<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
began	O
in	O
1991	O
as	O
a	O
personal	O
project	O
by	O
Finnish	O
student	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
:	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
new	O
free	B-Application
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
resulting	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
marked	O
by	O
constant	O
growth	O
throughout	O
its	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
initial	O
release	O
of	O
its	O
source	O
code	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
grown	O
from	O
a	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
C	B-Language
files	O
under	O
a	O
license	O
prohibiting	O
commercial	O
distribution	O
to	O
the	O
4.15	O
version	O
in	O
2018	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
23.3	O
million	O
lines	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
,	O
not	O
counting	O
comments	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
v2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
AT&T	O
had	O
dropped	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Multics	B-Application
project	O
,	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
was	O
conceived	O
and	O
implemented	O
by	O
Ken	O
Thompson	O
and	O
Dennis	O
Ritchie	O
(	O
both	O
of	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
Laboratories	O
)	O
in	O
1969	O
and	O
first	O
released	O
in	O
1970	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
they	O
rewrote	O
it	O
in	O
a	O
new	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
portable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
availability	O
and	O
portability	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
caused	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
widely	O
adopted	O
,	O
copied	O
and	O
modified	O
by	O
academic	O
institutions	O
and	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1977	O
,	O
the	O
Berkeley	B-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Distribution	I-Operating_System
(	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Computer	B-Operating_System
Systems	I-Operating_System
Research	I-Operating_System
Group	I-Operating_System
(	O
CSRG	B-Operating_System
)	O
from	O
UC	O
Berkeley	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
6th	B-Operating_System
edition	I-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
from	O
AT&T	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
contained	O
Unix	B-Application
code	O
that	O
AT&T	O
owned	O
,	O
AT&T	O
filed	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
(	O
USL	B-Operating_System
v	I-Operating_System
.	I-Operating_System
BSDi	I-Operating_System
)	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
against	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
strongly	O
limited	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
adoption	O
of	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Onyx	O
Systems	O
began	O
selling	O
early	O
microcomputer-based	O
Unix	B-Application
workstations	O
in	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
founded	O
as	O
a	O
spin-off	O
of	O
a	O
student	O
project	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
,	O
also	O
began	O
selling	O
Unix-based	O
desktop	O
workstations	O
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Sun	O
workstations	O
did	O
n't	O
utilize	O
commodity	O
PC	O
hardware	O
like	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
later	O
developed	O
for	O
,	O
it	O
represented	O
the	O
first	O
successful	O
commercial	O
attempt	O
at	O
distributing	O
a	O
primarily	O
single-user	O
microcomputer	O
that	O
ran	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
started	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
creating	O
a	O
free	B-Application
UNIX-like	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
part	O
of	O
this	O
work	O
,	O
he	O
wrote	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
kernel	I-Application
,	O
called	O
Hurd	B-Application
,	O
failed	O
to	O
attract	O
enough	O
development	O
effort	O
,	O
leaving	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
incomplete	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1985	O
,	O
Intel	O
released	O
the	O
80386	B-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
first	O
x86	B-Operating_System
microprocessor	I-Operating_System
with	O
a	O
32-bit	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
and	O
a	O
memory	B-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
with	O
paging	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
Maurice	O
J	O
.	O
Bach	O
,	O
of	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
,	O
published	O
The	O
Design	O
of	O
the	O
UNIX	B-Application
Operating	I-Application
System	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
definitive	O
description	O
principally	O
covered	O
the	O
System	O
V	O
Release	O
2	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
,	O
with	O
some	O
new	O
features	O
from	O
Release	O
3	O
and	O
BSD	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
Unix-like	O
system	O
intended	O
for	O
academic	O
use	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
by	O
Andrew	O
S	O
.	O
Tanenbaum	O
to	O
exemplify	O
the	O
principles	O
conveyed	O
in	O
his	O
textbook	O
,	O
Operating	O
Systems	O
:	O
Design	O
and	O
Implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
's	O
16-bit	B-Device
design	O
was	O
