<s>
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
and	O
MPEG-H	B-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
,	O
is	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
designed	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
MPEG-H	O
project	O
as	O
a	O
successor	O
to	O
the	O
widely	O
used	O
Advanced	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
AVC	O
,	O
H.264	B-Application
,	O
or	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
Part	I-Application
10	I-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
comparison	O
to	O
AVC	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
offers	O
from	O
25%	O
to	O
50%	O
better	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
at	O
the	O
same	O
level	O
of	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
,	O
or	O
substantially	O
improved	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
at	O
the	O
same	O
bit	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
supports	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
8192×4320	O
,	O
including	O
8K	B-Device
UHD	I-Device
,	O
and	O
unlike	O
the	O
primarily	O
8-bit	O
AVC	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
's	O
higher	O
fidelity	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
has	O
been	O
incorporated	O
into	O
nearly	O
all	O
supporting	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
AVC	O
uses	O
the	O
integer	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
with	O
4×4	O
and	O
8×8	O
block	O
sizes	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
uses	O
both	O
integer	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
and	O
discrete	O
sine	O
transform	O
(	O
DST	O
)	O
with	O
varied	O
block	O
sizes	O
between	O
4×4	O
and	O
32×32	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
High	O
Efficiency	O
Image	O
Format	O
(	O
HEIF	O
)	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
used	O
by	O
43%	O
of	O
video	O
developers	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
second	O
most	O
widely	O
used	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
after	O
AVC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
most	O
ways	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
an	O
extension	O
of	O
the	O
concepts	O
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
changes	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
include	O
the	O
expansion	O
of	O
the	O
pattern	O
comparison	O
and	O
difference-coding	O
areas	O
from	O
16×16	O
pixel	O
to	O
sizes	O
up	O
to	O
64×64	O
,	O
improved	O
variable-block-size	B-Data_Structure
segmentation	I-Data_Structure
,	O
improved	O
"	O
intra	O
"	O
prediction	O
within	O
the	O
same	O
picture	O
,	O
improved	O
motion	O
vector	O
prediction	O
and	O
motion	O
region	O
merging	O
,	O
improved	O
motion	B-Algorithm
compensation	I-Algorithm
filtering	O
,	O
and	O
an	O
additional	O
filtering	O
step	O
called	O
sample-adaptive	O
offset	O
filtering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
standardized	O
by	O
the	O
Joint	B-Algorithm
Collaborative	I-Algorithm
Team	I-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
JCT-VC	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
collaboration	O
between	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
MPEG	O
and	O
ITU-T	O
Study	O
Group	O
16	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO/IEC	O
group	O
refers	O
to	O
it	O
as	O
MPEG-H	B-Algorithm
Part	I-Algorithm
2	I-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
as	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
was	O
ratified	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
June	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
version	O
,	O
with	O
multiview	O
extensions	O
(	O
MV-HEVC	O
)	O
,	O
range	O
extensions	O
(	O
RExt	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
scalability	O
extensions	O
(	O
SHVC	O
)	O
,	O
was	O
completed	O
and	O
approved	O
in	O
2014	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extensions	O
for	O
3D	B-Algorithm
video	I-Algorithm
(	O
3D-HEVC	O
)	O
were	O
completed	O
in	O
early	O
2015	O
,	O
and	O
extensions	O
for	O
screen	O
content	O
coding	O
(	O
SCC	O
)	O
were	O
completed	O
in	O
early	O
2016	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
early	O
2017	O
,	O
covering	O
video	O
containing	O
rendered	O
graphics	O
,	O
text	O
,	O
or	O
animation	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
(	O
or	O
instead	O
of	O
)	O
camera-captured	O
video	O
scenes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
contains	O
technologies	O
covered	O
by	O
patents	O
owned	O
by	O
the	O
organizations	O
that	O
participated	O
in	O
the	O
JCT-VC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Implementing	O
a	O
device	O
or	O
software	O
application	O
that	O
uses	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
may	O
require	O
a	O
license	O
from	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patent	O
holders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO/IEC	O
and	O
ITU	O
require	O
companies	O
that	O
belong	O
to	O
their	O
organizations	O
to	O
offer	O
their	O
patents	O
on	O
reasonable	O
and	O
non-discriminatory	O
licensing	O
(	O
RAND	O
)	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
licensing	O
fees	O
are	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
main	O
reasons	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
adoption	O
has	O
been	O
low	O
on	O
the	O
web	O
and	O
is	O
why	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
largest	O
tech	O
companies	O
(	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
AMD	O
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
ARM	O
,	O
Cisco	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
Intel	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
,	O
Netflix	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
,	O
and	O
more	O
)	O
have	O
joined	O
the	O
Alliance	O
for	O
Open	O
Media	O
,	O
which	O
finalized	O
royalty-free	O
alternative	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
format	I-Algorithm
AV1	B-Application
on	O
March	O
28	O
,	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
format	O
was	O
jointly	O
developed	O
by	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
dozen	O
organisations	O
across	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
majority	O
of	O
active	O
patent	O
contributions	O
towards	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
format	O
came	O
from	O
five	O
organizations	O
:	O
Samsung	O
Electronics	O
(	O
4,249	O
patents	O
)	O
,	O
General	O
Electric	O
(	O
1,127	O
patents	O
)	O
,	O
M&K	O
Holdings	O
(	O
907	O
patents	O
)	O
,	O
NTT	O
(	O
patents	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
JVC	O
Kenwood	O
(	O
628	O
patents	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
patent	O
holders	O
include	O
Fujitsu	O
,	O
Apple	O
,	O
Canon	O
,	O
Columbia	O
University	O
,	O
KAIST	O
,	O
Kwangwoon	O
University	O
,	O
MIT	O
,	O
Sungkyunkwan	O
University	O
,	O
Funai	O
,	O
Hikvision	B-Device
,	O
KBS	O
,	O
KT	O
and	O
NEC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2004	O
,	O
the	O
ITU-T	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
Experts	I-Application
Group	I-Application
(	O
VCEG	B-Application
)	O
began	O
a	O
major	O
study	O
of	O
technology	O
advances	O
that	O
could	O
enable	O
creation	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
(	O
or	O
substantial	O
compression-oriented	O
enhancements	O
of	O
the	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
standard	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2004	O
,	O
various	O
techniques	O
for	O
potential	O
enhancement	O
of	O
the	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
standard	O
were	O
surveyed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2005	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
next	O
meeting	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
,	O
VCEG	B-Application
began	O
designating	O
certain	O
topics	O
as	O
"	O
Key	O
Technical	O
Areas	O
"	O
(	O
KTA	O
)	O
for	O
further	O
investigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
KTA	O
software	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Joint	O
Model	O
(	O
JM	O
)	O
reference	O
software	O
that	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
MPEG	O
&	O
VCEG	B-Application
Joint	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Team	I-Application
for	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
approaches	O
for	O
standardizing	O
enhanced	O
compression	O
technology	O
were	O
considered	O
:	O
either	O
creating	O
a	O
new	O
standard	O
or	O
creating	O
extensions	O
of	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
had	O
tentative	O
names	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
and	O
H.NGVC	B-Algorithm
(	O
Next-generation	O
Video	B-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
VCEG	B-Application
until	O
its	O
evolution	O
into	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
joint	O
project	O
with	O
MPEG	O
in	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
preliminary	O
requirements	O
for	O
NGVC	O
were	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
of	O
50%	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
subjective	O
image	B-Algorithm
quality	I-Algorithm
compared	O
with	O
the	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
High	O
profile	O
,	O
and	O
computational	O
complexity	O
ranging	O
from	O
1/2	O
to	O
3	O
times	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
High	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NGVC	O
would	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
provide	O
25%	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
along	O
with	O
50%	O
reduction	O
in	O
complexity	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
perceived	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
as	O
the	O
High	O
profile	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
provide	O
greater	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
with	O
somewhat	O
higher	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ISO/IEC	O
Moving	O
Picture	O
Experts	O
Group	O
(	O
MPEG	O
)	O
started	O
a	O
similar	O
project	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
tentatively	O
named	O
High-performance	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
evaluations	O
