<s>
High-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
HD	O
or	O
HDTV	B-Device
)	O
describes	O
a	O
television	O
system	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
substantially	O
higher	O
image	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
than	O
the	O
previous	O
generation	O
of	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
since	O
1936	O
;	O
in	O
more	O
recent	O
times	O
,	O
it	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
generation	O
following	O
standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
SDTV	B-Device
)	O
,	O
often	O
abbreviated	O
to	O
HDTV	B-Device
or	O
HD-TV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
may	O
be	O
transmitted	O
in	O
various	O
formats	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
1080i	O
(	O
1920×1080	O
)	O
interlaced	O
scan	O
:	O
1,036,800	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
~	O
1.04	O
MP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1080p	O
(	O
1920×1080	O
)	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
:	O
2,073,600	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
(	O
~	O
2.07	O
MP	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
transmitted	O
at	O
two	O
megapixels	O
per	O
frame	O
,	O
HDTV	B-Device
provides	O
about	O
five	O
times	O
as	O
many	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
as	O
SD	O
(	O
standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
and	O
higher	O
frame	O
rates	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
picture	O
with	O
less	O
flicker	O
and	O
better	O
rendering	O
of	O
fast	O
motion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
as	O
is	O
known	O
today	O
first	O
started	O
official	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
1989	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
under	O
the	O
MUSE/Hi	O
-Vision	O
analog	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
was	O
widely	O
adopted	O
worldwide	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ongoing	O
competition	O
between	O
companies	O
and	O
nations	O
to	O
create	O
true	O
"	O
HDTV	B-Device
"	O
spanned	O
the	O
entire	O
20th	O
century	O
,	O
as	O
each	O
new	O
system	O
became	O
higher	O
definition	O
than	O
the	O
last	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
2010s	O
,	O
this	O
race	O
has	O
continued	O
with	O
4K	B-Device
,	O
5K	B-Device
and	O
8K	B-Architecture
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
British	O
high-definition	B-Device
TV	I-Device
service	O
started	O
trials	O
in	O
August	O
1936	O
and	O
a	O
regular	O
service	O
on	O
2	O
November	O
1936	O
using	O
both	O
the	O
(	O
mechanical	O
)	O
Baird	O
240	O
line	O
sequential	O
scan	O
(	O
later	O
to	O
be	O
inaccurately	O
rechristened	O
'	O
progressive	O
 '	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
(	O
electronic	O
)	O
Marconi-EMI	O
405	O
line	O
interlaced	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
systems	O
used	O
interlacing	O
and	O
a	O
4:3	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
except	O
the	O
240-line	O
system	O
which	O
was	O
progressive	O
(	O
actually	O
described	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
by	O
the	O
technically	O
correct	O
term	O
"	O
sequential	O
"	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
405-line	O
system	O
which	O
started	O
as	O
5:4	O
and	O
later	O
changed	O
to	O
4:3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
European	O
standards	O
did	O
not	O
follow	O
until	O
the	O
1960s	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
PAL	B-Language
and	O
SECAM	O
color	O
systems	O
were	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
monochrome	O
625-line	O
broadcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NHK	O
set	O
out	O
to	O
create	O
an	O
HDTV	B-Device
system	O
that	O
ended	O
up	O
scoring	O
much	O
higher	O
in	O
subjective	O
tests	O
than	O
NTSC	O
's	O
previously	O
dubbed	O
"	O
HDTV	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
new	O
system	O
,	O
NHK	O
Color	O
,	O
created	O
in	O
1972	O
,	O
included	O
1125	O
lines	O
,	O
a	O
5:3	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
and	O
60Hz	O
refresh	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Society	O
of	O
Motion	O
Picture	O
and	O
Television	O
Engineers	O
(	O
SMPTE	O
)	O
,	O
headed	O
by	O
Charles	O
Ginsburg	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
testing	O
and	O
study	O
authority	O
for	O
HDTV	B-Device
technology	O
in	O
the	O
international	O
theater	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SMPTE	O