not	O
well	O
adapted	O
to	O
the	O
32-bit	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
increasingly	O
cheap	O
and	O
popular	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
architecture	O
for	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
nineties	O
a	O
commercial	O
UNIX	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
for	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
PCs	B-Device
was	O
too	O
expensive	O
for	O
private	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
factors	O
and	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
widely	O
adopted	O
,	O
free	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
provided	O
the	O
impetus	O
for	O
Torvalds	O
 '	O
starting	O
his	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
has	O
stated	O
that	O
if	O
either	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
or	O
386BSD	B-Operating_System
kernels	B-Operating_System
had	O
been	O
available	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
he	O
likely	O
would	O
not	O
have	O
written	O
his	O
own	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
while	O
studying	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
at	O
University	O
of	O
Helsinki	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
began	O
a	O
project	O
that	O
later	O
became	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
wrote	O
the	O
program	O
specifically	O
for	O
the	O
hardware	O
he	O
was	O
using	O
and	O
independent	O
of	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
because	O
he	O
wanted	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
functions	O
of	O
his	O
new	O
PC	O
with	O
an	O
80386	B-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
was	O
done	O
on	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
using	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
C	I-Application
Compiler	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
3	O
,	O
1991	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
implement	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
calls	O
in	O
his	O
project	O
,	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
attempted	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
digital	O
copy	O
of	O
the	O
POSIX	O
standards	O
documentation	O
with	O
a	O
request	O
to	O
the	O
comp.os.minix	O
newsgroup	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
unsuccessfully	O
finding	O
the	O
POSIX	O
documentation	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
initially	O
resorted	O
to	O
determining	O
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
from	O
SunOS	B-Operating_System
documentation	O
owned	O
by	O
the	O
university	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
operating	O
its	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
also	O
learned	O
some	O
system	B-Operating_System
calls	I-Operating_System
from	O
Tenenbaum	O
's	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
text	O
that	O
was	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
course	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
Torvalds	O
wrote	O
in	O
his	O
book	O
Just	O
for	O
Fun	O
,	O
he	O
eventually	O
ended	O
up	O
writing	O
an	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
25	O
August	O
1991	O
,	O
he	O
(	O
at	O
age	O
)	O
announced	O
this	O
system	O
in	O
another	O
posting	O
to	O
the	O
comp.os.minix	O
newsgroup	B-Application
:	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
began	O
to	O
gain	O
importance	O
in	O
1992	O
after	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
was	O
ported	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
by	O
Orest	O
Zborowski	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
to	O
support	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
had	O
wanted	O
to	O
call	O
his	O
invention	O
Freax	O
,	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
"	O
free	B-Application
"	O
,	O
"	O
freak	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
"	O
x	B-Operating_System
"	O
(	O
as	O
an	O
allusion	O
to	O
Unix	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Torvalds	O
had	O
already	O
considered	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
,	O
but	O
initially	O
dismissed	O
it	O
as	O
too	O
egotistical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
facilitate	O
development	O
,	O
the	O
files	O
were	O
uploaded	O
to	O
the	O
FTP	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
(	O
ftp.funet.fi	O
)	O
of	O
FUNET	O
in	O
September	O
1991	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ari	O
Lemmke	O
at	O
Helsinki	O
University	O
of	O
Technology	O
(	O
HUT	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
volunteer	O
administrators	O
for	O
the	O
FTP	B-Protocol
server	I-Protocol
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
did	O
not	O
think	O
that	O
"	O
Freax	O
"	O
was	O
a	O
good	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
he	O
named	O
the	O
project	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
on	O
the	O
server	O
without	O
consulting	O
Torvalds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
consented	O
to	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
demonstrate	O
how	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
should	O
be	O
pronounced	O
(	O
)	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
included	O
an	O
audio	O
guide	O
(	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Torvalds	O
first	O