were	O
performed	O
with	O
modifications	O
of	O
the	O
KTA	O
reference	O
software	O
encoder	O
developed	O
by	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
July	O
2009	O
,	O
experimental	O
results	O
showed	O
average	O
bit	O
reduction	O
of	O
around	O
20%	O
compared	O
with	O
AVC	O
High	O
Profile	O
;	O
these	O
results	O
prompted	O
MPEG	O
to	O
initiate	O
its	O
standardization	O
effort	O
in	O
collaboration	O
with	O
VCEG	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG	O
and	O
VCEG	B-Application
established	O
a	O
Joint	B-Algorithm
Collaborative	I-Algorithm
Team	I-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
JCT-VC	O
)	O
to	O
develop	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
formal	O
joint	O
Call	O
for	O
Proposals	O
on	O
video	O
compression	O
technology	O
was	O
issued	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
by	O
VCEG	B-Application
and	O
MPEG	O
,	O
and	O
proposals	O
were	O
evaluated	O
at	O
the	O
first	O
meeting	O
of	O
the	O
MPEG	O
&	O
VCEG	B-Application
Joint	B-Algorithm
Collaborative	I-Algorithm
Team	I-Algorithm
on	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
JCT-VC	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
took	O
place	O
in	O
April	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
meeting	O
,	O
the	O
name	O
High	B-Algorithm
Efficiency	I-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
)	O
was	O
adopted	O
for	O
the	O
joint	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
working	O
draft	O
specification	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
produced	O
at	O
the	O
third	O
JCT-VC	O
meeting	O
in	O
October	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
coding	O
tools	O
and	O
configuration	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
were	O
made	O
in	O
later	O
JCT-VC	O
meetings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
25	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
ITU	O
announced	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
had	O
received	O
first	O
stage	O
approval	O
(	O
consent	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
Alternative	O
Approval	O
Process	O
(	O
AAP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
same	O
day	O
,	O
MPEG	O
announced	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
had	O
been	O
promoted	O
to	O
Final	O
Draft	O
International	O
Standard	O
(	O
FDIS	O
)	O
status	O
in	O
the	O
MPEG	O
standardization	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
13	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
HEVC/H.265	O
was	O
approved	O
as	O
an	O
ITU-T	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standard	O
was	O
formally	O
published	O
by	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
on	O
June	O
7	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
by	O
the	O
ISO/IEC	O
on	O
November	O
25	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
11	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
MPEG	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
2nd	O
edition	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
will	O
contain	O
three	O
recently	O
completed	O
extensions	O
which	O
are	O
the	O
multiview	O
extensions	O
(	O
MV-HEVC	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
range	O
extensions	O
(	O
RExt	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
scalability	O
extensions	O
(	O
SHVC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
29	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
HEVC/H.265	O
version	O
2	O
was	O
approved	O
as	O
an	O
ITU-T	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
29	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
HEVC/H.265	O
version	O
3	O
was	O
approved	O
as	O
an	O
ITU-T	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
HEVC/H.265	O
version	O
4	O
was	O
consented	O
in	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
and	O
was	O
not	O
approved	O
during	O
a	O
vote	O
in	O
October	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
22	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
HEVC/H.265	O
version	O
4	O
was	O
approved	O
as	O
an	O
ITU-T	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
29	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
MPEG	O
LA	O
announced	O
their	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
license	O
which	O
covers	O
the	O
essential	O
patents	O
from	O
23	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
license	O
has	O
been	O
expanded	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
profiles	O
in	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
a	O
group	O
was	O
formally	O
announced	O
on	O
March	O
26	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
as	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
,	O
covering	O
500	O
essential	O
patents	O
,	O
were	O
announced	O
on	O
July	O
22	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
with	O
rates	O
that	O
depend	O
on	O
the	O
country	O
of	O
sale	O
,	O
type	O
of	O
device	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profile	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
extensions	O
,	O
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
optional	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
MPEG	O
LA	O
terms	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
reintroduced	O
license	O
fees	O
on	O
content	O
encoded	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
through	O
a	O
revenue	O
sharing	O
fee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
license	O
had	O
a	O
maximum	O
royalty	O
rate	O
of	O
US	O
$2.60	O
per	O
device	O
for	O
Region	O
1	O
countries	O
and	O
a	O
content	O
royalty	O
rate	O
of	O
0.5	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
revenue	O
generated	O
from	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
video	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Region	O
1	O
countries	O
in	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
license	O
include	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
Canada	O
,	O
European	O
Union	O
,	O
Japan	O
,	O
South	O
Korea	O
,	O
Australia	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
license	O
had	O
a	O
maximum	O
royalty	O
rate	O
of	O
US	O
$1.30	O
per	O
device	O
for	O
Region	O
2	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
top	O
of	O
this	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
also	O
charged	O
a	O
royalty	O
rate	O
of	O
0.5	O
%	O
of	O
the	O
revenue	O
generated	O
from	O
video	O
services	O
encoding	O
content	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
led	O
to	O
calls	O
for	O
"	O
content	O
owners	O
 [ to ] 	O
band	O
together	O
and	O
agree	O
not	O
to	O
license	O
from	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
argued	O
the	O
rates	O
might	O
cause	O
companies	O
to	O
switch	O
to	O
competing	O
standards	O
such	O
as	O
Daala	B-Application
and	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
announced	O
changes	O
in	O
the	O
royalty	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
3	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Technicolor	O
SA	O
announced	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
withdrawn	O
from	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
patent	O
pool	O
and	O
would	O
be	O
directly	O
licensing	O
their	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
previously	O
listed	O
12	O
patents	O
from	O
Technicolor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
22	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
announced	O
a	O
major	O
initiative	O
,	O
revising	O
their	O
policy	O
to	O
allow	O
software	O
implementations	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
distributed	O
directly	O
to	O
consumer	O
mobile	O
devices	O
and	O
personal	O
computers	O
royalty	O
free	O
,	O
without	O
requiring	O
a	O
patent	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Velos	O
Media	O
announced	O
their	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
license	O
which	O
covers	O
the	O
essential	O
patents	O
from	O
Ericsson	O
,	O
Panasonic	O
,	O
Qualcomm	O
Incorporated	O
,	O
Sharp	O
,	O
and	O
Sony	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
the	O
MPEG	O
LA	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patent	O
list	O
is	O
164	O
pages	O
long	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
organizations	O
currently	O
hold	O
the	O
most	O
active	O
patents	O
in	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patent	O
pools	O
listed	O
by	O
MPEG	O
LA	O
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Versions	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
using	O
the	O
ITU-T	O
approval	O
dates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1	O
:	O
(	O
April	O
13	O
,	O
2013	O
)	O
First	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
containing	O
Main	O
,	O
Main10	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
Still	O
Picture	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2	O
:	O
(	O
October	O
29	O
,	O
2014	O
)	O
Second	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
21	O
range	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
two	O
scalable	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
multi-view	O
extensions	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3	O
:	O
(	O
April	O
29	O
,	O
2015	O
)	O
Third	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
the	O
3D	O
Main	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
4	O
:	O
(	O
December	O
22	O
,	O
2016	O
)	O
Fourth	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
seven	O
screen	O
content	O
coding	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
three	O
high	O
throughput	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
four	O
scalable	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
5	O
:	O
(	O
February	O
13	O
,	O
2018	O
)	O
Fifth	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
additional	O
SEI	O
messages	O
that	O
include	O
omnidirectional	O
video	O
SEI	O
messages	O
,	O
a	O
Monochrome	O
10	O
profile	O
,	O
a	O
Main	O
10	O
Still	O
Picture	O
profile	O
,	O
and	O
corrections	O
to	O
various	O
minor	O
defects	O
in	O
the	O
prior	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
Specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
6	O
:	O
(	O
June	O
29	O
,	O
2019	O
)	O
Sixth	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