would	O
test	O
HDTV	B-Device
systems	O
from	O
different	O
companies	O
from	O
every	O
conceivable	O
perspective	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
combining	O
the	O
different	O
formats	O
plagued	O
the	O
technology	O
for	O
many	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
were	O
four	O
major	O
HDTV	B-Device
systems	O
tested	O
by	O
SMPTE	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
1979	O
an	O
SMPTE	O
study	O
group	O
released	O
A	O
Study	O
of	O
High	B-Device
Definition	I-Device
Television	I-Device
Systems	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
formal	O
adoption	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
broadcasting	I-Application
's	O
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
widescreen	O
HDTV	B-Device
transmission	O
modes	O
in	O
the	O
mid	O
to	O
late	O
2000s	O
;	O
the	O
525-line	O
NTSC	O
(	O
and	O
PAL-M	O
)	O
systems	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
European	O
625-line	O
PAL	B-Language
and	O
SECAM	O
systems	O
,	O
are	O
now	O
regarded	O
as	O
standard	B-Device
definition	I-Device
television	I-Device
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcasting	O
used	O
analog	O
technology	O
,	O
but	O
today	O
it	O
is	O
transmitted	O
digitally	B-Application
and	O
uses	O
video	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1958	O
,	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
developed	O
Тransformator	O
(	O
,	O
meaning	O
Transformer	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
(	O
definition	O
)	O
television	O
system	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
an	O
image	O
composed	O
of	O
1,125	O
lines	O
of	O
resolution	O
aimed	O
at	O
providing	O
teleconferencing	O
for	O
military	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1986	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Community	O
proposed	O
HD-MAC	O
,	O
an	O
analog	O
HDTV	B-Device
system	O
with	O
1,152	O
lines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
HD-MAC	O
was	O
scrapped	O
in	O
1993	O
and	O
the	O
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
project	O
was	O
formed	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
foresee	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
digital	O
HDTV	B-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1979	O
,	O
the	O
Japanese	O
public	O
broadcaster	O
NHK	O
first	O
developed	O
consumer	O
high-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
with	O
a	O
5:3	O
display	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
the	O
MUSE	O
system	O
was	O
demonstrated	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
same	O
5:3	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
as	O
the	O
Japanese	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
visiting	O
a	O
demonstration	O
of	O
MUSE	O
in	O
Washington	O
,	O
US	O
President	O
Ronald	O
Reagan	O
was	O
impressed	O
and	O
officially	O
declared	O
it	O
"	O
a	O
matter	O
of	O
national	O
interest	O
"	O
to	O
introduce	O
HDTV	B-Device
to	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
new	O
standard	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
efficient	O
,	O
needing	O
less	O
bandwidth	O
for	O
HDTV	B-Device
than	O
the	O
existing	O
NTSC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
limited	O
standardization	O
of	O
analog	O
HDTV	B-Device
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
did	O
not	O
lead	O
to	O
global	O
HDTV	B-Device
adoption	O
as	O
technical	O
and	O
economic	O
constraints	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
did	O
not	O
permit	O
HDTV	B-Device
to	O
use	O
bandwidths	O
greater	O
than	O
normal	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
HDTV	B-Device
commercial	O
experiments	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
NHK	O
's	O
MUSE	O
,	O
required	O
over	O
four	O
times	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
a	O
standard-definition	B-Device
broadcast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
efforts	O
made	O
to	O
reduce	O
analog	O
HDTV	B-Device
to	O
about	O
twice	O
the	O
bandwidth	O
of	O
SDTV	B-Device
,	O
these	O
television	O
formats	O
were	O
still	O
distributable	O
only	O
by	O
satellite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
recording	O
and	O
reproducing	O
an	O
HDTV	B-Device
signal	O
was	O
a	O
significant	O
technical	O
challenge	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
years	O
of	O
HDTV	B-Device
(	O
Sony	O
HDVS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