published	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
under	O
its	O
own	O
licence	O
,	O
which	O
had	O
a	O
restriction	O
on	O
commercial	O
activity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	O
to	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
software	O
developed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
licensed	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
,	O
a	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
0.01	O
,	O
included	O
a	O
binary	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
's	O
Bash	B-Operating_System
shell	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
"	O
Notes	O
for	O
linux	B-Operating_System
release	O
0.01	O
"	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
lists	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
software	I-Operating_System
that	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
he	O
suggested	O
releasing	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
December	O
1992	O
he	O
published	O
version	O
0.99	O
using	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
developers	O
worked	O
to	O
integrate	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
components	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
to	O
make	O
a	O
fully	O
functional	O
and	O
free	B-Application
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Torvalds	O
has	O
stated	O
,	O
"	O
making	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
GPLed	O
was	O
definitely	O
the	O
best	O
thing	O
I	O
ever	O
did.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
2000	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
clarified	O
that	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
uses	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
license	O
,	O
without	O
the	O
common	O
"	O
or	O
later	O
clause	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
years	O
of	O
draft	O
discussions	O
,	O
the	O
GPLv3	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2007	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
and	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
developers	O
decided	O
against	O
adopting	O
the	O
new	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
designation	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
was	O
initially	O
used	O
by	O
Torvalds	O
only	O
for	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
frequently	O
used	O
together	O
with	O
other	O
software	O
,	O
especially	O
that	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
quickly	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
adoption	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
software	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
1994	O
in	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
's	O
Bulletin	O
,	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
was	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
free	B-Application
UNIX	B-Application
clone	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Debian	O
project	O
began	O
calling	O
its	O
product	O
Debian	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
1996	O
,	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
published	O
the	O
editor	O
Emacs	B-Application
19.31	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
system	O
was	O
renamed	O
from	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
to	O
Lignux	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
spelling	O
was	O
intended	O
to	O
refer	O
specifically	O
to	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
and	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
this	O
was	O
soon	O
abandoned	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
"	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
and	O
Debian	O
projects	O
use	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
although	O
most	O
people	O
simply	O
use	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
the	O
combination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Torvalds	O
announced	O
in	O
1996	O
that	O
there	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
mascot	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
penguin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
Tux	B-Application
was	O
suggested	O
by	O
James	O
Hughes	O
as	O
derivative	O
of	O
Torvalds	O
 '	O
UniX	B-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
being	O
short	O
for	O
tuxedo	O
,	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
suit	O
with	O
color	O
similar	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
a	O
penguin	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
largest	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
on	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
performed	O
by	O
the	O
community	O
:	O
the	O
thousands	O
of	O
programmers	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
that	O
use	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
send	O
their	O
suggested	O
improvements	O
to	O
the	O
maintainers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
companies	O
have	O
also	O
helped	O
not	O
only	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
kernels	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
also	O
with	O
the	O
writing	O
of	O
the	O
body	O
of	O
auxiliary	O
software	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
distributed	O
with	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
