<s>
Hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
branch	O
of	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
research	O
which	O
focuses	O
on	O
computer	O
interfaces	O
that	O
respond	O
to	O
human	O
touch	O
or	O
expression	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
machine	O
and	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
interact	O
physically	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
can	O
make	O
complicated	O
computer	O
tasks	O
more	O
natural	O
to	O
users	O
by	O
attempting	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
motions	O
and	O
interactions	O
that	O
are	O
natural	O
to	O
human	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
component	O
of	O
user-centered	O
design	O
,	O
focusing	O
on	O
how	O
users	O
physically	O
respond	O
to	O
virtual	O
environments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keyboards	B-Device
and	O
typewriters	O
are	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
QWERTY	O
layout	O
of	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
is	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
designs	O
,	O
dating	O
to	O
1878	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
designs	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
split	O
keyboard	B-Device
increase	O
the	O
comfort	O
of	O
typing	O
for	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Keyboards	B-Device
input	O
directions	O
to	O
the	O
computer	O
via	O
keys	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
allow	O
the	O
user	O
direct	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
computer	O
through	O
touch	O
or	O
expression	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tablets	B-Device
are	O
touch-sensitive	B-Device
surfaces	O
that	O
detect	O
the	O
pressure	O
applied	O
by	O
a	O
stylus	B-Device
pen	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
works	O
via	O
changes	O
in	O
magnetic	O
fields	O
or	O
by	O
bringing	O
together	O
two	O
resistive	O
sheets	O
,	O
for	O
magnetic	O
tablets	B-Device
and	O
resistive	O
tablets	B-Device
respectively	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tablets	B-Device
allow	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
computers	O
by	O
touching	O
through	O
a	O
stylus	B-Device
pen	I-Device
,	O
yet	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
respond	O
directly	O
to	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreen	B-Device
allow	O
users	O
to	O
directly	O
interact	O
with	O
computers	O
by	O
touching	O
the	O
screen	O
with	O
a	O
finger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
natural	O
for	O
humans	O
to	O
point	O
to	O
objects	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
show	O
a	O
preference	O
or	O
a	O
selection	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Touchscreens	B-Device
allow	O
users	O
to	O
take	O
this	O
natural	O
action	O
and	O
use	O
it	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Problems	O
may	O
arise	O
due	O
to	O
inaccuracy	O
:	O
people	O
attempt	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
selection	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
due	O
to	O
incorrect	O
calibration	O
,	O
the	O
computer	O
does	O
not	O
accurately	O
process	O
the	O
touch	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
developments	O
in	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
have	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
interfaces	O
that	O
can	O
respond	B-General_Concept
to	I-General_Concept
gestures	I-General_Concept
and	O
facial	O
signaling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Often	O
haptic	B-Device
devices	I-Device
like	O
a	O
glove	O
have	O
to	O
be	O
worn	O
to	O
translate	O
the	O
gesture	O
into	O
a	O
recognizable	O
command	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
latest	O
studies	O
include	O
using	O
eye	B-General_Concept
tracking	I-General_Concept
to	O
indicate	O
selection	B-General_Concept
or	O
control	O
a	O
cursor	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Computers	O
can	O
also	O
respond	B-Application
to	I-Application
speech	I-Application
inputs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
still	O
many	O
problems	O
with	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
interfaces	O
that	O
are	O
currently	O
being	O
eradicated	O
through	O
continuing	O
research	O
and	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
challenge	O
of	O
creating	O
a	O
simple	O
,	O
user-friendly	O
interface	O
and	O
developing	O
it	O
in	O
an	O
inexpensive	O
and	O
mass-producible	O
way	O
is	O
the	O
main	O
complication	O
in	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
are	O
also	O
working	O
to	O
find	O
the	O
best	O
way	O
to	O
design	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
devices	O
,	O
so	O
that	O
the	O
consumer	O
can	O
use	O
the	O
product	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Focusing	O
on	O
user-centered	O
design	O
while	O
creating	O
hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
products	O
helps	O
developers	O
make	O
the	O
best	O
and	O
easiest-to-use	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hands-on	B-General_Concept
computing	I-General_Concept
technologies	O
require	O
scientists	O
and	O
engineers	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
different	O
problem-solving	O
strategy	O
,	O
which	O
considers	O
the	O
devices	O
for	O
interaction	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
input	O
,	O
the	O
interaction	O
devices	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
tool	O
use	O
,	O
how	O
interaction	O
will	O
mediate	O
user	O
performance	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
context	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
devices	O
will	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