additional	O
SEI	O
messages	O
that	O
include	O
SEI	O
manifest	O
and	O
SEI	O
prefix	O
messages	O
,	O
and	O
corrections	O
to	O
various	O
minor	O
defects	O
in	O
the	O
prior	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
Specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
7	O
:	O
(	O
November	O
29	O
,	O
2019	O
)	O
Seventh	O
approved	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC/H.265	O
standard	O
which	O
adds	O
additional	O
SEI	O
messages	O
for	O
fisheye	O
video	O
information	O
and	O
annotated	O
regions	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
includes	O
corrections	O
to	O
various	O
minor	O
defects	O
in	O
the	O
prior	O
content	O
of	O
the	O
Specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
29	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
2012	O
Mobile	O
World	O
Congress	O
,	O
Qualcomm	O
demonstrated	O
a	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
running	O
on	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
tablet	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
Qualcomm	B-Architecture
Snapdragon	I-Architecture
S4	O
dual-core	O
processor	O
running	O
at	O
1.5GHz	O
,	O
showing	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
versions	O
of	O
the	O
same	O
video	O
content	O
playing	O
side	O
by	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
demonstration	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
reportedly	O
showed	O
almost	O
a	O
50%	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
11	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
researchers	O
from	O
MIT	O
demonstrated	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
published	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
ASIC	O
decoder	O
at	O
the	O
International	O
Solid-State	O
Circuits	O
Conference	O
(	O
ISSCC	O
)	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
3	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Ateme	O
announced	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
open	O
source	O
implementation	O
of	O
a	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
software	O
player	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
OpenHEVC	O
decoder	O
and	O
GPAC	B-Language
video	O
player	O
which	O
are	O
both	O
licensed	O
under	O
LGPL	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OpenHEVC	O
decoder	O
supports	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
can	O
decode	O
1080p	O
at	O
30	O
fps	O
video	O
using	O
a	O
single	O
core	O
CPU	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
live	O
transcoder	O
that	O
supports	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
used	O
in	O
combination	O
with	O
the	O
GPAC	B-Language
video	O
player	O
was	O
shown	O
at	O
the	O
ATEME	O
booth	O
at	O
the	O
NAB	O
Show	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
23	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
MulticoreWare	O
announced	O
,	O
and	O
made	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
available	O
for	O
the	O
x265	B-Language
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Encoder	O
Library	O
under	O
the	O
GPL	O
v2	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
8	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
Nippon	O
Telegraph	O
and	O
Telephone	O
announced	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
their	O
HEVC-1000	O
SDK	O
software	O
encoder	O
which	O
supports	O
the	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
,	O
resolutions	O
up	O
to	O
7680×4320	O
,	O
and	O
frame	O
rates	O
up	O
to	O
120	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
14	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
DivX	O
developers	O
released	O
information	O
on	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoding	O
performance	O
using	O
an	O
Intel	O
i7	O
CPU	O
at	O
3.5GHz	O
with	O
4	O
cores	O
and	O
8	O
threads	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DivX	O
10.1	O
Beta	O
decoder	O
was	O
capable	O
of	O
210.9	O
fps	O
at	O
720p	O
,	O
101.5	O
fps	O
at	O
1080p	O
,	O
and	O
29.6	O
fps	O
at	O
4K	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
18	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
ViXS	O
Systems	O
announced	O
shipments	O
of	O
their	O
XCode	B-Operating_System
(	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
confused	O
with	O
Apple	B-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
Xcode	I-Operating_System
IDE	B-Application
for	O
MacOS	B-Application
)	O
6400	O
SoC	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
SoC	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
5	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
at	O
the	O
NAB	O
show	O
,	O
eBrisk	O
Video	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
and	O
Altera	O
Corporation	O
demonstrated	O
an	O
FPGA-accelerated	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main10	O
encoder	O
that	O
encoded	O
4Kp60/10	O
-bit	O
video	O
in	O
real-time	O
,	O
using	O
a	O
dual-Xeon	O
E5-2697-v2	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
13	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Ittiam	O
Systems	O
announced	O
availability	O
of	O
its	O
third	O
generation	O
H.265/HEVC	B-Algorithm
codec	O
with	O
4:2:2	O
12-bit	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
5	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
Association	O
announced	O
that	O
the	O
4K	B-Device
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
specification	O
would	O
support	O
HEVC-encoded	O
4K	B-Device
video	O
at	O
60	O
fps	O
,	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
,	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
PQ	B-Algorithm
and	O
HLG	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
10-bit	O
color	O
depth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4K	B-Device
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
have	O
a	O
data	O
rate	O
of	O
at	O
least	O
50	O
Mbit/s	O
and	O
disc	O
capacity	O
up	O
to	O
100	O
GB	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4K	B-Device
Blu-ray	O
Discs	O
and	O
players	O
became	O
available	O
for	O
purchase	O
in	O
2015	O
or	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
9	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6	I-Operating_System
and	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6	I-Operating_System
Plus	I-Operating_System
which	O
support	O
HEVC/H.265	O
for	O
FaceTime	O
over	O
cellular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
18	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
the	O
GeForce	O
GTX	O
980	O
(	O
GM204	O
)	O
and	O
GTX	O
970	O
(	O
GM204	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
Nvidia	B-General_Concept
NVENC	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
hardware	O
encoder	O
in	O
a	O
discrete	O
graphics	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
31	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
confirmed	O
that	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
will	O
support	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
out	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
the	I-General_Concept
box	I-General_Concept
,	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
statement	O
from	O
Gabriel	O
Aul	O
,	O
the	O
leader	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Operating	O
Systems	O
Group	O
's	O
Data	O
and	O
Fundamentals	O
Team	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
Technical	O
Preview	O
Build	O
9860	O
added	O
platform	O
level	O
support	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
and	O
Matroska	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
3	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Android	B-Application
Lollipop	I-Application
was	O
released	O
with	O
out	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
the	I-General_Concept
box	I-General_Concept
support	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
using	O
Ittiam	O
Systems	O
 '	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
ViXS	O
Systems	O
announced	O
the	O
XCode	B-Operating_System
6800	O
which	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
SoC	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Main	O
12	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
officially	O
announced	O
the	O
Tegra	O
X1	O
SoC	O
with	O
full	O
fixed-function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
hardware	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
22	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
the	O
GeForce	O
GTX	O
960	O
(	O
GM206	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
the	O
world	O
's	O
first	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main/Main10	O
hardware	O
decoder	O
in	O
a	O
discrete	O
graphics	O
card	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
23	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Advanced	O
Micro	O
Devices	O
(	O
AMD	O
)	O
announced	O
that	O
their	O
UVD	O
ASIC	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Carrizo	O
APUs	O
would	O
be	O
the	O
first	O
x86	O
based	O
CPUs	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
hardware	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
27	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
VLC	B-Application
media	I-Application
player	I-Application
version	O
2.2.0	O
was	O
released	O
with	O
robust	O
support	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
playback	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
corresponding	O
versions	O
on	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
are	O
also	O
able	O
to	O
play	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
31	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
VITEC	O
announced	O
the	O
MGW	O
Ace	O
which	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
100%	O
hardware-based	O
portable	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
that	O
provides	O
mobile	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
5	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
Intel	O
launched	O
Skylake	B-Architecture
products	O
with	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
Main/8	O
-bit	O
decoding/encoding	O
and	O
hybrid/partial	O
Main10/10	O
-bit	O
decoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
9	O
,	O
2015	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
