<s>
The	O
history	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
includes	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
many	O
researchers	O
who	O
contributed	O
to	O
the	O
discovery	O
of	O
nuclear	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
(	O
NMR	O
)	O
and	O
described	O
the	O
underlying	O
physics	B-Algorithm
of	I-Algorithm
magnetic	I-Algorithm
resonance	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
,	O
starting	O
early	O
in	O
the	O
twentieth	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
many	O
other	O
researchers	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
1980s	O
,	O
Peter	O
Mansfield	O
further	O
refined	O
the	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
MR	O
image	O
acquisition	O
and	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
2003	O
he	O
and	O
Lauterbur	O
were	O
awarded	O
the	O
Nobel	O
Prize	O
in	O
Physiology	O
or	O
Medicine	O
for	O
their	O
contributions	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
clinical	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
scanners	O
were	O
installed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
and	O
significant	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
technology	O
followed	O
in	O
the	O
decades	O
since	O
,	O
leading	O
to	O
its	O
widespread	O
use	O
in	O
medicine	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
realized	O
that	O
the	O
relaxation	O
times	O
are	O
key	O
determinants	O
of	O
contrast	O
in	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
and	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
detect	O
and	O
differentiate	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
pathologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
initiated	O
a	O
program	O
to	O
catalog	O
the	O
relaxation	O
times	O
of	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
biological	O
tissues	O
,	O
which	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
motivations	O
for	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Damadian	O
claims	O
to	O
have	O
invented	O
the	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Paul	O
Lauterbur	O
at	O
Stony	O
Brook	O
University	O
expanded	O
on	O
Carr	O
's	O
technique	O
and	O
developed	O
a	O
way	O
to	O
generate	O
the	O
first	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
images	O
,	O
in	O
2D	O
and	O
3D	O
,	O
using	O
gradients	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
performed	O
the	O
first	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
body	O
scan	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
being	O
on	O
July	O
3	O
,	O
1977	O
,	O
studies	O
they	O
published	O
in	O
1977	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
1970s	O
a	O
team	O
led	O
by	O
John	O
Mallard	O
built	O
the	O
first	O
full-body	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
scanner	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Aberdeen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
28	O
August	O
1980	O
they	O
used	O
this	O
machine	O
to	O
obtain	O
the	O
first	O
clinically	O
useful	O
image	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
's	O
internal	O
tissues	O
using	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
identified	O
a	O
primary	O
tumour	O
in	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
chest	O
,	O
an	O
abnormal	O
liver	O
,	O
and	O
secondary	O
cancer	O
in	O
his	O
bones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mallard	O
and	O
his	O
team	O
are	O
credited	O
for	O
technological	O
advances	O
that	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
widespread	O
introduction	O
of	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
Pfizer	O
,	O
Diasonics	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
Toshiba	O
America	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
lab	O
developed	O
new	O
imaging	O
technology	O
and	O
installed	O
systems	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
and	O
worldwide	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
team	O
ordered	O
the	O
highest	O
field-strength	O
magnet	O
then	O
available	O
,	O
a	O
1.5T	O
system	O
,	O
and	O
built	O
the	O
first	O
high-field	O
device	O
,	O
overcoming	O
problems	O
of	O
coil	O
design	O
,	O
RF	O
penetration	O
and	O
signal-to-noise	O
ratio	O
to	O
build	O
the	O
first	O
whole-body	O
MRI/MRS	O
scanner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
results	O
translated	O
into	O
the	O
highly	O
successful	O
1.5T	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
product-line	O
,	O
delivering	O
over	O
20,000	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Charles	O
L	O
.	O
Dumoulin	O
and	O
Howard	O
R	O
.	O
Hart	O
at	O
General	O
Electric	O
developed	O
MR	B-Algorithm
angiography	I-Algorithm
and	O
Denis	O
Le	O
Bihan	O
,	O
obtained	O
the	O
first	O
images	O
and	O
later	O
patented	O
diffusion	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1988	O
,	O
Arno	O
Villringer	O
and	O
colleagues	O
demonstrated	O
that	O
susceptibility	O
contrast	B-Algorithm
agents	I-Algorithm
may	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
perfusion	B-Algorithm
MRI	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1990	O
,	O
Seiji	O
Ogawa	O
at	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
labs	O
recognized	O
that	O
oxygen-depleted	O
blood	O
with	O
dHb	O
was	O
attracted	O
to	O
a	O
magnetic	O
field	O
,	O
and	O
discovered	O
the	O
technique	O
that	O
underlies	O
Functional	B-Algorithm
Magnetic	I-Algorithm
Resonance	I-Algorithm
Imaging	I-Algorithm
(	O
fMRI	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
,	O
Peter	O
Basser	O
and	O
Le	O
Bihan	O
working	O
at	O
NIH	O
,	O
and	O
Aaron	O
Filler	O
,	O
Franklyn	O
Howe	O
and	O
colleagues	O
published	O
the	O
first	O
DTI	O
and	O
tractographic	B-Algorithm
brain	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Joseph	O
Hajnal	O
,	O
Young	O
and	O
Graeme	O
Bydder	O
described	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
FLAIR	B-Algorithm
pulse	O
sequence	O
to	O
demonstrate	O
high	O
signal	O
regions	O
in	O
normal	O
white	O
matter	O
in	O
1992	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
arterial	B-Algorithm
spin	I-Algorithm
labelling	I-Algorithm
was	O
developed	O
by	O
John	O
Detre	O
and	O
Alan	O
P	O
.	O
Koretsky	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
Jürgen	O
R	O
.	O
Reichenbach	O
,	O
E	O
.	O
Mark	O
Haacke	O
and	O
coworkers	O
at	O
Washington	O
University	O
School	O
of	O
Medicine	O
developed	O
Susceptibility	B-Algorithm
weighted	I-Algorithm
imaging	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Advances	O
in	O
semiconductor	O
technology	O
were	O
crucial	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
practical	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
requires	O
a	O
large	O
amount	O
of	O
computational	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
is	O
most	O
commonly	O
performed	O
in	O
the	O
clinic	O
at	O
1.5	O
T	O
,	O
higher	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
3	O
T	O
for	O
clinical	O
imaging	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
7	O
T	O
for	O
research	O
purposes	O
are	O
gaining	O
popularity	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
increased	O
sensitivity	O
and	O
resolution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Food	O
and	O
Drug	O
Administration	O
(	O
USFDA	O
)	O
proffered	O
510(k )	O
approval	O
of	O
Hyperfine	O
Research	O
's	O
bedside	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hyperfine	O
system	O
claims	O
1/20th	O
the	O
cost	O
,	O
1/35th	O
the	O
power	O
consumption	O
,	O
and	O
1/10th	O
the	O
weight	O
of	O
conventional	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reflecting	O
the	O
fundamental	O
importance	O
and	O
applicability	O
of	O
MRI	B-Algorithm
in	O
medicine	O
,	O
Paul	O
Lauterbur	O
of	O
Stony	O
Brook	O
University	O
and	O
Sir	O
Peter	O
Mansfield	O
of	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Nottingham	O
were	O
awarded	O
the	O
2003	O
Nobel	O
Prize	O
in	O
Physiology	O
or	O
Medicine	O
for	O
their	O
"	O
discoveries	O
concerning	O
magnetic	O
resonance	O
imaging	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
