<s>
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
(	O
Chinese	O
name	O
:	O
健康码	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
application	O
used	O
during	O
COVID-19	O
in	O
mainland	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
over	O
200	O
cities	O
and	O
20	O
provinces	O
employed	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
supported	O
by	O
Alipay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
run	O
by	O
different	O
localities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zhou	O
Jiangyong	O
,	O
a	O
government	O
officer	O
in	O
Hangzhou	O
,	O
suggested	O
the	O
issuance	O
of	O
a	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
9	O
,	O
Shenzhen	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
city	O
to	O
promote	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
22	O
,	O
the	O
Hangzhou	O
Municipal	O
Health	O
Commission	O
held	O
a	O
special	O
meeting	O
to	O
promote	O
the	O
normalized	O
use	O
of	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
formulated	O
in	O
the	O
originally	O
collected	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
to	O
integrate	O
electronic	O
medical	O
records	O
,	O
health	O
checkups	O
,	O
and	O
lifestyle	O
management	O
data	O
to	O
compare	O
users’	O
health	O
indicators	O
with	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
colors	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
personal	O
health	O
index	O
ranking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
predecessor	O
of	O
this	O
program	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
back	O
to	O
the	O
"	O
Enterprise	O
Employee	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
"	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
DingTalk	O
,	O
a	O
subsidiary	O
of	O
Alibaba	O
that	O
provides	O
support	O
for	O
enterprise	O
employee	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
Hangzhou	O
Municipal	O
People	O
's	O
Government	O
promoted	O
the	O
restart	O
of	O
the	O
economy	O
and	O
epidemic	O
prevention	O
needs	O
,	O
decided	O
to	O
cooperate	O
with	O
DingTalk	O
,	O
Alipay	O
and	O
other	O
enterprises	O
to	O
develop	O
Hangzhou	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zheng	O
Rongxin	O
,	O
director	O
of	O
Hangzhou	O
's	O
Data	O
Resources	O
Management	O
Bureau	O
,	O
has	O
said	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
"	O
Hangzhou	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
is	O
a	O
simplified	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
corporate	O
employee	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
,	O
and	O
another	O
network	O
enterprise	O
Tencent	O
also	O
almost	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
put	O
into	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individuals	O
can	O
choose	O
Alipay	O
,	O
WeChat	O
,	O
provincial	O
government	O
service	O
clients	O
or	O
mini	O
programs	O
to	O
declare	O
personal	O
data	O
and	O
receive	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apply	O
for	O
the	O
epidemic	O
prevention	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
in	O
Alipay	O
and	O
WeChat	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
data	O
will	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
the	O
national	O
government	O
platform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
foreigners	O
,	O
some	O
local	O
governments	O
have	O
also	O
introduced	O
the	O
English	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Considering	O
that	O
some	O
elderly	O
and	O
children	O
cannot	O
apply	O
for	O
a	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
without	O
a	O
smart	O
phone	O
,	O
some	O
places	O
have	O
launched	O
a	O
service	O
to	O
apply	O
for	O
a	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
on	O
an	O
agency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
instead	O
of	O
a	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
students	O
enter	O
the	O
school	O
,	O
they	O
can	O
read	O
the	O
card	O
on	O
the	O
machine	O
to	O
determine	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
status	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
in	O
various	O
parts	O
of	O
mainland	O
China	O
are	O
led	O
by	O
local	O
governments	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
data	O
comes	O
from	O
the	O
information	O
declared	O
by	O
local	O
big	O
data	O
centers	O
and	O
users	O
themselves	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
run	O
by	O
algorithms	O
and	O
rules	O
formulated	O
by	O
the	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
of	O
personal	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
mainly	O
comes	O
from	O
big	O
data	O
;	O
coupled	O
