<s>
"	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
is	O
a	O
term	O
introduced	O
in	O
the	O
mid-2000s	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
subset	O
of	O
health	O
care	O
technologies	O
mirroring	O
the	O
wider	O
Web	O
2.0	O
movement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
variously	O
as	O
including	O
social	O
media	O
,	O
user-generated	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
and	O
mobile	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
proponents	O
see	O
these	O
technologies	O
as	O
empowering	O
patients	O
to	O
have	O
greater	O
control	O
over	O
their	O
own	O
health	O
care	O
and	O
diminishing	O
medical	O
paternalism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
built	O
on	O
the	O
possibilities	O
for	O
changing	O
health	O
care	O
,	O
which	O
started	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
eHealth	B-Application
in	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
following	O
the	O
emergence	O
of	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
examples	O
of	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
were	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
specific	O
set	O
of	O
Web	O
tools	O
(	O
blogs	O
,	O
email	O
list-servs	O
,	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
search	O
,	O
tagging	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
,	O
videos	O
,	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
more	O
)	O
by	O
actors	O
in	O
health	O
care	O
including	O
doctors	O
,	O
patients	O
,	O
and	O
scientists	O
,	O
using	O
principles	O
of	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
and	O
user-generated	O
content	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
power	O
of	O
networks	O
and	O
social	O
networks	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
personalize	O
health	O
care	O
,	O
to	O
collaborate	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
promote	O
health	O
education	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Possible	O
explanations	O
why	O
health	O
care	O
has	O
generated	O
its	O
own	O
"	O
2.0	O
"	O
term	O
are	O
the	O
availability	O
and	O
proliferation	O
of	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
applications	O
across	O
health	O
care	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
improving	O
public	O
health	O
in	O
particular	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
"	O
2.0	O
"	O
moniker	O
was	O
originally	O
associated	O
with	O
concepts	O
like	O
collaboration	O
,	O
openness	O
,	O
participation	O
,	O
and	O
social	O
networking	O
,	O
in	O
recent	O
years	O
the	O
term	O
"	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
has	O
evolved	O
to	O
mean	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
Saas	B-Architecture
and	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
technologies	O
,	O
and	O
their	O
associated	O
applications	O
on	O
multiple	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
describes	O
the	O
integration	O
of	O
these	O
into	O
much	O
of	O
general	O
clinical	O
and	O
administrative	O
workflow	O
in	O
health	O
care	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
is	O
a	O
movement	O
within	O
public	O
health	O
that	O
aims	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
field	O
more	O
accessible	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
and	O
more	O
user-driven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
first	O
sense	O
,	O
"	O
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
"	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
and	O
describes	O
the	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
traditional	O
public	O
health	O
practitioners	O
and	O
institutions	O
are	O
reaching	O
out	O
(	O
or	O
could	O
reach	O
out	O
)	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
through	O
social	O
media	O
and	O
health	O
blogs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
second	O
sense	O
,	O
"	O
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
describes	O
public	O
health	O
research	O
that	O
uses	O
data	O
gathered	O
from	O
social	O
networking	O
sites	O
,	O
search	O
engine	O
queries	O
,	O
cell	O
phones	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
third	O
sense	O
,	O
"	O
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
public	O
health	O
activities	O
that	O
are	O
completely	O
user-driven	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
all	O
cases	O
,	O
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
draws	O
on	O
ideas	O
from	O
Web	O
2.0	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
crowdsourcing	O
,	O
information	O
sharing	O
,	O
and	O
user-centered	O
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
many	O
individual	O
healthcare	O
providers	O
have	O
started	O
making	O
their	O
own	O
personal	O
contributions	O
to	O
"	O
Public	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