February	O
2015	O
,	O
over	O
80%	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
developers	O
are	O
paid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
released	O
both	O
by	O
organized	O
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Debian	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
projects	O
connected	O
directly	O
with	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Fedora	O
and	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
of	O
these	O
fairs	O
is	O
the	O
LinuxTag	O
in	O
Germany	O
,	O
where	O
about	O
10,000	O
people	O
assemble	O
annually	O
to	O
discuss	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
projects	O
associated	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Open	O
Source	O
Development	O
Lab	O
(	O
OSDL	O
)	O
was	O
created	O
in	O
the	O
year	O
2000	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
an	O
independent	O
nonprofit	O
organization	O
which	O
pursues	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
optimizing	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
for	O
employment	O
in	O
data	O
centers	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
carrier	B-Application
range	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Torvalds	O
worked	O
full-time	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
OSDL	O
,	O
developing	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernels	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
22	O
January	O
2007	O
,	O
OSDL	O
and	O
the	O
Free	B-Application
Standards	O
Group	O
merged	O
to	O
form	O
The	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
narrowing	O
their	O
respective	O
focuses	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
promoting	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
competition	O
with	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2015	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
remains	O
with	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
as	O
a	O
Fellow	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
being	O
freely	O
available	O
,	O
companies	O
profit	O
from	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
companies	O
,	O
many	O
of	O
which	O
are	O
also	O
members	O
of	O
the	B-Operating_System
Linux	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
,	O
invest	O
substantial	O
resources	O
into	O
the	O
advancement	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
suited	O
for	O
various	O
application	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
hardware	O
donations	O
for	O
driver	O
developers	O
,	O
cash	O
donations	O
for	O
people	O
who	O
develop	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
software	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
employment	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
programmers	O
at	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
are	O
Dell	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
Hewlett-Packard	O
,	O
which	O
validate	O
,	O
use	O
and	O
sell	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
on	O
their	O
own	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Red	O
Hat	O
(	O
now	O
part	O
of	O
IBM	O
)	O
and	O
SUSE	O
,	O
which	O
maintain	O
their	O
own	O
enterprise	O
distributions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Likewise	O
,	O
Digia	O
supports	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
by	O
the	O
development	O
and	O
LGPL	O
licensing	O
of	O
Qt	B-Language
,	O
which	O
makes	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
KDE	B-Application
possible	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
employing	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
and	O
KDE	B-Application
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
KDE	B-Application
was	O
the	O
first	O
advanced	O
desktop	O
environment	O
(	O
version	O
1.0	O
released	O
in	O
July	O
1998	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
was	O
controversial	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
then-proprietary	O
Qt	B-Language
toolkit	I-Language
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNOME	B-Application
was	O
developed	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
due	O
to	O
licensing	O
questions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
use	O
a	O
different	O
underlying	O
toolkit	O
and	O
thus	O
involve	O
different	O
programming	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
sponsored	O
by	O
two	O
different	O
groups	O
,	O
German	O
nonprofit	O
KDE	B-Operating_System
e.V.	I-Operating_System
</s>
<s>
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
nonprofit	O
GNOME	B-Language
Foundation	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
April	O
2007	O
,	O
one	O
journalist	O
estimated	O
that	O
KDE	B-Application
had	O
65%	O
of	O
market	O
share	O
versus	O
26%	O
for	O
GNOME	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2008	O
,	O
KDE	B-Application
4	O
was	O
released	O
prematurely	O
with	O
bugs	O
,	O
driving	O
some	O
users	O
to	O
GNOME	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNOME	B-Application
3	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2011	O
,	O
was	O
called	O
an	O
"	O
unholy	O
mess	O
"	O
by	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
controversial	O
design	O
changes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dissatisfaction	O
with	O
GNOME	B-Application
