<s>
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
a	O
high-level	O
reference	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
used	O
primarily	O
to	O
examine	O
computing	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
for	O
Scottish	O
pupils	O
taking	O
SQA	O
courses	O
on	O
the	O
subject	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
to	O
bridge	O
the	O
gap	O
between	O
pseudocode	B-Language
and	O
typical	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
not	O
based	O
on	O
any	O
one	O
language	O
but	O
a	O
mixture	O
that	O
is	O
intended	O
to	O
allow	O
a	O
pupil	O
familiar	O
with	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
many	O
languages	O
used	O
in	O
classrooms	O
to	O
easily	O
understand	O
the	O
syntactic	O
construct	O
being	O
used	O
in	O
an	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
has	O
multiple	O
programming	O
paradigms	O
of	O
functional	B-Language
,	O
imperative	B-Application
and	O
object-oriented	B-Language
to	O
suit	O
this	O
purpose	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Online	O
Haggis	B-Language
interpreters	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
way	O
for	O
examiners	O
and	O
teachers	O
to	O
check	O
their	O
programs	O
are	O
correctly	O
defined	O
and	O
behave	O
as	O
expected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
decision	O
was	O
made	O
for	O
computing	O
courses	O
that	O
a	O
single	O
choice	O
of	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
for	O
examination	O
should	O
not	O
be	O
mandated	O
:	O
this	O
allows	O
teachers	O
to	O
choose	O
languages	O
as	O
appropriate	O
to	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Initially	O
,	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
pseudocode	B-Language
language	O
emerged	O
among	O
examiners	O
,	O
to	O
avoid	O
any	O
such	O
language	O
dependency	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
this	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
very	O
undesirable	O
situation	O
that	O
,	O
while	O
students	O
are	O
being	O
taught	O
about	O
the	O
importance	O
of	O
rigour	O
of	O
terms	O
in	O
a	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
they	O
can	O
look	O
back	O
over	O
previous	O
years	O
of	O
examinations	O
and	O
see	O
non-standard	O
use	O
of	O
coding	O
which	O
varies	O
from	O
example	O
to	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
the	O
solution	O
to	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
a	O
formally-defined	O
reference	O
language	O
,	O
but	O
its	O
purpose	O
is	O
to	O
examine	O
programming	O
,	O
not	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
aspects	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
conform	O
as	O
far	O
as	O
possible	O
with	O
the	O
evolved	O
pseudocode	B-Language
style	O
,	O
directed	O
the	O
specification	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
So	O
,	O
while	O
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
in	O
fact	O
a	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
(	O
even	O
although	O
,	O
in	O
general	O
,	O
not	O
all	O
Haggis	B-Language
programs	O
are	O
executable	O
)	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
intended	O
as	O
a	O
language	O
in	O
which	O
to	O
write	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
commissioned	O
by	O
the	O
SQA	O
in	O
2010	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
uniform	O
syntax	O
and	O
form	O
in	O
which	O
to	O
present	O
questions	O
to	O
pupils	O
in	O
assessments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
aim	O
of	O
developing	O
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
to	O
emphasise	O
the	O
core	O
idea	O
of	O
ensuring	O
pupils	O
could	O
view	O
code	O
and	O
demonstrate	O
their	O
understanding	O
of	O
its	O
behaviour	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
develop	O
their	O
computational	O
thinking	O
and	O
programming	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
first	O
introduced	O
into	O
the	O
Computing	B-General_Concept
Science	I-General_Concept
examinations	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Scottish	O
Government	O
's	O
Curriculum	O
for	O
Excellence	O
development	O
programme	O
in	O
the	O
2013/2014	O
session	O
in	O
National	O
5	O
,	O
2014/2015	O
for	O
the	O
new	O
Higher	O
courses	O
and	O
into	O
the	O
new	O
Advanced	O
Higher	O
in	O
the	O
2015/2016	O
session	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
not	O
introduced	O
as	O
a	O
language	O
to	O
replace	O
other	O
languages	O
already	O
used	O
in	O
education	O
,	O
not	O
was	O
it	O
intended	O
that	O
the	O
language	O
should	O
be	O
taught	O
or	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
normal	O
curriculum	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
some	O
teachers	O
have	O
adopted	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
rigorous	O
pseudocode	B-Language
form	O
to	O
enhance	O
teaching	O
delivered	O
in	O
another	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
both	O
functional/sequential	O
and	O
object-oriented	B-Language
based	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
be	O
simple	O
and	O
complex	O
for	O
National	O
5	O
/	O
Higher	O
students	O
and	O
Advanced	O
Higher	O
students	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
pupils	O
across	O
Scotland	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
learning	O
and	O
understanding	O
of	O
computer	B-General_Concept
programming	I-General_Concept
through	O