remained	O
the	O
only	O
country	O
with	O
successful	O
public	O
broadcasting	O
of	O
analog	O
HDTV	B-Device
,	O
with	O
seven	O
broadcasters	O
sharing	O
a	O
single	O
channel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Only	O
2,000	O
HDTV	B-Device
sets	O
were	O
sold	O
by	O
that	O
day	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
enthusiastic	O
1.32	O
million	O
estimation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
23	O
,	O
1994	O
,	O
a	O
top	O
broadcasting	O
administrator	O
in	O
Japan	O
admitted	O
failure	O
of	O
its	O
analog-based	O
HDTV	B-Device
system	O
,	O
saying	O
the	O
U.S.	O
digital	O
format	O
would	O
be	O
more	O
likely	O
a	O
worldwide	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
year	O
NHK	O
started	O
development	O
of	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
catch	O
back	O
up	O
to	O
America	O
and	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
resulted	O
in	O
the	O
ISDB	B-Protocol
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Japan	O
started	O
digital	O
satellite	O
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcasting	O
in	O
December	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-definition	O
digital	B-Application
television	I-Application
was	O
not	O
possible	O
with	O
uncompressed	B-Device
video	I-Device
,	O
which	O
requires	O
a	O
bandwidth	O
exceeding	O
1Gbit/s	O
for	O
studio-quality	O
HD	O
digital	O
video	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
HDTV	B-Device
was	O
made	O
possible	O
by	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
video	O
compression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DCT	B-General_Concept
coding	O
is	O
a	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
image	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
technique	O
that	O
was	O
first	O
proposed	O
by	O
Nasir	O
Ahmed	O
in	O
1972	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
later	O
adapted	O
into	O
a	O
motion-compensated	B-Algorithm
DCT	B-General_Concept
algorithm	O
for	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
such	O
as	O
the	O
H.26x	B-Application
formats	O
from	O
1988	O
onwards	O
and	O
the	O
MPEG	O
formats	O
from	O
1993	O
onwards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Motion-compensated	B-Algorithm
DCT	B-General_Concept
compression	O
significantly	O
reduces	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
bandwidth	O
required	O
for	O
a	O
digital	B-Application
TV	I-Application
signal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1991	O
,	O
it	O
had	O
achieved	O
data	B-General_Concept
compression	I-General_Concept
ratios	I-General_Concept
from	O
8:1	O
to	O
14:1	O
for	O
near-studio-quality	O
HDTV	B-Device
transmission	O
,	O
down	O
to	O
70140Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1988	O
and	O
1991	O
,	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
video	O
compression	O
was	O
widely	O
adopted	O
as	O
the	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standard	I-Algorithm
for	O
HDTV	B-Device
implementations	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
practical	O
digital	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dynamic	O
random-access	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
(	O
DRAM	O
)	O
was	O
also	O
adopted	O
as	O
framebuffer	B-Algorithm
semiconductor	B-Architecture
memory	I-Architecture
,	O
with	O
the	O
DRAM	O
semiconductor	O
industry	O
's	O
increased	O
manufacturing	O
and	O
reducing	O
prices	O
important	O
to	O
the	O
commercialization	O
of	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
1972	O
,	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
's	O
radio	O
telecommunications	O
sector	O
(	O
ITU-R	O
)	O
had	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
creating	O
a	O
global	O
recommendation	O
for	O
Analog	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
standardization	O
of	O
MPEG-1	B-Algorithm
in	O
1993	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
acceptance	O
of	O
recommendations	O
ITU-R	B-Device
BT.709	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
anticipation	O
of	O
these	O
standards	O
,	O
the	O
Digital	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Broadcasting	I-Application
(	O
DVB	B-Application
)	O
organisation	O
was	O
formed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DVB	B-Application
develops	O
and	O
agrees	O
upon	O
specifications	O
which	O
are	O
formally	O
standardised	O
by	O
ETSI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DVB	B-Application