Apple	O
A9	O
chip	O
,	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Operating_System
6S	I-Operating_System
,	O
its	O
first	O
processor	O
with	O
a	O
hardware	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoder	O
supporting	O
Main	O
8	O
and	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
unlocked	O
until	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
11	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
full	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
(	O
H.265	B-Algorithm
)	O
support	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
the	O
newest	O
MythTV	B-Application
version	O
(	O
0.28	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
August	O
30	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Intel	O
officially	O
announced	O
7th	O
generation	O
Core	O
CPUs	O
(	O
Kaby	B-Device
Lake	I-Device
)	O
products	O
with	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main10	O
hardware	O
decoding	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
7	O
,	O
2016	O
Apple	O
announced	O
the	O
Apple	O
A10	O
chip	O
,	O
first	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Application
7	I-Application
,	O
which	O
included	O
a	O
hardware	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
supporting	O
Main	O
8	O
and	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
feature	O
would	O
not	O
be	O
unlocked	O
until	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
in	O
2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
25	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
the	O
GeForce	O
GTX	O
1050Ti	O
(	O
GP107	O
)	O
and	O
GeForce	O
GTX	O
1050	O
(	O
GP107	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main10/Main12	O
hardware	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
5	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
H.265	B-Algorithm
support	O
in	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
,	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
,	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
Live	I-Protocol
Streaming	I-Protocol
and	O
Safari	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
25	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
a	O
free	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
app	O
extension	O
for	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
,	O
enabling	O
some	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
devices	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoding	O
hardware	O
to	O
play	O
video	O
using	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
format	O
inside	O
any	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
19	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
iOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
and	O
tvOS	B-Operating_System
11	I-Operating_System
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
&	O
decoding	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
25	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
macOS	B-Operating_System
High	I-Operating_System
Sierra	I-Operating_System
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoding	O
&	O
decoding	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
28	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
GoPro	B-Device
released	O
the	O
Hero6	O
Black	O
action	O
camera	O
,	O
with	O
4K60P	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
video	O
encoding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
17	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
removed	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoding	O
support	O
from	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
with	O
the	O
Version	O
1709	O
Fall	O
Creators	O
Update	O
,	O
making	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
available	O
instead	O
as	O
a	O
separate	O
,	O
paid	O
download	O
from	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
November	O
2	O
,	O
2017	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
the	O
GeForce	O
GTX	O
1070	O
Ti	O
(	O
GP104	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main10/Main12	O
hardware	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
20	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Nvidia	O
released	O
the	O
GeForce	O
RTX	O
2080	O
(	O
TU104	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
full	O
fixed	O
function	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
hardware	O
decoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
25	O
2022	O
,	O
Chrome	B-Application
released	O
version	O
107	O
,	O
which	O
starts	O
supporting	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
hardware	O
decoding	O
for	O
all	O
platforms	O
"	O
out	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
box	I-General_Concept
"	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
hardware	O
is	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
implemented	O
in	O
these	O
web	O
browsers	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2021	O
,	O
an	O
estimated	O
18%	O
of	O
browsers	O
in	O
use	O
on	O
desktop	O
and	O
notebook	O
systems	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
play	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
videos	O
in	O
HTML5	O
webpages	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
data	O
from	O
StatCounter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
QuickTime	B-Application
File	I-Application
Format	I-Application
(	O
.mov	B-Application
)	O
Notes	O
-	O
Support	O
introduced	O
in	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
version	O
1507	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
<p>	O
-	O
Built-in	O
support	O
was	O
removed	O
in	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
10	I-Operating_System
version	O
1709	O
due	O
to	O
licensing	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Video	O
Extensions	O
add-on	O
can	O
be	O
purchased	O
from	O
the	O
Microsoft	O
Store	O
to	O
enable	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
playback	O
on	O
the	O
default	O
media	O
player	O
app	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Movies	I-Application
&	I-Application
TV	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
of	O
most	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
is	O
primarily	O
aimed	O
at	O
having	O
the	O
highest	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Coding	O
efficiency	O
is	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
encode	O
video	O
at	O
the	O
lowest	O
possible	O
bit	O
rate	O
while	O
maintaining	O
a	O
certain	O
level	O
of	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
two	O
standard	O
ways	O
to	O
measure	O
the	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
of	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
,	O
which	O
are	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
objective	O
metric	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
peak	O
signal-to-noise	O
ratio	O
(	O
PSNR	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
use	O
subjective	O
assessment	O
of	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subjective	O
assessment	O
of	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
is	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
way	O
to	O
measure	O
a	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
since	O
humans	O
perceive	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
subjectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
benefits	O
from	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
larger	O
coding	B-Algorithm
tree	I-Algorithm
unit	I-Algorithm
(	O
CTU	O
)	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
in	O
PSNR	O
tests	O
with	O
a	O
HM-8.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
where	O
it	O
was	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
progressively	O
smaller	O
CTU	O
sizes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
all	O
test	O
sequences	O
,	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
a	O
64×64	O
CTU	O
size	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
bit	O
rate	O
increased	O
by	O
2.2	O
%	O
when	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
32×32	O
CTU	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
by	O
11.0	O
%	O
when	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
16×16	O
CTU	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
Class	O
A	O
test	O
sequences	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
resolution	O
of	O
the	O
video	O
was	O
2560×1600	O
,	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
a	O
64×64	O
CTU	O
size	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
shown	O
that	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
bit	O
rate	O
increased	O
by	O
5.7	O
%	O
when	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
32×32	O
CTU	O
size	O
,	O
and	O
increased	O
by	O
28.2	O
%	O
when	O
forced	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
16×16	O
CTU	O
size	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main	O
Profile	O
(	O
MP	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
compared	O
in	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
to	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
High	O
Profile	O
(	O
HP	O
)	O
,	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
Advanced	O
Simple	O
Profile	O
(	O
ASP	O
)	O
,	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
High	O
Latency	O
Profile	O
(	O
HLP	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
H.262/MPEG	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
Main	O
Profile	O
(	O
MP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
encoding	O
was	O
done	O
for	O
entertainment	O
applications	O
and	O
twelve	O
different	O
bitrates	O
were	O
made	O
for	O
the	O
nine	O
video	O
test	O
sequences	O
with	O
a	O
HM-8.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bit	O
rate	O
reductions	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
were	O
determined	O
based	O
on	O
PSNR	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
having	O
a	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
of	O
35.4	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
,	O
63.7	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
MPEG-4	B-Application
ASP	I-Application
,	O
65.1	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