with	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
roaming	O
and	O
positioning	O
across	O
provinces	O
and	O
cities	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
clearly	O
confirm	O
the	O
personal	O
track	O
within	O
14	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Personal	O
data	O
includes	O
traffic	O
data	O
,	O
operator	O
data	O
,	O
financial	O
institution	O
payment	O
data	O
,	O
etc.	O
,	O
to	O
achieve	O
accurate	O
and	O
traceable	O
epidemic	O
prevention	O
and	O
control	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
is	O
divided	O
into	O
three-color	O
dynamic	O
management	O
of	O
"	O
green	O
code	O
,	O
yellow	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
red	O
code	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Yellow	O
and	O
red	O
indicate	O
that	O
the	O
person	O
is	O
a	O
close	O
contact	O
who	O
needs	O
isolation	O
or	O
medical	O
observation	O
,	O
or	O
is	O
a	O
person	O
from	O
a	O
key	O
country	O
or	O
region	O
of	O
the	O
epidemic	O
and	O
who	O
has	O
been	O
in	O
the	O
corresponding	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
for	O
less	O
than	O
14	O
days	O
,	O
or	O
a	O
confirmed	O
case	O
of	O
new	O
coronary	O
pneumonia	O
who	O
has	O
not	O
recovered	O
,	O
for	O
which	O
a	O
suspected	O
case	O
has	O
not	O
been	O
ruled	O
out	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
some	O
cities	O
require	O
people	O
who	O
have	O
been	O
given	O
red	O
and	O
yellow	O
codes	O
to	O
complete	O
the	O
health	O
check-in	O
continuously	O
before	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
converted	O
to	O
green	O
codes.For	O
example	O
,	O
in	O
Shanghai	B-Device
,	O
anyone	O
who	O
has	O
no	O
evidence	O
of	O
a	O
negative	O
COVID-19	O
test	O
before	O
March	O
16	O
will	O
have	O
a	O
yellow	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
Beijing	O
,	O
travellers	O
from	O
areas	O
with	O
COVID-19	O
cases	O
will	O
get	O
a	O
yellow	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Civil	O
Aviation	O
Administration	O
of	O
China	O
and	O
General	O
Administration	O
of	O
Customs	O
required	O
all	O
Chinese	O
citizens	O
and	O
eligible	O
alien	O
visitors	O
taking	O
flights	O
to	O
China	O
to	O
fill	O
out	O
questionnaires	O
(	O
A-1	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
International	O
Version	O
to	O
obtain	O
a	O
green	O
code	O
to	O
board	O
day	O
by	O
day	O
starting	O
from	O
14	O
days	O
before	O
departure	O
and	O
required	O
that	O
it	O
be	O
verified	O
by	O
airline	O
's	O
ground	O
staffs	O
for	O
check-in	O
and	O
boarding	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Chinese	O
government	O
promulgated	O
the	O
Announcement	O
on	O
the	O
Boarding	O
of	O
Passengers	O
on	O
Flights	O
to	O
China	O
with	O
a	O
Negative	O
Test	O
Certification	O
for	O
the	O
Novel	O
Coronavirus	O
Test	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
passengers	O
to	O
undergo	O
nucleic	O
acid	O
testing	O
(	O
PCR	O
)	O
to	O
apply	O
for	O
a	O
green	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
before	O
taking	O
the	O
flight	O
to	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
International	O
Version	O
added	O
a	O
"	O
PCR	O
code	O
"	O
entry	O
(	O
B-1	O
)	O
on	O
July	O
27	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Passengers	O
will	O
obtain	O
a	O
green	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
with	O
the	O
"	O
HS	O
"	O
(	O
PCR	O
testing	O
in	O
Pinyin	O
)	O
mark	O
after	O
uploading	O
a	O
negative	O
PCR	O
COVID	O
test	O
certificate	O
and	O
being	O
reviewed	O
by	O
the	O
embassy	O
or	O
consulate	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
of	O
departure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
October	O
,	O
requirements	O
for	O
obtaining	O
a	O
green	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
were	O
modified	O
,	O
a	O
negative	O
Antibody	O
test	O
(	O
IgM	O
)	O
was	O
added	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
the	O
existing	O
PCR	O
test	O
,	O
and	O
such	O
COVID	O
tests	O
should	O
be	O
conducted	O
only	O
in	O
the	O
city	O
where	O
the	O
direct-flight	O
to	O
China	O
depart	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
place	O
code	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
two-dimensional	O
code	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
system	O
for	O
key	O
places	O
,	O
which	O
identifies	O
the	O
location	O
of	O
the	O
place	O
,	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
place	O
and	O
other	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Place	O
code	O
is	O
a	O
proprietary	O
two-dimensional	O
code	O
used	O
by	O
personnel	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
key	O
places	O
,	O
is	O
an	O
independent	O
identification	O