created	O
first	O
the	O
standard	O
for	O
DVB-S	O
digital	O
satellite	O
TV	O
,	O
DVB-C	B-Device
digital	O
cable	O
TV	O
and	O
DVB-T	O
digital	O
terrestrial	O
TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
broadcasting	O
systems	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
both	O
SDTV	B-Device
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
the	O
Grand	B-Device
Alliance	I-Device
proposed	O
ATSC	B-Device
as	O
the	O
new	O
standard	O
for	O
SDTV	B-Device
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
ATSC	B-Device
and	O
DVB	B-Application
were	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
standard	O
,	O
although	O
DVB	B-Application
systems	O
may	O
also	O
be	O
used	O
to	O
transmit	O
video	O
using	O
the	O
newer	O
and	O
more	O
efficient	O
H.264/MPEG	B-Application
-4	I-Application
AVC	I-Application
compression	O
standards	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Common	O
for	O
all	O
DVB	B-Application
standards	I-Application
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
highly	O
efficient	O
modulation	O
techniques	O
for	O
further	O
reducing	O
bandwidth	O
,	O
and	O
foremost	O
for	O
reducing	O
receiver-hardware	O
and	O
antenna	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
International	O
Telecommunication	O
Union	O
's	O
radio	O
telecommunications	O
sector	O
(	O
ITU-R	O
)	O
set	O
up	O
a	O
working	O
party	O
(	O
IWP11/6	O
)	O
with	O
the	O
aim	O
of	O
setting	O
a	O
single	O
international	O
HDTV	B-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
comprehensive	O
HDTV	B-Device
standard	O
was	O
not	O
in	O
the	O
end	O
established	O
,	O
agreement	O
on	O
the	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
was	O
achieved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
the	O
existing	O
5:3	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
had	O
been	O
the	O
main	O
candidate	O
but	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
influence	O
of	O
widescreen	O
cinema	O
,	O
the	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
16:9	O
(	O
1.78	O
)	O
eventually	O
emerged	O
as	O
being	O
a	O
reasonable	O
compromise	O
between	O
5:3	O
(	O
1.67	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
common	O
1.85	O
widescreen	O
cinema	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
of	O
16:9	O
was	O
duly	O
agreed	O
upon	O
at	O
the	O
first	O
meeting	O
of	O
the	O
IWP11/6	O
working	O
party	O
at	O
the	B-Application
BBC	I-Application
's	I-Application
Research	I-Application
and	I-Application
Development	I-Application
establishment	O
in	O
Kingswood	O
Warren	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
709	O
"	O
)	O
includes	O
the	O
16:9	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
,	O
a	O
specified	O
colorimetry	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
scan	O
modes	O
1080i	O
(	O
1,080	O
actively	O
interlaced	O
lines	O
of	O
resolution	O
)	O
and	O
1080p	O
(	O
1,080	O
progressively	B-Device
scanned	I-Device
lines	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
According	O
to	O
some	O
reports	O
,	O
a	O
mooted	O
750-line	O
(	O
720p	O
)	O
format	O
(	O
720	O
progressively	B-Device
scanned	I-Device
lines	O
)	O
was	O
viewed	O
by	O
some	O
at	O
the	O
ITU	O
as	O
an	O
enhanced	O
television	O
format	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
true	B-Device
HDTV	I-Device
format	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
was	O
not	O
included	O
,	O
although	O
1920×1080i	O
and	O
1280×720p	O
systems	O
for	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
frame	O
and	O
field	O
rates	O
were	O
defined	O
by	O
several	O
US	O
SMPTE	O
standards	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
technology	O
was	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
and	O
made	O
official	O
in	O
1993	O
by	O
the	O
Digital	B-Device
HDTV	I-Device
Grand	I-Device
Alliance	I-Device
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
television	O
,	O
electronic	O
equipment	O
,	O
communications	O
companies	O
consisting	O
of	O
AT&T	O
Bell	O
Labs	O
,	O
General	O
Instrument	O
,	O
Philips	O
,	O
Sarnoff	O
,	O
Thomson	O
,	O
Zenith	O
and	O
the	O
Massachusetts	O
Institute	O
of	O
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Field	O
testing	O
of	O
HDTV	B-Device
at	O
199	O
sites	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
was	O
completed	O
August	O
14	O
,	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
public	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcast	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