3	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
fork	O
,	O
Cinnamon	B-Language
,	O
which	O
is	O
developed	O
primarily	O
by	O
Linux	B-Application
Mint	I-Application
developer	O
Clement	B-Application
LeFebvre	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
relatively	O
well-funded	O
distribution	O
,	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
,	O
designed	O
(	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
June	O
2011	O
)	O
another	O
user	O
interface	O
called	O
Unity	B-Device
which	O
is	O
radically	O
different	O
from	O
the	O
conventional	O
desktop	O
environment	O
and	O
has	O
been	O
criticized	O
as	O
having	O
various	O
flaws	O
and	O
lacking	O
configurability	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
motivation	O
was	O
a	O
single	O
desktop	O
environment	O
for	O
desktops	O
and	O
tablets	O
,	O
although	O
as	O
of	O
November	O
2012	O
Unity	B-Device
has	O
yet	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
widely	O
in	O
tablets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
and	O
tablet	B-Protocol
version	I-Protocol
of	I-Protocol
Ubuntu	I-Protocol
and	O
its	O
Unity	B-Device
interface	I-Device
was	O
unveiled	O
by	O
Canonical	O
Ltd	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
Canonical	O
canceled	O
the	O
phone-based	B-Protocol
Ubuntu	I-Protocol
Touch	I-Protocol
project	O
entirely	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
projects	O
such	O
as	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
Core	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
Canonical	O
dropped	O
Unity	B-Device
and	O
began	O
to	O
use	O
GNOME	B-Application
for	O
the	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
releases	O
from	O
17.10	O
onward	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1992	O
,	O
Andrew	O
S	O
.	O
Tanenbaum	O
,	O
recognized	O
computer	O
scientist	O
and	O
author	O
of	O
the	O
Minix	B-Operating_System
microkernel	O
system	O
,	O
wrote	O
a	O
Usenet	B-Application
article	O
on	O
the	O
newsgroup	B-Application
comp.os.minix	O
with	O
the	O
title	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
obsolete	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
marked	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
a	O
famous	O
debate	O
about	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
the	O
then-recent	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
was	O
monolithic	B-Operating_System
and	O
thus	O
old-fashioned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lack	O
of	O
portability	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
exclusive	O
features	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	B-General_Concept
386	I-General_Concept
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
employed	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
features	O
which	O
were	O
useless	O
(	O
Tanenbaum	O
believed	O
that	O
multithreaded	O
file	B-Application
systems	I-Application
were	O
simply	O
a	O
"	O
performance	O
hack	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tanenbaum	O
's	O
prediction	O
that	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
would	O
become	O
outdated	O
within	O
a	O
few	O
years	O
and	O
replaced	O
by	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
(	O
which	O
he	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
modern	O
)	O
proved	O
incorrect	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
ported	O
to	O
all	O
major	O
platforms	O
and	O
its	O
open	O
development	O
model	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
an	O
exemplary	O
pace	O
of	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
has	O
not	O
yet	O
reached	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
stability	O
that	O
would	O
allow	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
a	O
production	O
server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
His	O
dismissal	O
of	O
the	O
Intel	O
line	O
of	O
386	B-General_Concept
processors	O
as	O
'	O
weird	O
 '	O
has	O
also	O
proven	O
short-sighted	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
x86	B-Operating_System
series	O
of	O
processors	O
and	O
the	O
Intel	O
Corporation	O
would	O
later	O
become	O
near	O
ubiquitous	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
and	O
servers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
unpublished	O
book	O
Samizdat	O
,	O
Kenneth	O
Brown	O
claims	O
that	O
Torvalds	O
illegally	O
copied	O
code	O
from	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2004	O
,	O
these	O
claims	O
were	O
refuted	O
by	O
Tanenbaum	O
,	O
the	O
author	O
of	O
MINIX	B-Operating_System
:	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Torvalds	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
feeling	O
threatened	O
by	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
in	O
the	O
past	O
was	O
of	O
no	O
consequence	O
to	O
him	O
,	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
camps	O
had	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
antagonistic	O
interactions	O
between	O
1997	O
and	O
2001	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
a	O
short	O
essay	O
by	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
developer	O
that	O
sought	O
to	O
lay	O
out	O
the	O
threats	O
posed	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
by	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
identified	O
strategies	O
to	O
counter	O
these	O
perceived	O
threats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competition	O
