<s>
High	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
dynamic	O
range	O
higher	O
than	O
usual	O
,	O
synonyms	O
are	O
wide	O
dynamic	O
range	O
,	O
extended	O
dynamic	O
range	O
,	O
expanded	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
technologies	O
or	O
techniques	O
allowing	O
to	O
achieve	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
images	O
,	O
videos	O
,	O
or	O
audio	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
context	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
means	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
variation	O
in	O
light	O
levels	O
within	O
a	O
scene	O
or	O
an	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
movies	O
have	O
often	O
been	O
filmed	O
with	O
cameras	O
featuring	O
a	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
,	O
and	O
legacy	B-Device
movies	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
even	O
if	O
manual	O
intervention	O
would	O
be	O
needed	O
for	O
some	O
frames	O
(	O
as	O
when	O
black-and-white	O
films	O
are	O
converted	O
to	O
color	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
special	O
effects	O
,	O
especially	O
those	O
that	O
mix	O
real	O
and	O
synthetic	O
footage	O
,	O
require	O
both	O
HDR	O
shooting	O
and	O
rendering	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
is	O
also	O
needed	O
in	O
applications	O
that	O
demand	O
high	O
accuracy	O
for	O
capturing	O
temporal	O
aspects	O
of	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
scene	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
photography	O
and	O
videography	O
,	O
a	O
technique	O
,	O
commonly	O
named	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
,	O
allows	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
dynamic	O
range	O
of	O
captured	O
photos	O
and	O
videos	O
beyond	O
the	O
native	O
capability	O
of	O
the	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cameras	O
designed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
security	O
applications	O
can	O
capture	O
HDR	B-Application
videos	I-Application
by	O
automatically	O
providing	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
images	O
for	O
each	O
frame	O
,	O
with	O
changing	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
CMOS	B-Device
image	B-Algorithm
sensors	I-Algorithm
can	O
often	O
capture	O
a	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
images	O
from	O
a	O
single	O
exposure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
captured	O
images	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
extreme	O
dynamic	O
range	O
applications	O
like	O
welding	O
or	O
automotive	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-dynamic-range	B-Device
rendering	I-Device
(	O
HDRR	B-Device
)	O
is	O
the	O
real-time	O
rendering	B-Device
and	O
display	O
of	O
virtual	O
environments	O
using	O
a	O
dynamic	O
range	O
of	O
65,535	O
:1	O
or	O
higher	O
(	O
used	O
in	O
computer	O
,	O
gaming	O
,	O
and	O
entertainment	O
technology	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
captured	O
or	O
created	O
images	O
have	O
a	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
,	O
they	O
must	O
be	O
tone	B-Language
mapped	I-Language
in	O
order	O
to	O
reduce	O
that	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-dynamic-range	B-General_Concept
formats	O
for	O
image	O
and	O
video	O
files	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
store	O
more	O
dynamic	O
range	O
than	O
traditional	O
8-bit	O
gamma	O
formats	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenEXR	B-Application
was	O
created	O
in	O
1999	O
by	O
Industrial	O
Light	O
&	O
Magic	O
(	O
ILM	O
)	O
and	O
released	O
in	O
2003	O
as	O
an	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
software	I-Application
library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenEXR	B-Application
is	O
used	O
for	O
film	O
and	O
television	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
common	O
name	O
of	O
a	O
technology	O
allowing	O
to	O
transmit	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
videos	I-Application
and	O
images	O
to	O
compatible	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Application
displays	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
displays	O
compatible	O
with	O
that	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	O
formats	O
refers	O
to	O
formats	O
such	O
as	O
HDR10	B-Device
,	O
HDR10+	B-Device
,	O
Dolby	B-Device
Vision	I-Device
and	O
HLG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
a	O
video	O
encoded	O
in	O
an	O
HDR	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thoses	O
HDR	B-Application
video	I-Application
have	O
a	O
greater	O
bit	O
depth	O
,	O
luminance	O
and	O
color	O
volume	O
than	O
standard	B-Device
dynamic	I-Device
range	I-Device
(	O
SDR	O
)	O
video	O
which	O
uses	O
a	O
conventional	O
gamma	O
curve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
4	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
the	O
Ultra	O
HD	O
Alliance	O
announced	O
their	O
certification	O
requirements	O
for	O
a	O
HDR	B-Application
display	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HDR	B-Application
display	I-Application
must	O
have	O
either	O
a	O
peak	O
brightness	O
of	O
over	O
1000	O
cd/m2	O
and	O
a	O
black	O
level	O
less	O
than	O
0.05cd/m2	O
(	O
a	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
20,000	O
:1	O
)	O
or	O
a	O
peak	O
brightness	O
of	O
over	O
540cd/m2	O
and	O
a	O
black	O
level	O
less	O
than	O
0.0005cd/m2	O
(	O
a	O
contrast	O
ratio	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
1,080,000	O
:1	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
options	O
allow	O
for	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
HDR	B-Application
displays	I-Application
such	O
as	O
LCD	B-Device
and	O
OLED	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
options	O
to	O
use	O
HDR	O
transfer	O
functions	O
that	O
better	O
match	O
the	O
human	O
visual	O
system	O
other	O
than	O
a	O
conventional	O
gamma	O
curve	O
include	O
the	O
HLG	O
and	O
perceptual	B-Algorithm
quantizer	I-Algorithm
(	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HLG	O
and	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
require	O
a	O
bit	O
depth	O
of	O
10-bits	O
per	O
sample	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
contrast	B-Device
of	I-Device
a	I-Device
display	I-Device
refers	O
to	O
the	O
ratio	O
between	O
the	O
luminance	O
of	O
the	O
brightest	O
white	O
and	O
the	O
darkest	O
black	O
that	O
a	O
monitor	O
can	O
produce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2003	O
,	O
BrightSide	O
Technologies	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
first	O
HDR	B-Application
display	I-Application
at	O
the	O
Display	O
Week	O
Symposium	O
of	O
the	O
Society	O
for	O
Information	O
Display	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
display	O
used	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
individually-controlled	O
LEDs	O
behind	O
a	O
conventional	O
LCD	B-Device
panel	I-Device
in	O
a	O
configuration	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
local	O
dimming	O
"	O
today	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OLED	B-Device
displays	I-Device
have	O
high	O
contrast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Audio	O
,	O
the	O
term	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
means	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
variation	O
in	O
the	O
levels	O
of	O
the	O
sound	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	O
Audio	O
is	O
a	O
dynamic	O
mixing	O
technique	O
used	O
in	O
EA	O
Digital	O
Illusions	O
CE	O
Frostbite	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
to	O
allow	O
relatively	O
louder	O
sounds	O
to	O
drown	O
out	O
softer	O
sounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
range	O
compression	O
is	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
techniques	O
used	O
in	O
audio	O
recording	O
and	O
communication	O
to	O
put	O
high-dynamic-range	B-General_Concept
material	O
through	O
channels	O
or	O
media	O
of	O
lower	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Optionally	O
,	O
dynamic	O
range	O
expansion	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
restore	O
the	O
original	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
on	O
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
radio	O
,	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
is	O
important	O
especially	O
when	O
there	O
are	O
potentially	O
interfering	O
signals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDR	O
concepts	O
are	O
important	O
in	O
both	O
conventional	O
and	O
software-defined	B-Architecture
radio	I-Architecture
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
fields	O
,	O
instruments	O
need	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
very	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
.	O
</s>