occurred	O
on	O
July	O
23	O
,	O
1996	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
Raleigh	O
,	O
North	O
Carolina	O
television	O
station	O
WRAL-HD	O
began	O
broadcasting	O
from	O
the	O
existing	O
tower	O
of	O
WRAL-TV	O
southeast	O
of	O
Raleigh	O
,	O
winning	O
a	O
race	O
to	O
be	O
first	O
with	O
the	O
HD	O
Model	O
Station	O
in	O
Washington	O
,	O
D.C.	O
,	O
which	O
began	O
broadcasting	O
July	O
31	O
,	O
1996	O
with	O
the	O
callsign	O
WHD-TV	O
,	O
based	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
facilities	O
of	O
NBC	O
owned	O
and	O
operated	O
station	O
WRC-TV	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
American	O
Advanced	B-Device
Television	I-Device
Systems	I-Device
Committee	I-Device
(	O
ATSC	B-Device
)	O
HDTV	B-Device
system	O
had	O
its	O
public	O
launch	O
on	O
October	O
29	O
,	O
1998	O
,	O
during	O
the	O
live	O
coverage	O
of	O
astronaut	O
John	O
Glenn	O
's	O
return	O
mission	O
to	O
space	O
on	O
board	O
the	O
Space	O
Shuttle	O
Discovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1988	O
and	O
1991	O
,	O
several	O
European	O
organizations	O
were	O
working	O
on	O
discrete	B-General_Concept
cosine	I-General_Concept
transform	I-General_Concept
(	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
)	O
based	O
digital	O
video	B-Algorithm
coding	I-Algorithm
standards	I-Algorithm
for	O
both	O
SDTV	B-Device
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
EU	O
256	O
project	O
by	O
the	O
CMTT	O
and	O
ETSI	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
research	O
by	O
Italian	O
broadcaster	O
RAI	O
,	O
developed	O
a	O
DCT	B-General_Concept
video	B-Application
codec	I-Application
that	O
broadcast	O
near-studio-quality	O
HDTV	B-Device
transmission	O
at	O
about	O
70140Mbit/s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
HDTV	B-Device
transmissions	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
albeit	O
not	O
direct-to-home	O
,	O
began	O
in	O
1990	O
,	O
when	O
RAI	O
broadcast	O
the	O
1990	O
FIFA	O
World	O
Cup	O
using	O
several	O
experimental	O
HDTV	B-Device
technologies	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
digital	O
DCT-based	O
EU	O
256	O
codec	O
,	O
the	O
mixed	O
analog-digital	O
HD-MAC	O
technology	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
analog	O
MUSE	O
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
connection	O
with	O
Spain	O
was	O
made	O
via	O
the	O
Olympus	O
satellite	O
link	O
from	O
Rome	O
to	O
Barcelona	O
and	O
then	O
with	O
a	O
fiber	B-Architecture
optic	I-Architecture
connection	O
from	O
Barcelona	O
to	O
Madrid	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
some	O
HDTV	B-Device
transmissions	O
in	O
Europe	O
,	O
the	O
standard	O
was	O
abandoned	O
in	O
1993	O
,	O
to	O
be	O
replaced	O
by	O
a	O
digital	O
format	O
from	O
DVB	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Test	O
transmissions	O
had	O
been	O
active	O
since	O
the	O
IBC	O
exhibition	O
in	O
September	O
2003	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
New	O
Year	O
's	O
Day	O
broadcast	O
marked	O
the	O
official	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
HD1	O
channel	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
official	O
start	O
of	O
direct-to-home	O
HDTV	B-Device
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Euro1080	O
,	O
a	O
division	O
of	O
the	O
former	O
and	O
now	O
bankrupt	O
Belgian	O
TV	O
services	O
company	O
Alfacam	O
,	O
broadcast	O
HDTV	B-Device
channels	O
to	O
break	O
the	O
pan-European	O
stalemate	O
of	O
"	O
no	O
HD	O
broadcasts	O
mean	O
no	O
HD	B-Device
TVs	I-Device
bought	O
means	O
no	O
HD	O
broadcasts	O
...	O
"	O
and	O
kick-start	O
HDTV	B-Device
interest	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
first	O
European	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcasts	O
used	O
the	O
1080i	O
format	O
with	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
compression	O
on	O
a	O
DVB-S	O
signal	O
from	O
SES	O
's	O
Astra	O
1H	O
satellite	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Euro1080	O
transmissions	O
later	O
changed	O
to	O
MPEG-4/AVC	O
compression	O
on	O
a	O
DVB-S2	O
signal	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
subsequent	O
broadcast	O
channels	O
in	O
Europe	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
delays	O
in	O
some	O
countries	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
European	O
HD	O
channels	O
and	O
viewers	O
has	O
risen	O
steadily	O
since	O
the	O
first	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcasts	O