entered	O
a	O
new	O
phase	O
in	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
2004	O
,	O
when	O
Microsoft	O
published	O
results	O
from	O
customer	O
case	O
studies	O
evaluating	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Windows	O
vs.	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
under	O
the	O
name	O
“	O
Get	O
the	O
Facts	O
”	O
on	O
its	O
own	O
web	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
inquiries	O
,	O
research	O
analysts	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
Microsoft	O
sponsored	O
investigations	O
,	O
the	O
case	O
studies	O
claimed	O
that	O
enterprise	O
use	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
on	O
servers	B-Application
compared	O
unfavorably	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
Windows	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
reliability	O
,	O
security	O
,	O
and	O
total	O
cost	O
of	O
ownership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
commercial	O
Linux	B-Application
distributors	I-Application
produced	O
their	O
own	O
studies	O
,	O
surveys	O
and	O
testimonials	O
to	O
counter	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novell	O
's	O
web-based	O
campaign	O
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2004	O
was	O
entitled	O
“	O
Unbending	O
the	O
truth	O
”	O
and	O
sought	O
to	O
outline	O
the	O
advantages	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
dispelling	O
the	O
widely	O
publicized	O
legal	O
liabilities	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
deployment	O
(	O
particularly	O
in	O
light	O
of	O
the	O
SCO	O
v	O
IBM	O
case	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	O
also	O
published	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
studies	O
under	O
the	O
title	O
“	O
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
at	O
IBM	O
competitive	O
advantage	O
”	O
to	O
again	O
parry	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
campaign	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
patent	O
protection	O
was	O
also	O
expanded	O
to	O
non-commercial	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
last	O
part	O
was	O
criticized	O
because	O
it	O
only	O
included	O
non-commercial	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
submitted	O
22,000	O
lines	O
of	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
under	O
the	O
GPLV2	O
license	O
,	O
which	O
were	O
subsequently	O
accepted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
this	O
has	O
been	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
a	O
historic	O
move	O
"	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
possible	O
bellwether	O
of	O
an	O
improvement	O
in	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
corporate	O
attitudes	O
toward	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
and	O
open-source	O
software	O
,	O
the	O
decision	O
was	O
not	O
altogether	O
altruistic	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
promised	O
to	O
lead	O
to	O
significant	O
competitive	O
advantages	O
for	O
Microsoft	O
and	O
avoided	O
legal	O
action	O
against	O
Microsoft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
was	O
actually	O
compelled	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
code	O
contribution	O
when	O
Vyatta	B-Protocol
principal	O
engineer	O
and	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
contributor	O
Stephen	O
Hemminger	O
discovered	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
incorporated	O
a	O
Hyper-V	O
network	O
driver	O
,	O
with	O
GPL-licensed	O
open	O
source	O
components	O
,	O
statically	O
linked	O
to	O
closed-source	O
binaries	O
in	O
contravention	O
of	O
the	O
GPL	B-License
licence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
past	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
termed	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
a	O
"	O
cancer	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
communist	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2011	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
had	O
become	O
the	O
17th	O
largest	O
contributor	O
to	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Windows	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
project	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
2008	O
and	O
renamed	O
to	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
incorporates	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
suite	O
of	O
server-based	O
software	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2018	O
,	O
SUSE	O
created	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
specifically	O
tailored	O
to	O
the	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
applications	O
under	O
the	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Azure	I-Application
project	I-Application
umbrella	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speaking	O
about	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
port	O
,	O
a	O
Microsoft	O
representative	O
said	O
"	O
The	O
new	O
Azure-tuned	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
allows	O
those	O
customers	O
to	O
quickly	O
take	O
advantage	O
of	O
new	O
Azure	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Accelerated	O
Networking	O
with	O
SR-IOV.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
recent	O
years	O
,	O
Torvalds	O
has	O
expressed	O
a	O
neutral	O
to	O
friendly	O
attitude	O