code	O
generated	O
by	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
system	O
for	O
key	O
places	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
automated	O
registration	O
of	O
information	O
through	O
the	O
place	O
code	O
for	O
people	O
entering	O
and	O
leaving	O
the	O
place	O
,	O
while	O
verifying	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
status	O
information	O
of	O
people	O
entering	O
and	O
leaving	O
the	O
place	O
;	O
after	O
sweeping	O
the	O
place	O
code	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
will	O
automatically	O
jump	O
to	O
the	O
health	O
status	O
information	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
repeat	O
the	O
bright	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
"	O
,	O
a	O
reporter	O
from	O
the	O
"	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
"	O
analyzed	O
the	O
"	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
"	O
code	O
and	O
found	O
that	O
the	O
system	O
can	O
not	O
only	O
determine	O
whether	O
someone	O
is	O
at	O
risk	O
of	O
infection	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
share	O
user	O
information	O
with	O
public	O
security	O
agencies	O
to	O
monitor	O
their	O
location	O
and	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wang	O
Songlian	O
,	O
a	O
researcher	O
at	O
Human	O
Rights	O
Watch	O
in	O
China	O
,	O
believes	O
that	O
the	O
"	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
"	O
is	O
"	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
milestones	O
in	O
the	O
history	O
of	O
China	O
's	O
large-scale	O
surveillance	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
a	O
Hubei	O
native	O
who	O
returned	O
to	O
work	O
in	O
Shanghai	B-Device
was	O
given	O
a	O
red	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
people	O
's	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
suddenly	O
changed	O
color	O
in	O
front	O
of	O
the	O
station	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hangzhou	O
Municipal	O
Health	O
Commission	O
launched	O
a	O
plan	O
on	O
May	O
22	O
,	O
intending	O
to	O
integrate	O
the	O
original	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
with	O
more	O
personal	O
health	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
build	O
an	O
overall	O
health	O
scoring	O
system	O
for	O
comparison	O
and	O
ranking	O
with	O
different	O
citizens	O
,	O
communities	O
and	O
companies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
critics	O
pointed	O
out	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
a	O
blind	O
collusion	O
between	O
business	O
and	O
administration	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
bad	O
example	O
to	O
propose	O
an	O
upgrade	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
in	O
a	O
model	O
city	O
of	O
e-government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
several	O
reported	O
cases	O
of	O
people	O
traveling	O
to	O
protests	O
having	O
their	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
QR	O
codes	O
inexplicably	O
turn	O
red	O
before	O
or	O
during	O
their	O
travel	O
,	O
and	O
evidence	O
was	O
found	O
suggesting	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
intentionally	O
done	O
to	O
stifle	O
their	O
ability	O
to	O
protest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
December	O
2020	O
,	O
"	O
Beijing	O
Healthbao	O
"	O
(	O
Beijing	O
's	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
,	O
)	O
was	O
exposed	O
to	O
a	O
personal	O
information	O
leakage	O
incident	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
beginning	O
of	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
there	O
were	O
multiple	O
system	O
omissions	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
inability	O
to	O
modify	O
personal	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
automatically	O
log	O
in	O
to	O
37	O
degrees	O
of	O
body	O
temperature	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
communication	O
big	O
data	O
itinerary	O
card	O
used	O
to	O
assist	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
and	O
confirm	O
the	O
itinerary	O
within	O
14	O
days	O
also	O
has	O
the	O
problem	O
of	O
overlapping	O
signals	O
near	O
the	O
provincial	O
border	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
it	O
shows	O
that	O
you	O
have	O
visited	O
a	O
neighboring	O
province	O
without	O
leaving	O
the	O
province	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
VOA	O
reports	O
,	O
Taiwan	O
’s	O
artificial	O
intelligence	O
,	O
machine	O
deep	O
learning	O
expert	O
,	O
and	O
associate	O
professor	O
of	O
electrical	O
engineering	O
at	O
National	O
Tsinghua	O
University	O
,	O
Li	O
Qi	O
,	O
believes	O
that	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