H.263	B-Algorithm
HLP	O
,	O
and	O
70.8	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
H.262/MPEG	B-Algorithm
-2	I-Algorithm
MP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
MP	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
for	O
subjective	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
encoding	O
was	O
done	O
for	O
entertainment	O
applications	O
and	O
four	O
different	O
bitrates	O
were	O
made	O
for	O
nine	O
video	O
test	O
sequences	O
with	O
a	O
HM-5.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
being	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
subjective	O
assessment	O
was	O
done	O
at	O
an	O
earlier	O
date	O
than	O
the	O
PSNR	O
comparison	O
and	O
so	O
it	O
used	O
an	O
earlier	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
that	O
had	O
slightly	O
lower	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
overall	O
subjective	O
bitrate	O
reduction	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
MP	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
was	O
49.3	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
École	O
Polytechnique	O
Fédérale	O
de	O
Lausanne	O
(	O
EPFL	O
)	O
did	O
a	O
study	O
to	O
evaluate	O
the	O
subjective	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
at	O
resolutions	O
higher	O
than	O
HDTV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
sequences	O
were	O
encoded	O
at	O
five	O
different	O
bitrates	O
using	O
the	O
HM-6.1.1	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
and	O
the	O
JM-18.3	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
compared	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
MP	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
and	O
showed	O
that	O
,	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
MP	O
,	O
the	O
average	O
bitrate	O
reduction	O
based	O
on	O
PSNR	O
was	O
44.4	O
%	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
average	O
bitrate	O
reduction	O
based	O
on	O
subjective	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
was	O
66.5	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
performance	O
comparison	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
MP	O
and	O
Main	O
10	O
Profile	O
(	O
M10P	O
)	O
were	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
and	O
High	O
10	O
Profile	O
(	O
H10P	O
)	O
using	O
3840×2160	O
video	O
sequences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
sequences	O
were	O
encoded	O
using	O
the	O
HM-10.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
and	O
the	O
JM-18.4	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
based	O
on	O
PSNR	O
was	O
45%	O
for	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
video	O
encoder	O
comparison	O
released	O
in	O
December	O
2013	O
,	O
the	O
HM-10.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
was	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
x264	B-Language
encoder	O
(	O
version	O
r2334	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
(	O
version	O
v1.2.0-3088-ga81bd12	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
HM-10.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
had	O
the	O
highest	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
and	O
,	O
on	O
average	O
,	O
to	O
get	O
the	O
same	O
objective	O
quality	O
,	O
the	O
x264	B-Language
encoder	O
needed	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
66.4	O
%	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
needed	O
to	O
increase	O
the	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
79.4	O
%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
subjective	O
video	O
performance	O
comparison	O
released	O
in	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
the	O
JCT-VC	O
compared	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main	O
profile	O
to	O
the	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
High	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
video	O
sequences	O
were	O
encoded	O
using	O
the	O
HM-12.1	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
and	O
the	O
JM-18.5	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
comparison	O
used	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
resolutions	O
and	O
the	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
59%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
52%	O
for	O
480p	O
,	O
56%	O
for	O
720p	O
,	O
62%	O
for	O
1080p	O
,	O
and	O
64%	O
for	O
4K	B-Device
UHD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
subjective	O
video	O
codec	O
comparison	O
released	O
in	O
August	O
2014	O
by	O
the	O
EPFL	O
,	O
the	O
HM-15.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
was	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
1.2.0	O
–	O
5183	O
encoder	O
and	O
the	O
JM-18.8	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
4K	B-Device
resolutions	O
sequences	O
were	O
encoded	O
at	O
five	O
different	O
bit	O
rates	O
with	O
the	O
encoders	O
set	O
to	O
use	O
an	O
intra	O
period	O
of	O
one	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
comparison	O
,	O
the	O
HM-15.0	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
had	O
the	O
highest	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
and	O
,	O
on	O
average	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
subjective	O
quality	O
the	O
bit	O
rate	O
could	O
be	O
reduced	O
by	O
49.4	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
1.2.0	O
–	O
5183	O
encoder	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
reduced	O
by	O
52.6	O
%	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
JM-18.8	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
encoder	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Netflix	O
published	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
a	O
large-scale	O
study	O
comparing	O
the	O
leading	O
open-source	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
,	O
x265	B-Language
,	O
with	O
the	O
leading	O
open-source	O
AVC	O
encoder	O
,	O
x264	B-Language
and	O
the	O
reference	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
,	O
libvpx	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
their	O
advanced	O
Video	O
Multimethod	O
Assessment	O
Fusion	O
(	O
VMAF	O
)	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
measurement	O
tool	O
,	O
Netflix	O
found	O
that	O
x265	B-Language
delivered	O
identical	O
quality	O
at	O
bit	O
rates	O
ranging	O
from	O
35.4	O
%	O
to	O
53.3	O
%	O
lower	O
than	O
x264	B-Language
,	O
and	O
from	O
17.8	O
%	O
to	O
21.8	O
%	O
lower	O
than	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
designed	O
to	O
substantially	O
improve	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
HP	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
to	O
reduce	O
bitrate	O
requirements	O
by	O
half	O
with	O
comparable	O
image	B-Algorithm
quality	I-Algorithm
,	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
increased	O
computational	O
complexity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
goal	O
of	O
allowing	O
video	O
content	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
ratio	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
1000:1	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Depending	O
on	O
the	O
application	O
requirements	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoders	O
can	O
trade	O
off	O
computational	O
complexity	O
,	O
compression	O
rate	O
,	O
robustness	O
to	O
errors	O
,	O
and	O
encoding	O
delay	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Two	O
of	O
the	O
key	O
features	O
where	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
improved	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
was	O
support	O
for	O
higher	O
resolution	O
video	O
and	O
improved	O
parallel	O
processing	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
targeted	O
at	O
next-generation	O
HDTV	O
displays	O
and	O
content	O
capture	O
systems	O
which	O
feature	O
progressive	O
scanned	O
frame	O
rates	O
and	O
display	B-General_Concept
resolutions	I-General_Concept
from	O
QVGA	O
(	O
320×240	O
)	O
to	O
4320p	B-Device
(	O
7680×4320	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
improved	O
picture	B-Algorithm
quality	I-Algorithm
in	O
terms	O
of	O
noise	O
level	O
,	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
,	O
and	O
dynamic	O
range	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
layer	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
"	O
hybrid	O
"	O
approach	O
used	O
in	O
all	O
modern	O
video	O
standards	O
,	O
starting	O
from	O
H.261	B-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
inter-/intra	O
-picture	O
prediction	O
and	O
2D	O
transform	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoder	O
first	O
proceeds	O
by	O
splitting	O
a	O
picture	O
into	O
block	O
shaped	O
regions	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
picture	O
,	O
or	O
the	O
first	O
picture	O
of	O
a	O
random	O
access	O
point	O
,	O
which	O
uses	O
intra-picture	O
prediction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
designed	O
with	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
video	O
would	O
be	O
used	O
and	O
no	O
coding	O
tools	O
were	O
added	O
specifically	O
for	O
interlaced	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Interlace	O
specific	O
coding	O
tools	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
MBAFF	O
and	O
PAFF	O
,	O
are	O
not	O
supported	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
instead	O
sends	O
metadata	O
that	O
tells	O
how	O
the	O
interlaced	O
video	O
was	O
sent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
interlaced	O
video	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
can	O
change	O
between	O
frame	O
coding	O
and	O
field	O
coding	O
using	O
Sequence	O
Adaptive	O
Frame	O
Field	O
(	O
SAFF	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
the	O
coding	O
mode	O
to	O
be	O
changed	O
for	O
each	O
video	O
sequence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
interlaced	O
video	O
to	O
be	O
sent	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
without	O
needing	O
special	O
interlaced	O
decoding	O
processes	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
supports	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
generic	O
film	O
,	O
NTSC	O
,	O
PAL	B-Language
,	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2100	O
,	O
SMPTE170M	O
,	O
SMPTE240M	O