towards	O
Microsoft	O
following	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
new	O
embrace	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
software	O
and	O
collaboration	O
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
community	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
And	O
they	O
're	O
like	O
really	O
happy	O
working	O
on	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2003	O
,	O
the	O
SCO	O
Group	O
accused	O
IBM	O
of	O
violating	O
their	O
copyright	O
on	O
UNIX	B-Application
by	O
transferring	O
code	O
from	O
UNIX	B-Application
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
SCO	O
claims	O
ownership	O
of	O
the	O
copyrights	O
on	O
UNIX	B-Application
and	O
a	O
lawsuit	O
was	O
filed	O
against	O
IBM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
as	O
their	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
SCO	O
began	O
selling	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
licenses	O
to	O
users	O
who	O
did	O
not	O
want	O
to	O
risk	O
a	O
possible	O
complaint	O
on	O
the	O
part	O
of	O
SCO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Novell	O
also	O
claimed	O
the	O
copyrights	O
to	O
UNIX	B-Application
,	O
it	O
filed	O
suit	O
against	O
SCO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
court	O
in	O
the	O
Novell	O
case	O
ruled	O
that	O
SCO	O
did	O
not	O
actually	O
hold	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
copyrights	O
,	O
to	O
begin	O
with	O
,	O
though	O
the	O
Tenth	O
Circuit	O
Court	O
of	O
Appeals	O
ruled	O
in	O
August	O
2009	O
that	O
the	O
question	O
of	O
who	O
held	O
the	O
copyright	O
properly	O
remained	O
for	O
a	O
jury	O
to	O
answer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1994	O
and	O
1995	O
,	O
several	O
people	O
from	O
different	O
countries	O
attempted	O
to	O
register	O
the	O
name	O
"	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
"	O
as	O
a	O
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thereupon	O
requests	O
for	O
royalty	O
payments	O
were	O
issued	O
to	O
several	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
companies	O
,	O
a	O
step	O
with	O
which	O
many	O
developers	O
and	O
users	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
did	O
not	O
agree	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
clamped	O
down	O
on	O
these	O
companies	O
with	O
help	O
from	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
International	O
and	O
was	O
granted	O
the	O
trademark	O
to	O
the	O
name	O
,	O
which	O
he	O
transferred	O
to	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
International	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Protection	O
of	O
the	O
trademark	O
was	O
later	O
administered	O
by	O
a	O
dedicated	O
foundation	O
,	O
the	O
non-profit	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Mark	O
Institute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
means	O
that	O
anyone	O
who	O
offers	O
a	O
product	O
or	O
a	O
service	O
with	O
the	O
name	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
must	O
possess	O
a	O
license	O
for	O
it	O
,	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
obtained	O
through	O
a	O
unique	O
purchase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2005	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
controversy	O
developed	O
over	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
royalties	O
generated	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
trademark	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Mark	O
Institute	O
,	O
which	O
represents	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
 '	O
rights	O
,	O
announced	O
a	O
price	O
increase	O
from	O
500	O
to	O
5,000	O
dollars	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
Mark	O
Institute	O
has	O
since	O
begun	O
to	O
offer	O
a	O
free	B-Application
,	O
perpetual	O
worldwide	O
sublicense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1991	O
:	O
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
publicly	O
announced	O
on	O
25	O
August	O
by	O
the	O
21-year-old	O
Finnish	O
student	O
Linus	O
Benedict	O
Torvalds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1992	O
:	O
The	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
relicensed	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
GPL	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
are	O
created	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1993	O
:	O
Over	O
100	O
developers	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
their	O
assistance	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
adapted	O
to	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
environment	O
,	O
which	O
creates	O
a	O
large	O
spectrum	O
of	O
application	O
types	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
oldest	O
currently	O
existing	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
,	O
Slackware	B-Application
,	O
is	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1994	O
:	O
Torvalds	O
judges	O
all	O
components	O
of	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
to	O
be	O
fully	O
matured	O
:	O
he	O
releases	O
version	O
1.0	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
XFree86	B-Device
project	O
contributes	O
a	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
GUI	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Commercial	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
makers	O
Red	O
Hat	O
and	O
SUSE	O
publish	O