special	O
situations	O
and	O
involves	O
sensitive	O
issues	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
spread	O
of	O
the	O
epidemic	O
or	O
groups	O
at	O
high	O
risk	O
of	O
infection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
morning	O
of	O
May	O
6	O
,	O
2020	O
(	O
the	O
first	O
working	O
day	O
after	O
the	O
May	O
1st	O
Labor	O
Day	O
holiday	O
)	O
,	O
a	O
large-scale	O
failure	O
of	O
the	O
Hangzhou	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
occurred	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Subsequently	O
,	O
the	O
Hangzhou	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
Work	O
Class	O
stated	O
that	O
this	O
was	O
caused	O
by	O
an	O
unstable	O
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
may	O
also	O
be	O
faked	O
in	O
places	O
where	O
only	O
visual	O
inspection	O
(	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
actually	O
scanning	O
the	O
QR	O
code	O
)	O
is	O
performed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
concern	O
turned	O
into	O
reality	O
as	O
1,317	O
people	O
–	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
depositors	O
of	O
recently	O
bankrupt	O
rural	O
banks	O
in	O
Henan	O
and	O
owners	O
of	O
unfinished	O
apartments	O
freshly	O
abandoned	O
–	O
found	O
their	O
Health	B-Application
Code	I-Application
turned	O
red	O
,	O
preventing	O
them	O
from	O
traveling	O
to	O
Zhengzhou	O
and	O
attending	O
a	O
protest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2021	O
,	O
a	O
human	O
rights	O
lawyer	O
called	O
Xie	O
Yang	O
tried	O
to	O
travel	O
to	O
Shanghai	B-Device
to	O
visit	O
a	O
dissident	O
's	O
mother	O
despite	O
authorities	O
 '	O
warnings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Hangzhou	O
government	O
is	O
actively	O
exploring	O
additional	O
services	O
on	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
medical	O
visits	O
and	O
scenic	O
reservations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
in	O
May	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
Hangzhou	O
government	O
plans	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
permanent	O
and	O
try	O
to	O
introduce	O
a	O
personal	O
health	O
evaluation	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Based	O
on	O
the	O
health	O
score	O
,	O
the	O
color	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
fades	O
from	O
green	O
to	O
red	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
usual	O
green	O
,	O
yellow	O
,	O
and	O
red	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
personal	O
health	O
evaluation	O
makes	O
Hangzhou	O
's	O
smart	O
city	O
construction	O
"	O
a	O
code	O
first	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
ensures	O
that	O
the	O
public	O
"	O
ca	O
n't	O
get	O
enough	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
netizens	O
and	O
experts	O
have	O
questioned	O
that	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
violates	O
personal	O
privacy	O
and	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
discrimination	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
give	O
people	O
a	O
sense	O
of	O
security	O
and	O
a	O
better	O
visualization	O
of	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
for	O
Western	O
countries	O
,	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
are	O
considered	O
more	O
of	O
an	O
infringement	O
of	O
personal	O
privacy	O
,	O
which	O
reveals	O
not	O
only	O
private	O
health	O
but	O
also	O
personal	O
orientation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
existence	O
of	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
is	O
also	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
government	O
management	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
mandatory	O
health	B-Application
codes	I-Application
,	O
quarantine	O
,	O
and	O
vaccinations	O
are	O
against	O
the	O
liberalism	O
and	O
human	O
rights	O
favored	O
by	O
Western	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
red	O
color	O
of	O
the	O
health	B-Application
code	I-Application
,	O
the	O
government	O
will	O
immediately	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
locate	O
the	O
specific	O
person	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
disease	O
and	O
enforce	O
a	O
group	O
quarantine.A	O
bus	O
accident	O
that	O
caused	O
27	O
deaths	O
and	O
injured	O
another	O
20	O
victims	O
in	O
southwestern	O
China	O
's	O
Guizhou	O
province	O
was	O
carried	O
in	O
the	O
government	O
's	O
Guiyang	O
City	O
quarantine	O
transfer	O
vehicle	O
for	O
people	O
involved	O
in	O
the	O
disease	O
,	O
transporting	O
people	O
to	O
the	O
COVID-19	O
quarantine	O
site	O
,	O
local	O
media	O
reported	O
Sunday	O
.	O
</s>