reading	O
examples	O
,	O
and	O
aid	O
the	O
step	O
of	O
converting	O
from	O
pseudocode	B-Language
to	O
full	O
programming	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
not	O
created	O
with	O
the	O
intention	O
of	O
asking	O
pupils	O
to	O
write	O
it	O
in	O
assessments	O
but	O
provide	O
a	O
uniform	O
language	O
in	O
which	O
to	O
present	O
code	O
examples	O
to	O
students	O
,	O
ensuring	O
that	O
all	O
pupils	O
have	O
a	O
fair	O
understanding	O
and	O
is	O
not	O
hindered	O
by	O
learning	O
a	O
different	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
different	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
exemplified	O
in	O
the	O
assessment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syntax	O
and	O
structure	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
are	O
very	O
similar	O
to	O
other	O
programming	O
languages	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
easily	O
learned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Reserved	O
words	O
are	O
capitalised	O
;	O
this	O
would	O
be	O
generally	O
be	O
considered	O
ugly	O
for	O
a	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
,	O
but	O
makes	O
the	O
program	O
structure	O
clearer	O
for	O
a	O
first-time	O
reader	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Input	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
similar	O
to	O
pseudocode	B-Language
in	O
that	O
you	O
state	O
the	O
data	O
type	O
of	O
the	O
input	O
the	O
program	O
is	O
receiving	O
and	O
also	O
where	O
the	O
input	O
is	O
coming	O
from	O
,	O
like	O
so	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Outputs	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
can	O
be	O
written	O
similarly	O
to	O
inputs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
includes	O
all	O
the	O
operations	O
you	O
would	O
expect	O
from	O
a	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
carry	O
out	O
calculations	O
and	O
logical	O
operations	O
alike	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Defining	O
a	O
class	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
uses	O
the	O
syntax	O
CLASS	O
<id> IS {<parameters>} METHODS <statements>	O
END	O
CLASS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
various	O
methods	O
you	O
can	O
declare	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
such	O
as	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
 '	O
'''	O
Haggis'''	O
code	O
will	O
then	O
go	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
 '	O
'''	O
Haggis'''	O
code	O
will	O
then	O
go	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
users	O
 '	O
'''	O
Haggis'''	O
code	O
will	O
then	O
go	O
here	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
originally	O
implemented	O
and	O
then	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
students	O
would	O
be	O
taught	O
how	O
to	O
code	O
in	O
a	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
the	O
teacher	O
has	O
selected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
students	O
would	O
then	O
make	O
plans	O
in	O
a	O
pseudocode	B-Language
format	O
in	O
a	O
higher	O
level	O
of	O
language	O
than	O
the	O
code	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
students	O
felt	O
comfortable	O
with	O
writing	O
pseudocode	B-Language
they	O
would	O
then	O
be	O
introduced	O
to	O
Haggis	B-Language
as	O
it	O
is	O
the	O
language	O
used	O
in	O
exam	O
texts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
implemented	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
because	O
research	O
has	O
shown	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
understand	O
programs	O
is	O
essential	O
to	O
developing	O
further	O
programming	O
skills	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
Haggis	B-Language
is	O
so	O
easy	O
to	O
understand	O
and	O
pick	O
up	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
in	O
exam	O
texts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
noted	O
that	O
students	O
were	O
and	O
never	O
will	O
be	O
asked	O
to	O
write	O
any	O
code	O
in	O
Haggis	B-Language
during	O
an	O
exam	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
only	O
required	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
understand	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
only	O
ever	O
been	O
a	O
very	O
small	O
number	O
of	O
problems	O
with	O
Haggis	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
observed	O
by	O
the	O
creator	O
and	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Haggis	B-Language
was	O
being	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
planning	O
language	O
for	O
the	O
computer	O
programs	O
that	O
students	O
were	O
being	O
asked	O
to	O
create	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
students	O
had	O
been	O
asked	O
to	O
refine	O
their	O
code	O
through	O
several	O
planning	O
stages	O
,	O
a	O
final	O
plan	O
was	O
made	O
using	O
Haggis	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
this	O
final	O
plan	O
is	O
made	O
,	O
the	O
Haggis	B-Language
code	O
would	O
then	O
be	O
transferred	O
into	O
a	O
real	O
programming	B-Language
language	I-Language
that	O
is	O
specified	O
by	O
the	O
teacher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
is	O
effective	O
in	O
increasing	O
students	O
skills	O
as	O
mentioned	O
earlier	O
to	O
give	O
them	O
as	O
much	O
preparation	O
as	O
possible	O
for	O
the	O
exam	O
for	O
when	O
they	O
will	O
see	O
Haggis	B-Language
applied	O
in	O
a	O
context	O
.	O
</s>