,	O
sRGB	O
,	O
sYCC	O
,	O
xvYCC	O
,	O
XYZ	O
,	O
and	O
externally	O
specified	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
supports	O
color	O
encoding	O
representations	O
such	O
as	O
RGB	O
,	O
YCbCr	O
,	O
and	O
YCoCg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
replaces	O
16×16	O
pixel	O
macroblocks	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
were	O
used	O
with	O
previous	O
standards	O
,	O
with	O
coding	B-Algorithm
tree	I-Algorithm
units	I-Algorithm
(	O
CTUs	O
)	O
which	O
can	O
use	O
larger	O
block	O
structures	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
64×64	O
samples	O
and	O
can	O
better	O
sub-partition	O
the	O
picture	O
into	O
variable	O
sized	O
structures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
initially	O
divides	O
the	O
picture	O
into	O
CTUs	O
which	O
can	O
be	O
64×64	O
,	O
32×32	O
,	O
or	O
16×16	O
with	O
a	O
larger	O
pixel	O
block	O
size	O
usually	O
increasing	O
the	O
coding	O
efficiency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
specifies	O
four	O
transform	O
units	O
(	O
TUs	O
)	O
sizes	O
of	O
4×4	O
,	O
8×8	O
,	O
16×16	O
,	O
and	O
32×32	O
to	O
code	O
the	O
prediction	O
residual	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TUs	O
use	O
integer	O
basis	O
functions	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
uses	O
a	O
context-adaptive	B-Algorithm
binary	I-Algorithm
arithmetic	I-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
CABAC	B-Algorithm
)	O
algorithm	O
that	O
is	O
fundamentally	O
similar	O
to	O
CABAC	B-Algorithm
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CABAC	B-Algorithm
is	O
the	O
only	O
entropy	O
encoder	O
method	O
that	O
is	O
allowed	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
while	O
there	O
are	O
two	O
entropy	O
encoder	O
methods	O
allowed	O
by	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
CABAC	B-Algorithm
and	O
the	O
entropy	O
coding	O
of	O
transform	O
coefficients	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
were	O
designed	O
for	O
a	O
higher	O
throughput	O
than	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
while	O
maintaining	O
higher	O
compression	O
efficiency	O
for	O
larger	O
transform	O
block	O
sizes	O
relative	O
to	O
simple	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
context	O
coded	O
bins	O
have	O
been	O
reduced	O
by	O
8×	O
and	O
the	O
CABAC	B-Algorithm
bypass-mode	O
has	O
been	O
improved	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
its	O
design	O
to	O
increase	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
improvement	O
with	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
that	O
the	O
dependencies	O
between	O
the	O
coded	O
data	O
has	O
been	O
changed	O
to	O
further	O
increase	O
throughput	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Context	O
modeling	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
has	O
also	O
been	O
improved	O
so	O
that	O
CABAC	B-Algorithm
can	O
better	O
select	O
a	O
context	O
that	O
increases	O
efficiency	O
when	O
compared	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
specifies	O
33	O
directional	O
modes	O
for	O
intra	O
prediction	O
compared	O
with	O
the	O
8	O
directional	O
modes	O
for	O
intra	O
prediction	O
specified	O
by	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
also	O
specifies	O
DC	O
intra	O
prediction	O
and	O
planar	O
prediction	O
modes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
planar	O
prediction	O
mode	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
supports	O
all	O
block	O
sizes	O
defined	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
while	O
the	O
planar	O
prediction	O
mode	O
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
is	O
limited	O
to	O
a	O
block	O
size	O
of	O
16×16	O
pixels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
interpolation	O
of	O
fractional	O
luma	O
sample	O
positions	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
uses	O
separable	O
application	O
of	O
one-dimensional	O
half-sample	O
interpolation	O
with	O
an	O
8-tap	O
filter	O
or	O
quarter-sample	O
interpolation	O
with	O
a	O
7-tap	O
filter	O
while	O
,	O
in	O
comparison	O
,	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
uses	O
a	O
two-stage	O
process	O
that	O
first	O
derives	O
values	O
at	O
half-sample	O
positions	O
using	O
separable	O
one-dimensional	O
6-tap	O
interpolation	O
followed	O
by	O
integer	O
rounding	O
and	O
then	O
applies	O
linear	O
interpolation	O
between	O
values	O
at	O
nearby	O
half-sample	O
positions	O
to	O
generate	O
values	O
at	O
quarter-sample	O
positions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
has	O
improved	O
precision	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
longer	O
interpolation	O
filter	O
and	O
the	O
elimination	O
of	O
the	O
intermediate	O
rounding	O
error	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
4:2:0	O
video	O
,	O
the	O
chroma	O
samples	O
are	O
interpolated	O
with	O
separable	O
one-dimensional	O
4-tap	O
filtering	O
to	O
generate	O
eighth-sample	O
precision	O
,	O
while	O
in	O
comparison	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
uses	O
only	O
a	O
2-tap	O
bilinear	O
filter	O
(	O
also	O
with	O
eighth-sample	O
precision	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
weighted	O
prediction	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
used	O
either	O
with	O
uni-prediction	O
(	O
in	O
which	O
a	O
single	O
prediction	O
value	O
is	O
used	O
)	O
or	O
bi-prediction	O
(	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
prediction	O
values	O
from	O
two	O
prediction	O
blocks	O
are	O
combined	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
defines	O
a	O
signed	O
16-bit	O
range	O
for	O
both	O
horizontal	O
and	O
vertical	O
motion	O
vectors	O
(	O
MVs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
added	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
at	O
the	O
July	O
2012	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
meeting	O
with	O
the	O
mvLX	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
horizontal/vertical	O
MVs	O
have	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
−32768	O
to	O
32767	O
which	O
given	O
the	O
quarter	B-Algorithm
pixel	I-Algorithm
precision	O
used	O
by	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
allows	O
for	O
a	O
MV	O
range	O
of	O
−8192	O
to	O
8191.75	O
luma	O
samples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
compares	O
to	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
which	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
horizontal	O
MV	O
range	O
of	O
−2048	O
to	O
2047.75	O
luma	O
samples	O
and	O
a	O
vertical	O
MV	O
range	O
of	O
−512	O
to	O
511.75	O
luma	O
samples	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
allows	O
for	O
two	O
MV	O
modes	O
which	O
are	O
Advanced	O
Motion	O
Vector	O
Prediction	O
(	O
AMVP	O
)	O
and	O
merge	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Merge	O
mode	O
in	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
similar	O
to	O
"	O
skipped	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
direct	O
"	O
motion	O
inference	O
modes	O
in	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
but	O
with	O
two	O
improvements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
improvement	O
is	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
uses	O
index	O
information	O
to	O
select	O
one	O
of	O
several	O
available	O
candidates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
improvement	O
is	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
uses	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
reference	O
picture	O
list	O
and	O
reference	O
picture	O
index	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
specifies	O
two	O
loop	O
filters	O
that	O
are	O
applied	O
sequentially	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
deblocking	B-General_Concept
filter	I-General_Concept
(	O
DBF	O
)	O
applied	O
first	O
and	O
the	O
sample	O
adaptive	O
offset	O
(	O
SAO	O
)	O
filter	O
applied	O
afterwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DBF	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
used	O
by	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
but	O
with	O
a	O
simpler	O
design	O
and	O
better	O
support	O
for	O
parallel	O
processing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
the	O
DBF	O
only	O
applies	O
to	O
a	O
8×8	O
sample	O
grid	O
while	O
with	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
the	O
DBF	O
applies	O
to	O
a	O
4×4	O
sample	O
grid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
change	O
is	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
only	O
allows	O
for	O
three	O
DBF	O
strengths	O
of	O
0	O
to	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
also	O
requires	O
that	O
the	O
DBF	O
first	O
apply	O
horizontal	O
filtering	O
for	O
vertical	O
edges	O
to	O
the	O
picture	O
and	O
only	O
after	O
that	O
does	O
it	O
apply	O
vertical	O
filtering	O
for	O
horizontal	O
edges	O
to	O
the	O
picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SAO	O
filter	O
is	O
applied	O
after	O
the	O
DBF	O
and	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
better	O
reconstruction	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
signal	O
amplitudes	O
by	O
applying	O
offsets	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
lookup	B-Data_Structure
table	I-Data_Structure
in	O
the	O
bitstream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Per	O
CTB	O
the	O
SAO	O
filter	O
can	O
be	O
disabled	O
or	O
applied	O
in	O
one	O
of	O
two	O
modes	O
:	O
edge	B-Application
offset	O
mode	O
or	O
band	O
offset	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
edge	B-Application
offset	O
mode	O
operates	O
by	O
comparing	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
a	O
sample	O
to	O
two	O
of	O
its	O
eight	O
neighbors	O
using	O
one	O
of	O
four	O
directional	O
gradient	O
patterns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
a	O
comparison	O
with	O
these	O
two	O
neighbors	O
,	O
the	O
sample	O
is	O
classified	O
into	O
one	O
of	O
five	O
categories	O
:	O
minimum	O
,	O
maximum	O
,	O
an	O
edge	B-Application
with	O
the	O
sample	O
having	O
the	O
lower	O
value	O
,	O
an	O
edge	B-Application
with	O
the	O
sample	O
having	O
the	O
higher	O
value	O
,	O
or	O
monotonic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
sample	O
is	O
categorized	O