,	O
with	O
SES	O
's	O
annual	O
Satellite	O
Monitor	O
market	O
survey	O
for	O
2010	O
reporting	O
more	O
than	O
200	O
commercial	O
channels	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
HD	O
from	O
Astra	O
satellites	O
,	O
185	O
million	O
HD	O
capable	O
TVs	O
sold	O
in	O
Europe	O
( £60	O
million	O
in	O
2010	O
alone	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
20	O
million	O
households	O
(	O
27%	O
of	O
all	O
European	O
digital	O
satellite	O
TV	O
homes	O
)	O
watching	O
HD	O
satellite	O
broadcasts	O
(	O
16	O
million	O
via	O
Astra	O
satellites	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
European	O
country	O
to	O
deploy	O
high-definition	O
content	O
using	O
the	O
new	O
DVB-T2	B-Protocol
transmission	O
standard	O
,	O
as	O
specified	O
in	O
the	O
Digital	B-Application
TV	I-Application
Group	O
(	O
DTG	O
)	O
D-book	B-Device
,	O
on	O
digital	O
terrestrial	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Freeview	O
HD	O
service	O
currently	O
contains	O
13	O
HD	O
channels	O
(	O
)	O
and	O
was	O
rolled	O
out	O
region	O
by	O
region	O
across	O
the	O
UK	O
in	O
accordance	O
with	O
the	O
digital	B-Device
switchover	I-Device
process	O
,	O
finally	O
being	O
completed	O
in	O
October	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Freeview	O
HD	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
first	O
HDTV	B-Device
service	O
over	O
digital	O
terrestrial	O
television	O
in	O
Europe	O
;	O
Italy	O
's	O
Rai	O
HD	O
channel	O
started	O
broadcasting	O
in	O
1080i	O
on	O
April	O
24	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
DVB-T	O
transmission	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2008	O
,	O
France	O
deployed	O
five	O
high	O
definition	O
channels	O
using	O
DVB-T	O
transmission	O
standard	O
on	O
digital	O
terrestrial	O
distribution	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
broadcast	O
systems	O
are	O
identified	O
with	O
three	O
major	O
parameters	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Frame	O
size	O
in	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
is	O
defined	O
as	O
number	O
of	O
horizontal	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
×	O
number	O
of	O
vertical	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
for	O
example	O
1280	O
×	O
720	O
or	O
1920	O
×	O
1080	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
horizontal	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
is	O
implied	O
from	O
context	O
and	O
is	O
omitted	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
of	O
720p	O
and	O
1080p	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scanning	O
system	O
is	O
identified	O
with	O
the	O
letter	O
p	O
for	O
progressive	B-Device
scanning	I-Device
or	O
i	O
for	O
interlaced	O
scanning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
1920×1080p25	O
identifies	O
progressive	B-Device
scanning	I-Device
format	O
with	O
25	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
each	O
frame	O
being	O
1,920	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
and	O
1,080	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1080i25	O
or	O
1080i50	O
notation	O
identifies	O
interlaced	O
scanning	O
format	O
with	O
25	O
frames	O
(	O
50	O
fields	O
)	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
each	O
frame	O
being	O
1,920	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
and	O
1,080	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1080i30	O
or	O
1080i60	O
notation	O
identifies	O
interlaced	O
scanning	O
format	O
with	O
30	O
frames	O
(	O
60	O
fields	O
)	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
each	O
frame	O
being	O
1,920	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
wide	O
and	O
1,080	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
high	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
720p60	O
notation	O
identifies	O
progressive	B-Device
scanning	I-Device
format	O
with	O
60	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
each	O
frame	O
being	O
720	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
high	O
;	O
1,280	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
horizontally	O
are	O
implied	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
days	O
of	O
standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
,	O
the	O
fractional	O
rates	O
were	O
often	O
rounded	O
up	O
to	O
whole	O
numbers	O
,	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Sixty	O
Hertz	O
high	B-Device
definition	I-Device
television	I-Device
supports	O
both	O
fractional	O
