<s>
The	O
history	O
of	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
programming	I-Language
language	I-Language
began	O
when	O
Yukihiro	O
Matsumoto	O
first	O
conceived	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
then	O
released	O
it	O
in	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interest	O
in	O
the	O
language	O
surged	O
around	O
2005	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
framework	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
creator	O
Yukihiro	O
Matsumoto	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
Ruby	B-Language
was	O
conceived	O
in	O
1993	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
1999	O
post	O
to	O
the	O
ruby-talk	O
mailing	O
list	O
,	O
he	O
describes	O
some	O
of	O
his	O
early	O
ideas	O
about	O
the	O
language	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Matsumoto	O
describes	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
as	O
being	O
like	O
a	O
simple	O
Lisp	B-Language
language	I-Language
at	O
its	O
core	O
,	O
with	O
an	O
object	B-Language
system	I-Language
like	O
that	O
of	O
Smalltalk	O
,	O
blocks	O
inspired	O
by	O
higher-order	B-Language
functions	I-Language
,	O
and	O
practical	O
utility	O
like	O
that	O
of	O
Perl	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
Ruby	B-Language
"	O
originated	O
during	O
an	O
online	O
chat	O
session	O
between	O
Matsumoto	O
and	O
Keiju	O
Ishitsuka	O
on	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
1993	O
,	O
before	O
any	O
code	O
had	O
been	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
two	O
names	O
were	O
proposed	O
:	O
"	O
Coral	B-Language
"	O
and	O
"	O
Ruby	B-Language
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Matsumoto	O
later	O
noted	O
a	O
factor	O
in	O
choosing	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Ruby	B-Language
"	O
–	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
birthstone	O
of	O
one	O
of	O
his	O
colleagues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
release	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
0.95	O
was	O
announced	O
on	O
Japanese	O
domestic	O
newsgroups	B-Application
on	O
December	O
21	O
,	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
three	O
more	O
versions	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
were	O
released	O
in	O
two	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
release	O
coincided	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
Japanese-language	O
ruby-list	O
mailing	O
list	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
mailing	O
list	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Already	O
present	O
at	O
this	O
stage	O
of	O
development	O
were	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
features	O
familiar	O
in	O
later	O
releases	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
including	O
object-oriented	B-Language
design	O
,	O
classes	O
with	O
inheritance	O
,	O
mixins	B-Language
,	O
iterators	O
,	O
closures	B-Language
,	O
exception	B-General_Concept
handling	I-General_Concept
and	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Following	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
0.95	O
in	O
1995	O
,	O
several	O
stable	O
versions	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
were	O
released	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
years	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1997	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
article	O
about	O
Ruby	B-Language
was	O
published	O
on	O
the	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Matsumoto	O
was	O
hired	O
by	O
netlab.jp	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
Ruby	B-Language
as	O
a	O
full-time	O
developer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1998	O
,	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
Application	O
Archive	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
Matsumoto	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
English-language	O
homepage	O
for	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
English	O
language	O
mailing	O
list	O
ruby-talk	O
began	O
,	O
which	O
signaled	O
a	O
growing	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
language	O
outside	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
Matsumoto	O
and	O
Keiju	O
Ishitsuka	O
wrote	O
the	O
first	O
book	O
on	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
The	O
Object-oriented	B-Language
Scripting	O
Language	O
Ruby	B-Language
( オブジェクト指向スクリプト言語	O
Ruby	B-Language
)	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
published	O
in	O
Japan	O
in	O
October	O
1999	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
would	O
be	O
followed	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
by	O
around	O
20	O
books	O
on	O
Ruby	B-Language
published	O
in	O
Japanese	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2000	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
was	O
more	O
popular	O
than	O
Python	B-Language
in	O
Japan	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2000	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
English	O
language	O
book	O
Programming	B-Language
Ruby	I-Language
was	O
printed	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
later	O
freely	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
further	O
widening	O
the	O
adoption	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
amongst	O
English	O
speakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
2002	O
,	O
the	O
English-language	O
ruby-talk	O
mailing	O
list	O
was	O
receiving	O
more	O
messages	O
than	O
the	O
Japanese-language	O
ruby-list	O
,	O
demonstrating	O
Ruby	B-Language
's	O
increasing	O
popularity	O
in	O
the	O
non-Japanese	O
speaking	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.8	O
was	O
initially	O
released	O
August	O
2003	O
,	O
was	O
stable	O
for	O
a	O
long	O
time	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
retired	O
June	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.8	O
is	O
only	O
partially	O
compatible	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.8	O
has	O
been	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
several	O
