<s>
Research	O
on	O
the	O
health	B-Device
and	I-Device
safety	I-Device
hazards	I-Device
of	I-Device
3D	I-Device
printing	I-Device
is	O
new	O
and	O
in	O
development	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
recent	O
proliferation	O
of	O
3D	O
printing	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
the	O
European	O
Agency	O
for	O
Safety	O
and	O
Health	O
at	O
Work	O
has	O
published	O
a	O
discussion	O
paper	O
on	O
the	O
processes	O
and	O
materials	O
involved	O
in	O
3D	O
printing	O
,	O
potential	O
implications	O
of	O
this	O
technology	O
for	O
occupational	O
safety	O
and	O
health	O
and	O
avenues	O
for	O
controlling	O
potential	O
hazards	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Workers	O
may	O
also	O
inadvertently	O
transport	O
materials	O
outside	O
the	O
workplace	O
on	O
their	O
shoes	O
,	O
garments	O
,	O
and	O
body	O
,	O
which	O
may	O
pose	O
hazards	B-General_Concept
for	O
other	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Institute	O
for	O
Occupational	O
Safety	O
and	O
Health	O
(	O
IFA	O
)	O
together	O
with	O
German	O
social	O
accident	O
insurance	O
institutions	O
conducted	O
a	O
measurement	O
programme	O
on	O
inhalation	O
exposure	O
to	O
hazardous	O
substances	O
during	O
laser	O
deposition	O
welding	O
and	O
laser	O
beam	O
melting	O
with	O
alloyed	O
steels	O
and	O
nickel-	O
,	O
aluminium	O
-	O
and	O
titanium-based	O
alloys	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
chromium(VI )	O
compounds	O
were	O
detected	O
in	O
the	O
workplace	O
air	O
during	O
the	O
process	O
when	O
materials	O
containing	O
chromium	B-Language
were	O
processed	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
assessment	O
criteria	O
were	O
complied	O
with	O
during	O
processes	O
with	O
the	O
other	O
metal	O
powders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
hazards	B-General_Concept
include	O
burns	O
from	O
hot	O
surfaces	O
such	O
as	O
lamps	O
and	O
print	O
head	O
blocks	O
,	O
exposure	O
to	O
laser	O
or	O
ultraviolet	O
radiation	O
,	O
electrical	O
shock	O
,	O
mechanical	O
injury	O
from	O
being	O
struck	O
by	O
moving	O
parts	O
,	O
and	O
noise	O
and	O
ergonomic	O
hazards	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hazards	B-General_Concept
to	O
health	O
and	O
safety	O
also	O
exist	O
from	O
post-processing	O
activities	O
done	O
to	O
finish	O
parts	O
after	O
they	O
have	O
been	O
printed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hazard	B-General_Concept
controls	O
include	O
using	O
manufacturer-supplied	O
covers	O
and	O
full	O
enclosures	O
,	O
using	O
proper	O
ventilation	O
,	O
keeping	O
workers	O
away	O
from	O
the	O
printer	O
,	O
using	O
respirators	O
,	O
turning	O
off	O
the	O
printer	O
if	O
it	O
jammed	O
,	O
and	O
using	O
lower	O
emission	O
printers	O
and	O
filaments	O
.	O
</s>
