
North	O
America	O
and	O
Europe	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
Famicom	O
's	O
16-bit	B-Application
successor	O
,	O
in	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Nintendo	O
announced	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
continue	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Famicom	O
alongside	O
its	O
newer	O
console	O
,	O
the	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
newer	O
offering	O
began	O
to	O
draw	O
even	O
more	O
gamers	O
and	O
developers	B-Application
from	O
the	O
NES	O
,	O
whose	O
decline	O
accelerated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
did	O
continue	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
NES	O
for	O
about	O
three	O
years	O
after	O
the	O
September	O
1991	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
NES	O
's	O
final	O
first-party	O
games	O
being	O
Zoda	B-Application
's	I-Application
Revenge	I-Application
:	I-Application
StarTropics	I-Application
II	I-Application
and	O
Wario	B-Application
's	I-Application
Woods	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Christmas	O
1991	O
,	O
both	O
the	O
NES	O
and	O
SNES	B-Application
were	O
outsold	O
by	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
in	O
North	O
America	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
takes	O
some	O
design	O
cues	O
from	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HVC-101	O
model	O
replaces	O
the	O
original	O
HVC-001	O
model	O
's	O
RF	O
modulator	O
with	O
RCA	B-Protocol
composite	O
audio/video	O
output	O
,	O
eliminates	O
the	O
hardwired	O
controllers	O
,	O
and	O
features	O
a	O
more	O
compact	O
case	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NES-101	O
model	O
differs	O
from	O
the	O
Japanese	O
HVC-101	O
model	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
omits	O
the	O
RCA	B-Protocol
composite	O
output	O
connectors	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
NES-001	O
model	O
,	O
and	O
sports	O
only	O
RF	O
output	O
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCII	O
Entertainment	O
reported	O
in	O
early	O
1993	O
that	O
stores	O
still	O
offered	O
100	O
NES	O
games	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
100	O
on	O
shelves	O
for	O
Genesis	O
and	O
50	O
for	O
SNES	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NES	O
's	O
market	O
presence	O
declined	O
from	O
1991	O
to	O
1995	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
Sega	B-Operating_System
Genesis	I-Operating_System
and	O
Nintendo	O
's	O
own	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
gaining	O
market	O
share	O
,	O
with	O
next-generation	O
CD-ROM-based	O
systems	O
forthcoming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
the	O
NES	O
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
many	O
millions	O
of	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
for	O
the	O
system	O
existed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
computer	B-Application
programmers	I-Application
began	O
to	O
develop	O
emulators	O
capable	O
of	O
reproducing	O
the	O
internal	O
workings	O
of	O
the	O
NES	O
on	O
modern	O
personal	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
paired	O
with	O
a	O
ROM	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
(	O
a	O
bit-for-bit	O
copy	O
of	O
a	O
NES	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
's	O
program	O
code	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
games	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
on	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
did	O
not	O
respond	O
positively	O
to	O
these	O
developments	O
and	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
vocal	O
opponents	O
of	O
ROM	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
trading	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proponents	O
of	O
ROM	B-General_Concept
image	I-General_Concept
trading	O
argue	O
that	O
emulation	O
preserves	O
many	O
classic	O
games	O
for	O
future	O
generations	O
,	O
outside	O
of	O
their	O
more	O
fragile	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
30	O
,	O
2003	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
stop	O
production	O
of	O
the	O
New	O
Famicom	O
in	O
September	O
,	O
completely	O
discontinuing	O
the	O
Famicom	O
alongside	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
Famicom	I-Application
(	O
which	O
was	O
being	O
manufactured	O
as	O
the	O
Super	B-General_Concept
Famicom	I-General_Concept
Jr.	I-General_Concept
)	O
and	O
the	O
disk	O
rewriting	O
services	O
for	O
the	O
Famicom	B-Device
Disk	I-Device
System	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
make	O
classic	O
NES	O
titles	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Virtual	B-Application
Console	I-Application
download	O
service	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
Wii	I-Operating_System
console	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
own	O
emulation	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initial	O
titles	O
released	O
included	O
Mario	O
Bros.	O
,	O
The	B-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
Zelda	I-Application
and	O
Donkey	B-Application
Kong	I-Application
,	O
with	O
blockbuster	O
titles	O
such	O
as	O
Super	O
Mario	O
Bros.	O
,	O
Punch-Out	B-Application
!!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
and	O
Metroid	B-Device
appearing	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
months	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
announced	O
the	O
NES	B-Application
Classic	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
,	O
a	O
dedicated	B-Device
console	I-Device
designed	O
as	O
a	O
miniature	O
replica	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
NES	O
;	O
it	O
features	O
30	O
games	O
along	O
with	O
save	O
state	O
capability	O
for	O
each	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
successor	O
,	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
Classic	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
,	O
the	O
NES	B-Application
Classic	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
was	O
re-released	O
on	O
June	O
29	O
,	O
2018	O
;	O
both	O
consoles	O
were	O
discontinued	O
after	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
holiday	O
season	O
that	O
year	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
June	O
30	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
has	O
sold	O
3.6	O
million	O
units	O
of	O
the	O
NES	B-Application
Classic	I-Application
Edition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