and	O
slightly	O
different	O
integer	O
rates	O
,	O
therefore	O
strict	O
usage	O
of	O
notation	O
is	O
required	O
to	O
avoid	O
ambiguity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
24p	O
means	O
24	O
progressive	B-Device
scan	I-Device
frames	O
per	O
second	O
,	O
and	O
50i	O
means	O
25	O
interlaced	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
single	O
standard	O
for	O
HDTV	B-Device
color	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
HDTV	B-Device
systems	O
support	O
resolutions	O
and	O
frame	O
rates	O
defined	O
either	O
in	O
the	O
ATSC	B-Device
table	O
3	O
,	O
or	O
in	O
EBU	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
format	O
supported	O
[	O
image	O
resolution ]	O
Native	O
resolution	O
[	O
inherent	O
resolution ]	O
(	O
W×H	O
)	O
Pixels	B-Algorithm
Aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
(	O
W:H	O
)	O
Description	O
Actual	O
Advertised	O
(	O
Megapixels	O
)	O
Image	O
Pixel	B-Device
720p(HD ready )	O
1280×720	O
1024×768XGA	O
786,432	O
0.8	O
4:3	O
1:1	O
Typically	O
a	O
PC	O
resolution	O
(	O
XGA	B-Device
)	O
;	O
also	O
a	O
native	O
resolution	O
on	O
many	O
entry-level	O
plasma	O
displays	O
with	O
non-square	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
1280×720	O
921,600	O
0.9	O
16:9	O
1:1	O
Standard	O
HDTV	B-Device
resolution	O
and	O
a	O
typical	O
PC	O
resolution	O
(	O
WXGA	O
)	O
,	O
frequently	O
used	O
by	O
high-end	O
video	B-Device
projectors	I-Device
;	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
750-line	O
video	O
,	O
as	O
defined	O
in	O
SMPTE	O
296M	O
,	O
ATSC	B-Device
A/53	O
,	O
ITU-R	O
BT.1543	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
16:9	O
)	O
1:1	O
A	O
typical	O
PC	O
resolution	O
(	O
WXGA	O
)	O
;	O
also	O
used	O
by	O
many	O
HD	O
ready	O
TV	O
displays	O
based	O
on	O
LCD	B-Device
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1080p/1080i	O
( Full	O
HD	O
)	O
1920×1080	O
1920×1080	O
2,073,600	O
2.1	O
16:9	O
1:1	O
Standard	O
HDTV	B-Device
resolution	O
,	O
used	O
by	O
full	O
HD	O
and	O
HD	O
ready	O
1080p	O
TV	O
displays	O
such	O
as	O
high-end	O
LCD	B-Device
,	O
plasma	O
and	O
rear	O
projection	O
TVs	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
typical	O
PC	O
resolution	O
(	O
lower	O
than	O
WUXGA	O
)	O
;	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
1125-line	O
video	O
,	O
as	O
defined	O
in	O
SMPTE	O
274M	O
,	O
ATSC	B-Device
A/53	O
,	O
ITU-R	B-Device
BT.709	I-Device
;	O
</s>
<s>
Video	O
format	O
supported	O
Screen	O
resolution	O
(	O
W×H	O
)	O
Pixels	B-Algorithm
Aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
(	O
W:H	O
)	O
Description	O
Actual	O
Advertised	O
(	O
Megapixels	O
)	O
Image	O
Pixel	B-Device
720p(HD Ready )	O
1280×720	O
1248×702Clean	O
Aperture	O
876,096	O
0.9	O
16:9	O
1:1	O
Used	O
for	O
750-line	O
video	O
with	O
faster	O
artifact/overscan	O
compensation	O
,	O
as	O
defined	O
in	O
SMPTE	O
296M	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
a	O
minimum	O
,	O
HDTV	B-Device
has	O
twice	O
the	O
linear	O
resolution	O
of	O
standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
(	O
SDTV	B-Device
)	O
,	O
thus	O
showing	O
greater	O
detail	O
than	O
either	O
analog	O
television	O
or	O
regular	O
DVD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technical	O
standards	O
for	O
broadcasting	O
HDTV	B-Device
also	O
handle	O
the	O
16:9	O
aspect	B-Device
ratio	I-Device
images	O
without	O
using	O
letterboxing	O
or	O
anamorphic	O
stretching	O
,	O
thus	O
increasing	O
the	O
effective	O
image	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
very	O
high-resolution	B-Algorithm
source	O
may	O
require	O
more	O
bandwidth	O
than	O
available	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
transmitted	O
without	O
loss	O
of	O
fidelity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lossy	B-Algorithm
compression	I-Algorithm
that	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
all	O
digital	O
HDTV	B-Device
storage	O
and	O
transmission	O
systems	O
will	O
distort	O
the	O
received	O
picture	O
when	O
compared	O
to	O
the	O
uncompressed	O
source	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ATSC	B-Device
and	O
DVB	B-Application
define	O
the	O
following	O
frame	O
rates	O
for	O
use	O
with	O
the	O
various	O
broadcast	O
standards	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
PAL	B-Language
,	O
SECAM	O
and	O
NTSC	O
frame	O
rates	O
technically	O
apply	O
only	O
to	O
analogue	O
standard-definition	B-Device
television	I-Device
,	O
not	O
to	O
digital	O
or	O
high	O
definition	O