version	O
1.0	O
of	O
their	O
Linux	B-Application
distributions	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
1995	O
:	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
is	O
ported	O
to	O
the	O
DEC	B-Device
Alpha	I-Device
and	O
to	O
the	O
Sun	B-Architecture
SPARC	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
1996	O
:	O
Version	O
2.0	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
can	O
now	O
serve	O
several	O
processors	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
using	O
symmetric	B-Operating_System
multiprocessing	I-Operating_System
(	O
SMP	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
thereby	O
becomes	O
a	O
serious	O
alternative	O
for	O
many	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1998	O
:	O
Many	O
major	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
IBM	O
,	O
Compaq	O
and	O
Oracle	B-Application
announce	O
their	O
support	O
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Cathedral	O
and	O
the	O
Bazaar	O
is	O
first	O
published	O
as	O
an	O
essay	O
(	O
later	O
as	O
a	O
book	O
)	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
Netscape	O
publicly	O
releasing	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
its	O
Netscape	B-Protocol
Communicator	I-Protocol
web	O
browser	O
suite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netscape	O
's	O
actions	O
and	O
crediting	O
of	O
the	O
essay	O
brings	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
's	O
open	O
source	O
development	O
model	O
to	O
the	O
attention	O
of	O
the	O
popular	O
technical	O
press	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
programmers	O
begins	O
developing	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
KDE	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
first	O
appears	O
on	O
the	O
Top500	B-Operating_System
list	O
of	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ARM	B-Architecture
port	I-Architecture
(	O
initiated	O
in	O
1994	O
)	O
is	O
merged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1999	O
:	O
A	O
group	O
of	O
developers	O
begin	O
work	O
on	O
the	O
graphical	B-Application
environment	I-Application
GNOME	B-Application
,	O
destined	O
to	O
become	O
a	O
free	B-Application
replacement	O
for	O
KDE	B-Application
,	O
which	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
depended	O
on	O
the	O
then	O
proprietary	O
Qt	B-Language
toolkit	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
year	O
IBM	O
announces	O
an	O
extensive	O
project	O
for	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2.2	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2	O
provider	O
of	O
Linux-based	O
systems	O
worldwide	O
and	O
the	O
first	O
major	O
manufacturer	O
to	O
offer	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
across	O
its	O
full	O
product	O
line	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2001	O
:	O
Version	O
2.4	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2003	O
:	O
Version	O
2.6	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
:	O
The	O
XFree86	B-Device
team	O
splits	O
up	O
and	O
joins	O
with	O
the	O
existing	O
X	B-Operating_System
standards	O
body	O
to	O
form	O
the	O
X.Org	B-Application
Foundation	I-Application
,	O
which	O
results	O
in	O
a	O
substantially	O
faster	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
server	I-Operating_System
for	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2005	O
:	O
The	O
project	O
openSUSE	B-Operating_System
begins	O
a	O
free	B-Application
distribution	O
from	O
Novell	O
's	O
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
the	O
project	O
OpenOffice.org	B-Application
introduces	O
version	O
2.0	O
that	O
then	O
started	O
supporting	O
OASIS	B-Application
OpenDocument	I-Application
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006	O
:	O
Oracle	B-Application
releases	O
its	O
own	O
distribution	O
of	O
Red	O
Hat	O
Enterprise	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2007	O
:	O
Dell	O
starts	O
distributing	O
laptops	O
with	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
pre-installed	O
on	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2009	O
:	O
Red	O
Hat	O
's	O
market	O
capitalization	O
equals	O
Sun	O
's	O
,	O
interpreted	O
as	O
a	O
symbolic	O
moment	O
for	O
the	O
"	O
Linux-based	O
economy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2011	O
:	O
Version	O
3.0	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2012	O
:	O
The	O
aggregate	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
server	O
market	O
revenue	O
exceeds	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
market	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2013	O
:	O
Google	O
's	O
Linux-based	O
Android	B-Application
claims	O
75%	O
of	O
the	O
smartphone	B-Application
market	O
share	O
,	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
phones	O
shipped	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2014	O
:	O
Ubuntu	B-Operating_System
claims	O
22,000,000	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2015	O
:	O
Version	O
4.0	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2017	O
:	O
All	O
of	O
Top500	B-Operating_System
list	O
of	O
fastest	B-Operating_System
supercomputers	I-Operating_System
run	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
2019	O
:	O
Version	O
5.0	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2022	O
:	O
Version	O
6.0	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
