<s>
The	O
history	B-Architecture
of	I-Architecture
delay-tolerant	I-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
examines	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
the	O
technologies	O
that	O
began	O
the	O
field	O
that	O
is	O
known	O
today	O
as	O
delay-tolerant	B-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
began	O
as	O
projects	O
under	O
United	B-Application
States	I-Application
government	I-Application
grants	I-Application
relating	O
to	O
the	O
necessity	O
of	O
networking	O
technologies	O
that	O
can	O
sustain	O
the	O
significant	O
delays	O
and	O
packet	O
corruption	O
of	O
space	O
travel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
field	O
of	O
ad	O
hoc	O
routing	O
was	O
inactive	O
throughout	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
the	O
widespread	O
use	O
of	O
wireless	O
protocols	O
reinvigorated	O
the	O
field	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
as	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
routing	I-General_Concept
and	O
vehicular	B-Device
ad	I-Device
hoc	I-Device
networking	I-Device
became	O
areas	O
of	O
increasing	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
routing	I-General_Concept
and	O
the	O
increasing	O
complexity	O
of	O
the	O
Interplanetary	O
Internet	O
,	O
the	O
2000s	O
(	O
decade	O
)	O
brought	O
about	O
a	O
growing	O
number	O
of	O
academic	O
conferences	O
on	O
delay	O
and	O
disruption-tolerant	B-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
field	O
saw	O
many	O
optimizations	O
on	O
classic	O
ad	O
hoc	O
and	O
delay-tolerant	B-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
algorithms	O
and	O
began	O
to	O
examine	O
factors	O
such	O
as	O
security	O
,	O
reliability	O
,	O
verifiability	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
areas	O
of	O
research	O
that	O
are	O
well	O
understood	O
in	O
traditional	O
computer	B-Architecture
networking	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
successful	O
launch	O
of	O
Sputnik	O
1	O
in	O
1957	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
entered	O
into	O
the	O
Sputnik	O
crisis	O
and	O
,	O
more	O
generally	O
,	O
the	O
Space	B-Application
Race	I-Application
with	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
this	O
time	O
,	O
computers	O
were	O
making	B-Architecture
the	I-Architecture
transition	I-Architecture
from	O
a	O
vacuum	O
tube-based	O
architecture	O
to	O
a	O
transistors	B-Application
architecture	O
,	O
where	O
computers	O
were	O
evolving	O
into	O
general	O
purpose	O
machines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
micronization	O
of	O
computers	O
,	O
the	O
1990s	O
brought	O
about	O
the	O
fields	O
of	O
mobile	B-General_Concept
ad	I-General_Concept
hoc	I-General_Concept
routing	I-General_Concept
and	O
vehicular	B-Device
ad	I-Device
hoc	I-Device
networking	I-Device
as	O
areas	O
of	O
increased	O
interest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
area	O
of	O
research	O
focused	O
on	O
topics	O
ranging	O
from	O
low-level	O
physical	O
transmission	O
of	O
signal	O
(	O
CDMA	B-Protocol
,	O
CSMA	O
,	O
TDMA	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
)	O
all	O
the	O
way	O
to	O
high-level	O
protocol	O
details	O
(	O
optimization	O
of	O
TCP	B-Protocol
for	O
MANETs	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2000s	O
(	O
decade	O
)	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
seen	O
in	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
stages	O
of	O
the	O
interplanetary	O
communication	O
and	O
the	O
developments	O
made	O
during	O
the	O
1990s	O
in	O
MANETs	B-General_Concept
were	O
combined	O
and	O
used	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
deploy	O
a	O
complete	O
networking	O
on	O
satellites	O
orbiting	O
numerous	O
planets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
network	O
,	O
often	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
the	O
Interplanetary	O
Internet	O
,	O
has	O
helped	O
to	O
unify	O
the	O
research	O
of	O
MANETs	B-General_Concept
and	O
traditional	O
interplanetary	O
communication	O
into	O
a	O
common	O
area	O
of	O
delay-tolerant	B-Protocol
networking	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