through	O
personal	O
blogs	O
,	O
social	O
profiles	O
,	O
and	O
websites	O
,	O
other	O
larger	O
organizations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
American	O
Heart	O
Association	O
(	O
AHA	O
)	O
and	O
United	O
Medical	O
Education	O
(	O
UME	O
)	O
,	O
have	O
a	O
larger	O
team	O
of	O
employees	O
centered	O
around	O
online	O
driven	O
health	O
education	O
,	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
training	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
traditional	O
"	O
definition	O
of	O
"	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
"	O
focused	O
on	O
technology	O
as	O
an	O
enabler	O
for	O
care	O
collaboration	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
use	O
of	O
social	O
software	O
t-weight	O
tools	O
to	O
promote	O
collaboration	O
between	O
patients	O
,	O
their	O
caregivers	O
,	O
medical	O
professionals	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
stakeholders	O
in	O
health.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
Indu	O
Subaiya	O
redefined	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
as	O
the	O
use	O
in	O
health	O
care	O
of	O
new	O
cloud	B-Architecture
,	O
Saas	B-Architecture
,	O
mobile	O
,	O
and	O
device	O
technologies	O
that	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
wider	O
definition	O
allows	O
recognition	O
of	O
what	O
is	O
or	O
what	O
is	O
n't	O
a	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
technology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
,	O
enterprise-based	O
,	O
customized	O
client-server	O
systems	O
are	O
not	O
,	O
while	O
more	O
open	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
based	O
systems	O
fit	O
the	O
definition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
this	O
line	O
was	O
blurring	O
by	O
2011-2	O
as	O
more	O
enterprise	O
vendors	O
started	O
to	O
introduce	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
systems	O
and	O
native	O
applications	O
for	O
new	O
devices	O
like	O
smartphones	O
and	O
tablets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
has	O
several	O
competing	O
terms	O
,	O
each	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
followers	O
—	O
if	O
not	O
exact	O
definitions	O
—	O
including	O
Connected	B-Application
Health	I-Application
,	O
Digital	B-Application
Health	I-Application
,	O
Medicine	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
,	O
and	O
mHealth	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
2000s	O
,	O
several	O
commentators	O
used	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
as	O
a	O
moniker	O
for	O
a	O
wider	O
concept	O
of	O
system	O
reform	O
,	O
seeking	O
a	O
participatory	O
process	O
between	O
patient	O
and	O
clinician	O
:	O
"	O
New	O
concept	O
of	O
health	O
care	O
wherein	O
all	O
the	O
constituents	O
(	O
patients	O
,	O
physicians	O
,	O
providers	O
,	O
and	O
payers	O
)	O
focus	O
on	O
health	O
care	O
value	O
(	O
outcomes/price	O
)	O
and	O
use	O
competition	O
at	O
the	O
medical	O
condition	O
level	O
over	O
the	O
full	O
cycle	O
of	O
care	O
as	O
the	O
catalyst	O
for	O
improving	O
the	O
safety	O
,	O
efficiency	O
,	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
health	O
care	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
defines	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
health	O
data	O
and	O
health	O
information	O
with	O
(	O
patient	O
)	O
experience	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
ICT	O
,	O
enabling	O
the	O
citizen	O
to	O
become	O
an	O
active	O
and	O
responsible	O
partner	O
in	O
his/her	O
own	O
health	O
and	O
care	O
pathway	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
is	O
participatory	O
healthcare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Definitions	O
of	O
Medicine	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
appear	O
to	O
be	O
very	O
similar	O
but	O
typically	O
include	O
more	O
scientific	O
and	O
research	O
aspects	O
—	O
Medicine	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
:	O
"	O
Medicine	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
services	O
and	O
tools	O
are	O
Web-based	B-Application
services	O
for	O
health	O
care	O
consumers	O
,	O
caregivers	O
,	O
patients	O
,	O
health	O
professionals	O
,	O
and	O
biomedical	O
researchers	O
,	O
that	O
use	O
Web	O
2.0	O
technologies	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
semantic	O
web	O
and	O
virtual	O
reality	O
tools	O
,	O
to	O
enable	O
and	O
facilitate	O
specifically	O
social	O
networking	O
,	O
participation	O
,	O
apomediation	O
,	O
collaboration	O
,	O
and	O
openness	O
within	O
and	O
between	O
these	O
user	O
groups	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
refers	O
to	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
diverse	O
set	O
of	O
technologies	O
including	O
Connected	B-Application
Health	I-Application
,	O
electronic	B-Application
medical	I-Application