by	O
its	O
amplitude	O
into	O
one	O
of	O
32	O
bands	O
(	O
histogram	B-Algorithm
bins	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
SAO	O
filter	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
increase	O
picture	B-Algorithm
quality	I-Algorithm
,	O
reduce	O
banding	O
artifacts	O
,	O
and	O
reduce	O
ringing	B-Algorithm
artifacts	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Residual	O
DPCM	B-General_Concept
(	O
RDPCM	O
)	O
,	O
allowing	O
more-optimal	O
coding	O
of	O
residual	O
data	O
if	O
possible	O
,	O
vs	O
the	O
typical	O
zig-zag	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Transform	O
skip	O
context	O
,	O
enabling	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
and	O
RDPCM	O
blocks	O
to	O
carry	O
a	O
separate	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
CABAC	B-Algorithm
bypass	O
alignment	O
,	O
a	O
decoding	O
optimization	O
specific	O
to	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
version	O
2	O
adds	O
several	O
supplemental	O
enhancement	O
information	O
(	O
SEI	O
)	O
messages	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Color	O
remapping	O
:	O
mapping	O
one	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
to	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ITU-T	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
standard	O
that	O
added	O
the	O
SCC	O
extensions	O
(	O
approved	O
in	O
December	O
2016	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
March	O
2017	O
)	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
the	O
hybrid	O
log	O
–	O
gamma	O
(	O
HLG	O
)	O
transfer	O
function	O
and	O
the	O
ICtCp	B-Device
color	O
matrix	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
the	O
fourth	O
version	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
to	O
support	O
both	O
of	O
the	O
HDR	O
transfer	O
functions	O
defined	O
in	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fourth	O
version	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
adds	O
several	O
supplemental	O
enhancement	O
information	O
(	O
SEI	O
)	O
messages	O
which	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
primary	O
use	O
case	O
for	O
this	O
would	O
be	O
to	O
deliver	O
HLG	O
video	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
backward	B-General_Concept
compatible	I-General_Concept
with	O
legacy	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
1	O
of	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
defines	O
three	O
profiles	O
:	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
Still	O
Picture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
adds	O
21	O
range	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
two	O
scalable	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
multi-view	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
also	O
contains	O
provisions	O
for	O
additional	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extensions	O
that	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
include	O
increased	O
bit	O
depth	O
,	O
4:2:2/4:4:4	O
chroma	O
sampling	O
,	O
Multiview	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
MVC	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Scalable	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Coding	I-Application
(	O
SVC	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
range	O
extensions	O
,	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
scalable	O
extensions	O
,	O
and	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
multi-view	O
extensions	O
were	O
completed	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2014	O
a	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
second	O
version	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
was	O
added	O
at	O
the	O
October	O
2012	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
meeting	O
based	O
on	O
proposal	O
JCTVC-K0109	O
which	O
proposed	O
that	O
a	O
10-bit	O
profile	O
be	O
added	O
to	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
for	O
consumer	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
proposal	O
said	O
this	O
was	O
to	O
allow	O
for	O
improved	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
and	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
that	O
has	O
become	O
widely	O
used	O
in	O
UHDTV	B-Device
systems	O
and	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
deliver	O
higher	O
dynamic	O
range	O
and	O
color	O
fidelity	O
avoiding	O
the	O
banding	O
artifacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Main	O
and	O
Main	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
higher	O
bit	O
depth	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
smoother	O
transition	O
of	O
color	O
which	O
resolves	O
the	O
problem	O
known	O
as	O
color	B-Algorithm
banding	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
improved	O
video	B-Device
quality	I-Device
since	O
it	O
can	O
support	O
video	O
with	O
a	O
higher	O
bit	O
depth	O
than	O
what	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Imagination	O
Technologies	O
said	O
that	O
10-bit	O
per	O
sample	O
video	O
would	O
allow	O
for	O
larger	O
color	B-Algorithm
spaces	I-Algorithm
and	O
is	O
required	O
for	O
the	O
Rec	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
that	O
will	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
UHDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
2020	O
color	B-Algorithm
space	I-Algorithm
would	O
drive	O
the	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
of	O
10-bit-per-sample	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
performance	O
comparison	O
the	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
provided	O
a	O
5%	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
for	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
compared	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
objective	O
performance	O
comparison	O
was	O
done	O
in	O
April	O
2012	O
in	O
which	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
reduced	O
the	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
for	O
images	O
by	O
56%	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
PSNR	O
based	O
performance	O
comparison	O
for	O
still	O
image	O
compression	O
was	O
done	O
in	O
May	O
2012	O
using	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
HM	O
6.0	O
encoder	O
and	O
the	O
reference	O
software	O
encoders	O
for	O
the	O
other	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
still	O
images	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
reduced	O
the	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
by	O
15.8	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
,	O
22.6	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
2000	O
,	O
30.0	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	B-Device
XR	I-Device
,	O
31.0	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
WebP	O
,	O
and	O
43.0	O
%	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
performance	O
comparison	O
for	O
still	O
image	O
compression	O
was	O
done	O
in	O
January	O
2013	O
using	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
HM	O
8.0rc2	O
encoder	O
,	O
Kakadu	O
version	O
6.0	O
for	O
JPEG	O
2000	O
,	O
and	O
IJG	O
version	O
6b	O
for	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
subjective	O
assessment	O
used	O
the	O
same	O
test	O
methodology	O
and	O
images	O
as	O
those	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
JPEG	O
committee	O
when	O
it	O
evaluated	O
JPEG	B-Device
XR	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
4:2:0	O
chroma	O
sampled	O
images	O
the	O
average	O
bit	O
rate	O
reduction	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
2000	O
was	O
20.26	O
%	O
for	O
PSNR	O
and	O
30.96	O
%	O
for	O
MOS	O
while	O
compared	O
to	O
JPEG	O
it	O
was	O
61.63	O
%	O
for	O
PSNR	O
and	O
43.10	O
%	O
for	O
MOS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
PSNR	O
based	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
performance	O
comparison	O
for	O
still	O
image	O
compression	O
was	O
done	O
in	O
April	O
2013	O
by	O
Nokia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
has	O
a	O
larger	O
performance	O
improvement	O
for	O
higher	O
resolution	O
images	O
than	O
lower	O
resolution	O
images	O
and	O
a	O
larger	O
performance	O
improvement	O
for	O
lower	O
bit	O
rates	O
than	O
higher	O
bit	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
to	O
get	O
the	O
same	O
PSNR	O
as	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
took	O
on	O
average	O
1.4	O
×	O
more	O
bits	O
with	O
JPEG	O
2000	O
,	O
1.6	O
×	O
more	O
bits	O
with	O
JPEG-XR	B-Device
,	O
and	O
2.3	O
×	O
more	O
bits	O
with	O
JPEG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
compression	O
efficiency	O
study	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
,	O
JPEG	O
,	O
JPEG	B-Device
XR	I-Device
,	O
and	O
WebP	O
was	O
done	O
in	O
October	O
2013	O
by	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
showed	O
that	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
significantly	O
better	O
at	O
compression	O
than	O
the	O
other	O
image	O
formats	O
that	O
were	O
tested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Four	O
different	O
methods	O
for	O
comparing	O
image	B-Algorithm
quality	I-Algorithm
were	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
study	O
which	O
were	O
Y-SSIM	O
,	O
RGB-SSIM	O
,	O
IW-SSIM	O
,	O
and	O
PSNR-HVS-M	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
2	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
adds	O
21	O
range	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
two	O
scalable	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
multi-view	O
profile	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
,	O
Main	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
Still	O
Picture	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Still	O
Picture	O
,	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
,	O
Scalable	O
Main	O
,	O
Scalable	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Multiview	O
Main	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
range	O
extensions	O
profiles	O
have	O
an	O
Intra	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
,	O
and	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
12	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
,	O
and	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