industry	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
language	O
specifications	O
for	O
Ruby	B-Language
were	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Open	O
Standards	O
Promotion	O
Center	O
of	O
the	O
Information-Technology	O
Promotion	O
Agency	O
(	O
a	O
Japanese	O
government	O
agency	O
)	O
for	O
submission	O
to	O
the	O
Japanese	O
Industrial	O
Standards	O
Committee	O
(	O
JISC	O
)	O
and	O
then	O
to	O
the	O
International	O
Organization	O
for	O
Standardization	O
(	O
ISO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
accepted	O
as	O
a	O
Japanese	O
Industrial	O
Standard	O
(	O
JIS	O
X	O
3017	O
)	O
in	O
2011	O
and	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
(	O
ISO/IEC	B-Language
30170	I-Language
)	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
2005	O
,	O
interest	O
in	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
language	I-Language
surged	O
in	O
tandem	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
,	O
a	O
web	B-Application
framework	I-Application
written	O
in	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rails	O
is	O
frequently	O
credited	O
with	O
increasing	O
awareness	O
of	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Effective	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9.3	O
,	O
released	O
October	O
31	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
switched	O
from	O
being	O
dual-licensed	O
under	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
License	O
and	O
the	O
GPL	O
to	O
being	O
dual-licensed	O
under	O
the	O
Ruby	B-Language
License	O
and	O
the	O
two-clause	O
BSD	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
introduces	O
many	O
significant	O
changes	O
over	O
the	O
1.8	O
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
an	O
additional	O
lambda	B-General_Concept
syntax	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
an	O
additional	O
Hash	B-Algorithm
literal	O
syntax	O
using	O
colons	O
for	O
symbol	O
keys	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
1.9	O
has	O
been	O
obsolete	O
since	O
February	O
23	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
receive	O
bug	O
and	O
security	O
fixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.0	O
added	O
several	O
new	O
features	O
,	O
including	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.0	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
be	O
fully	O
backward	O
compatible	O
with	O
Ruby	B-Language
1.9.3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.0	O
has	O
been	O
obsolete	O
since	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
receive	O
bug	O
and	O
security	O
fixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.1.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
with	O
2.1.0	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
's	O
versioning	O
policy	O
is	O
more	O
like	O
semantic	O
versioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
similar	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
's	O
versioning	O
policy	O
is	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
semantic	O
versioning	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
Semantic	O
versioning	O
MAJOR	O
:	O
Increased	O
when	O
incompatible	O
change	O
which	O
ca	O
n't	O
be	O
released	O
in	O
MINOR	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Semantic	O
versioning	O
also	O
provides	O
additional	O
labels	O
for	O
pre-release	O
and	O
build	O
metadata	O
are	O
available	O
as	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH	O
format	O
,	O
not	O
available	O
at	O
Ruby	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.1	O
has	O
been	O
obsolete	O
since	O
April	O
1	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
receive	O
bug	O
and	O
security	O
fixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.2.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
notably	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
2.2.0	O
introduces	O
changes	O
to	O
memory	O
handling	O
an	O
incremental	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collector	I-General_Concept
,	O
support	O
for	O
garbage	B-General_Concept
collection	I-General_Concept
of	O
symbols	O
and	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
compile	O
directly	O
against	O
jemalloc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.2	O
has	O
been	O
obsolete	O
since	O
April	O
1	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
will	O
no	O
longer	O
receive	O
bug	O
and	O
security	O
fixes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PowerPC64	B-General_Concept
performance	O
Since	O
version	O
2.2.1	O
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
MRI	O
performance	O
on	O
PowerPC64	B-General_Concept
was	O
improved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.3.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
mark	O
all	O
string	B-Language
literals	I-Language
as	O
frozen	O
by	O
default	O
with	O
a	O
consequently	O
large	O
performance	O
increase	O
in	O
string	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hash	B-Algorithm
comparison	O
to	O
allow	O
direct	O
checking	O
of	O
key/value	O
pairs	O
instead	O
of	O
just	O
keys	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hash	B-Algorithm
#dig	O
and	O
Array	O
#dig	O
to	O
easily	O
extract	O
deeply	O
nested	O
values	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.4.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2.4	O
branch	O
also	O
includes	O
performance	O
improvements	O
to	O
hash	B-Algorithm
table	I-Algorithm
,	O
Array	O
#max	O
,	O
Array	O
#min	O
,	O
and	O
instance	O
variable	O
access	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.5.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.6.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
2.7.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
3.0.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
in	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
known	O
as	O
Ruby	B-Language
3x3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruby	B-Language
3.2.0	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
Christmas	O
Day	O
of	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
includes	O
support	O
for	O
WebAssembly	B-Language
.	O
</s>