broadcasts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
rollout	O
of	O
digital	O
broadcasting	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
HDTV	B-Device
broadcasting	O
,	O
countries	O
retained	O
their	O
heritage	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
in	O
former	O
PAL	B-Language
and	O
SECAM	O
countries	O
operates	O
at	O
a	O
frame	O
rate	O
of	O
25/50Hz	O
,	O
while	O
HDTV	B-Device
in	O
former	O
NTSC	O
countries	O
operates	O
at	O
30/60Hz	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
US	O
,	O
residents	O
in	O
the	O
line	O
of	O
sight	O
of	O
television	O
station	O
broadcast	O
antennas	O
can	O
receive	O
free	O
,	O
over-the-air	O
programming	O
with	O
a	O
television	O
set	O
with	O
an	O
ATSC	B-Device
tuner	I-Device
via	O
a	O
TV	O
aerial	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
35mm	O
photographic	O
film	O
used	O
for	O
cinema	O
projection	O
has	O
a	O
much	O
higher	O
image	B-Algorithm
resolution	I-Algorithm
than	O
HDTV	B-Device
systems	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
exposed	O
and	O
projected	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
24	O
frames	O
per	O
second	O
(	O
frame/s	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
be	O
shown	O
on	O
standard	O
television	O
,	O
in	O
PAL-system	O
countries	O
,	O
cinema	O
film	O
is	O
scanned	O
at	O
the	O
TV	O
rate	O
of	O
25	O
frame/s	O
,	O
causing	O
a	O
speedup	O
of	O
4.1	O
percent	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
generally	O
considered	O
acceptable	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Non-cinematic	O
HDTV	B-Device
video	O
recordings	O
intended	O
for	O
broadcast	O
are	O
typically	O
recorded	O
either	O
in	O
720p	O
or	O
1080i	O
format	O
as	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
broadcaster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
720p	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
for	O
Internet	O
distribution	O
of	O
high-definition	O
video	O
,	O
because	O
most	O
computer	O
monitors	O
operate	O
in	O
progressive-scan	B-Device
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HDTV	B-Device
can	O
be	O
recorded	O
to	O
D-VHS	O
(	O
Digital-VHS	O
or	O
Data-VHS	O
)	O
,	O
W-VHS	O
(	O
analog	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
an	O
HDTV-capable	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorder	I-Application
(	O
for	O
example	O
DirecTV	O
's	O
high-definition	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorder	I-Application
,	O
Sky	O
HD	O
's	O
set-top	O
box	O
,	O
Dish	O
Network	O
's	O
VIP	O
622	O
or	O
VIP	O
722	O
high-definition	O
digital	B-Application
video	I-Application
recorder	I-Application
receivers	O
(	O
these	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
allow	O
for	O
HD	O
on	O
the	O
Primary	O
TV	O
and	O
SD	O
on	O
the	O
secondary	O
TV	O
(	O
TV2	O
)	O
without	O
a	O
secondary	O
box	O
on	O
TV2	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
TiVo	B-Application
's	O
Series	O
3	O
or	O
HD	O
recorders	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
HDTV-ready	O
HTPC	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
cable	O
boxes	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
receiving	O
or	O
recording	O
two	O
or	O
more	O
broadcasts	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
in	O
HDTV	B-Device
format	O
,	O
and	O
HDTV	B-Device
programming	O
,	O
some	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
monthly	O
cable	O
service	O
subscription	O
price	O
,	O
some	O
for	O
an	O
additional	O
fee	O
,	O
can	O
be	O
played	O
back	O
with	O
the	O
cable	O
company	O
's	O
on-demand	O
feature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2008	O
,	O
the	O
Hauppauge	O
1212	O
Personal	B-Application
Video	I-Application
Recorder	I-Application
was	O
introduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
device	O
accepts	O
HD	O
content	O
through	O
component	O
video	O
inputs	O
and	O
stores	O
the	O
content	O
in	O
MPEG-2	B-Algorithm
format	O
in	O
a	O
.ts	O
file	O
or	O
in	O
a	O
Blu-ray-compatible	O
format	O
.m2ts	O
file	O
on	O
the	O
hard	O
drive	O
or	O
DVD	O
burner	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
PVR	O
through	O
a	O
USB	O
2.0	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
FCC	O
's	O
plug	O
and	O
play	O
agreement	O
,	O
cable	O
companies	O
are	O
required	O
to	O
provide	O
customers	O
who	O
rent	O
HD	O
set-top	O
boxes	O
with	O
a	O
set-top	O
box	O
with	O
"	O
functional	O
"	O
FireWire	B-Protocol
(	O
IEEE	B-Protocol
1394	I-Protocol
)	O
on	O
request	O
.	O
</s>