Intra	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
12	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
Intra	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
Intra	O
,	O
and	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
12	O
Intra	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
12	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
other	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
12	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Intra	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Main	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Multiview	O
Main	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Version	O
3	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
added	O
one	O
3D	O
profile	O
:	O
3D	O
Main	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
3D	O
Main	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
and	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
and	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
and	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
and	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
and	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
and	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
Monochrome	O
,	O
Main	O
,	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:2:2	O
10	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
Screen-Extended	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
,	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
allowing	O
it	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
maximum	O
bit	O
rate	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
and	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
profile	O
has	O
an	O
HbrFactor	O
6	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
most	O
inter	B-Algorithm
frame	I-Algorithm
HEVC	B-Algorithm
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
decoders	O
that	O
conform	O
to	O
the	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
profile	O
must	O
be	O
capable	O
of	O
decoding	O
bitstreams	O
made	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
profiles	O
:	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
10	O
,	O
and	O
High	O
Throughput	O
4:4:4	O
14	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Monochrome	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Monochrome	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Monochrome	O
12	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Monochrome	O
16	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scalable	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
allows	O
for	O
a	O
base	O
layer	O
that	O
conforms	O
to	O
the	O
Main	O
4:4:4	O
profile	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
standard	O
defines	O
two	O
tiers	O
,	O
Main	O
and	O
High	O
,	O
and	O
thirteen	O
levels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
frame	O
rate	O
supported	O
by	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
300	O
fps	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
decoded	O
pictures	O
are	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
decoded	O
picture	O
buffer	O
(	O
DPB	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
are	O
used	O
by	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
encoders	O
to	O
form	O
predictions	O
for	O
subsequent	O
pictures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
maximum	O
number	O
of	O
pictures	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
the	O
DPB	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
DPB	O
capacity	O
,	O
is	O
6	O
(	O
including	O
the	O
current	O
picture	O
)	O
for	O
all	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
levels	O
when	O
operating	O
at	O
the	O
maximum	O
picture	O
size	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
level	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG	O
has	O
published	O
an	O
amendment	O
which	O
added	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
support	O
to	O
the	O
MPEG	O
transport	O
stream	O
used	O
by	O
ATSC	B-Device
,	O
DVB	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Blu-ray	O
Disc	O
;	O
MPEG	O
decided	O
not	O
to	O
update	O
the	O
MPEG	O
program	O
stream	O
used	O
by	O
DVD-Video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MPEG	O
has	O
also	O
added	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
support	O
to	O
the	O
ISO	B-General_Concept
base	O
media	O
file	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
also	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
MPEG	O
media	O
transport	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Support	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
was	O
added	O
to	O
Matroska	O
starting	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
MKVToolNix	B-Language
v6.8.0	O
after	O
a	O
patch	O
from	O
DivX	O
was	O
merged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
draft	O
document	O
has	O
been	O
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
Internet	O
Engineering	O
Task	O
Force	O
which	O
describes	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
add	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
support	O
to	O
the	O
Real-time	B-Protocol
Transport	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
's	O
intra	O
frame	O
encoding	O
,	O
a	O
still-image	O
coded	O
format	O
called	O
Better	O
Portable	O
Graphics	O
(	O
BPG	O
)	O
has	O
been	O
proposed	O
by	O
the	O
programmer	O
Fabrice	O
Bellard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
essentially	O
a	O
wrapper	O
for	O
images	O
coded	O
using	O
the	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Main	O
4:4:4	O
16	O
Still	O
Picture	O
profile	O
with	O
up	O
to	O
14	O
bits	O
per	O
sample	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
uses	O
an	O
abbreviated	O
header	O
syntax	O
and	O
adds	O
explicit	O
support	O
for	O
Exif	O
,	O
ICC	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
XMP	O
metadata	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
License	O
terms	O
and	O
fees	O
for	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
patents	O
,	O
compared	O
with	O
its	O
main	O
competitors	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
its	O
predecessor	O
AVC	O
,	O
software	O
distributors	O
that	O
implement	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
in	O
products	O
must	O
pay	O
a	O
price	O
per	O
distributed	O
copy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
licensing	O
model	O
is	O
unproblematic	O
for	O
paid	O
software	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
an	O
obstacle	O
to	O
most	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open-source	I-License
software	I-License
,	O
which	O
is	O
meant	O
to	O
be	O
freely	O
distributable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
opinion	O
of	O
MulticoreWare	O
,	O
the	O
developer	O
of	O
x265	B-Language
,	O
enabling	O
royalty-free	O
software	O
encoders	O
and	O
decoders	O
is	O
in	O
the	O
interest	O
of	O
accelerating	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HEVC	B-Algorithm
Advance	O
made	O
an	O
exception	O
that	O
specifically	O
waives	O
the	O
royalties	O
on	O
software-only	O
implementations	O
(	O
both	O
decoders	O
and	O
encoders	O
)	O
when	O
not	O
bundled	O
with	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
obstacle	O
to	O
free	O
software	O
is	O
no	O
concern	O
in	O
for	O
example	O
TV	O
broadcast	O
networks	O
,	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
combined	O
with	O
the	O
prospect	O
of	O
future	O
collective	O
lock-in	O
to	O
the	O
format	O
,	O
makes	O
several	O
organizations	O
like	O
Mozilla	B-Operating_System
(	O
see	O
OpenH264	B-Language
)	O
and	O
the	O
Free	O
Software	O
Foundation	O
Europe	O
wary	O
of	O
royalty-bearing	O
formats	O
for	O
internet	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Competing	O
formats	O
intended	O
for	O
internet	O
use	O
(	O
VP9	B-Algorithm
and	O
AV1	B-Application
)	O
are	O
intended	O
to	O
steer	O
clear	O
of	O
these	O
concerns	O
by	O
being	O
royalty	O
free	O
(	O
provided	O
there	O
are	O
no	O
third-party	O
claims	O
of	O
patent	O
rights	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
:	O
Regardless	O
of	O
how	O
the	O
software	O
is	O
licensed	O
from	O
the	O
software	O
authors	O
(	O
see	O
software	B-License
licensing	I-License
)	O
,	O
if	O
what	O
it	O
does	O
is	O
patented	O
,	O
its	O
use	O
remains	O
bound	O
by	O
the	O
patent	O
holders	O
 '	O
rights	O
unless	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
patents	O
has	O
been	O
authorized	O
by	O
a	O
license	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2015	O
,	O
MPEG	O
and	O
VCEG	B-Application
formed	O
Joint	O
Video	O
Exploration	O
Team	O
(	O
JVET	O
)	O
to	O
evaluate	O
available	O
compression	O
technologies	O
and	O
study	O
the	O
requirements	O
for	O
a	O
next-generation	O
video	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
should	O
also	O
support	O
YCbCr	O
4:4:4	O
,	O
4:2:2	O
and	O
4:2:0	O
with	O
10	O
to	O
16	O
bits	O
per	O
component	O
,	O
BT.2100	B-Device
wide	O
color	O
gamut	O
and	O
high	B-Application
dynamic	I-Application
range	I-Application
(	O
HDR	O
)	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
16	O
stops	O
(	O
with	O
peak	O
brightness	O
of	O
1000	O
,	O
4000	O
and	O
10000	O
nits	O
)	O
,	O
auxiliary	O
channels	O
(	O
for	O
depth	O
,	O
transparency	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
)	O
,	O
variable	O
and	O
fractional	O
frame	O
rates	O
from	O
0	O
to	O
120Hz	O
,	O
scalable	B-Application
video	I-Application
coding	I-Application
for	O
temporal	O
(	O
frame	O
rate	O
)	O
,	O
spatial	O
(	O
resolution	O
)	O
,	O
SNR	O
,	O
color	O
gamut	O
and	O
dynamic	O
range	O
differences	O
,	O
stereo/multiview	O
coding	O
,	O
panoramic	O
formats	O
,	O
and	O
still	O
picture	O
coding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Encoding	O
complexity	O
of	O
10	O
times	O
that	O
of	O
HEVC	B-Algorithm
is	O
expected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JVET	O
issued	O
a	O
final	O
"	O
Call	O
for	O
Proposals	O
"	O
in	O
October	O
2017	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
working	O
draft	O
of	O
the	O
Versatile	B-Algorithm
Video	I-Algorithm
Coding	I-Algorithm
(	O
VVC	O
)	O
standard	O
released	O
in	O
April	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