records	I-Application
,	O
mHealth	B-Device
,	O
telemedicine	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
by	O
patients	O
themselves	O
such	O
as	O
through	O
blogs	O
,	O
Internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
online	B-Architecture
communities	I-Architecture
,	O
patient	O
to	O
physician	O
communication	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
more	O
advanced	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
relies	O
on	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
modern	O
cloud	B-Architecture
and	O
mobile-based	O
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Much	O
of	O
the	O
potential	O
for	O
change	O
from	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
is	O
facilitated	O
by	O
combining	O
technology	O
driven	O
trends	O
such	O
as	O
Personal	O
Health	O
Records	O
with	O
social	O
networking	O
—"[which]	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
powerful	O
new	O
generation	O
of	O
health	O
applications	O
,	O
where	O
people	O
share	O
parts	O
of	O
their	O
electronic	B-Application
health	I-Application
records	I-Application
with	O
other	O
consumers	O
and	O
'	O
crowdsource	O
 '	O
the	O
collective	O
wisdom	O
of	O
other	O
patients	O
and	O
professionals.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
hypothetical	O
example	O
demonstrates	O
the	O
increased	O
engagement	O
of	O
a	O
patient	O
operating	O
in	O
a	O
Health	B-Application
2.0	I-Application
setting	O
:	O
a	O
patient	O
goes	O
to	O
see	O
their	O
primary	O
care	O
physician	O
with	O
a	O
presenting	O
complaint	O
,	O
having	O
first	O
ensured	O
their	O
own	O
medical	O
record	O
was	O
up	O
to	O
date	O
via	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
treating	O
physician	O
might	O
make	O
a	O
diagnosis	O
or	O
send	O
for	O
tests	O
,	O
the	O
results	O
of	O
which	O
could	O
be	O
transmitted	O
directly	O
to	O
the	O
patient	O
's	O
electronic	B-Application
medical	I-Application
record	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web	O
2.0	O
is	O
commonly	O
associated	O
with	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
RSS	O
feeds	O
,	O
social	B-General_Concept
bookmarking	I-General_Concept
,	O
weblogs	O
(	O
health	O
blogs	O
)	O
,	O
wikis	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
many-to-many	B-Architecture
publishing	O
;	O
social	O
software	O
;	O
and	O
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
programming	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
(	O
APIs	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Purpose	O
Description	O
Case	O
example	O
in	O
academic	O
literature	O
Users	O
Staying	O
informed	O
Used	O
to	O
stay	O
informed	O
of	O
latest	O
developments	O
in	O
a	O
particular	O
field	O
Podcasts	B-Operating_System
,	O
RSS	O
,	O
and	O
search	O
tools	O
All	O
(	O
medical	O
professionals	O
and	O
public	O
)	O
Medical	O
education	O
Use	O
for	O
professional	O
development	O
for	O
doctors	O
,	O
and	O
public	O
health	O
promotion	O
for	O
by	O
public	O
health	O
professionals	O
and	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
How	O
podcasts	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
move	O
to	O
increase	O
total	O
available	O
educational	O
time	O
or	O
the	O
many	O
applications	O
of	O
these	O
tools	O
to	O
public	O
health	O
All	O
(	O
medical	O
professionals	O
and	O
public	O
)	O
Collaboration	O
and	O
practice	O
Web	O
2.0	O
tools	O
use	O
in	O
daily	O
practice	O
for	O
medical	O
professionals	O
to	O
find	O
information	O
and	O
make	O
decisions	O
Google	B-Application
searches	O
revealed	O
the	O
correct	O
diagnosis	O
in	O
15	O
out	O
of	O
26	O
cases	O
(	O
58%	O
,	O
95%	O
confidence	O
interval	O
38%	O
to	O
77%	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
2005	O
study	O
Doctors	O
,	O
nurses	O
Managing	O
a	O
particular	O
disease	O
Patients	O
who	O
use	O
search	O
tools	O
to	O
find	O
out	O
information	O
about	O
a	O
particular	O
condition	O
Shown	O
that	O
patients	O
have	O
different	O
patterns	O
of	O
usage	O
depending	O
on	O
if	O
they	O
are	O
newly	O
diagnosed	O
or	O
managing	O
a	O
severe	O
long-term	O
illness	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Firstly	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
limitations	O
as	O
a	O
diagnostic	O
tool	O
for	O
Medical	O
Doctors	O
(	O
MDs	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
effective	O
only	O
for	O
conditions	O
with	O
unique	O
symptoms	O
and	O
signs	O
that	O
can	O
easily	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
search	O
term	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2007	O
Pew	O
Research	O
Center	O
survey	O
of	O
Americans	O
,	O
only	O
3%	O
reported	O
that	O
online	O
advice	O
had	O
caused	O
them	O
serious	O
harm	O
,	O
while	O
nearly	O
one-third	O
reported	O
that	O
they	O
or	O
their	O
acquaintances	O
had	O
been	O
helped	O
by	O
online	B-Application
health	I-Application
advice	O
.	O
</s>
