<s>
A	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
(	O
,	O
a	O
portmanteau	O
of	O
"	O
Hack	B-Application
"	O
and	O
"	O
Macintosh	B-Device
"	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
that	O
runs	O
Apple	O
's	O
Macintosh	B-Device
operating	O
system	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
computer	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
not	O
authorized	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
by	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
also	O
include	O
running	O
Macintosh	B-Device
software	O
on	O
hardware	B-Architecture
it	O
is	O
not	O
originally	O
authorized	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Hackintoshing	O
"	O
began	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
Apple	B-Device
's	I-Device
2005	I-Device
transition	I-Device
to	I-Device
Intel	I-Device
processors	I-Device
,	O
away	O
from	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2005	O
,	O
Mac	O
computers	O
use	O
the	O
same	O
x86-64	B-Device
computer	B-General_Concept
architecture	I-General_Concept
as	O
many	O
other	O
desktop	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
laptops	B-Device
,	O
and	O
servers	B-Application
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
in	O
principle	O
,	O
the	O
code	B-Application
making	O
up	O
macOS	B-Application
systems	O
and	O
software	O
can	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
alternative	O
platforms	O
with	O
minimal	O
compatibility	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Benefits	O
cited	O
for	O
"	O
Hackintoshing	O
"	O
can	O
include	O
cost	O
(	O
older	O
,	O
cheaper	O
or	O
commodity	O
hardware	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
ease	O
of	O
repair	O
and	O
piecemeal	O
upgrade	O
,	O
and	O
freedom	O
to	O
use	O
customized	O
choices	O
of	O
components	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
available	O
(	O
or	O
not	O
available	O
together	O
)	O
in	O
the	O
branded	O
Apple	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
can	O
also	O
be	O
run	O
on	O
several	O
non-Apple	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
platforms	O
,	O
although	O
such	O
systems	O
are	O
not	O
usually	O
described	O
as	O
Hackintoshes	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
laptops	B-Device
are	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
Hackbooks	B-Operating_System
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
's	O
software	B-License
license	I-License
for	O
macOS	B-Application
only	O
permits	O
the	O
software	O
's	O
use	O
on	O
computers	O
that	O
are	O
"	O
Apple-branded.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
because	O
modern	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
use	O
Intel-based	B-Operating_System
hardware	I-Operating_System
,	O
there	O
are	O
few	O
limitations	O
keeping	O
the	O
software	O
from	O
running	O
on	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
Intel-based	O
PCs	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notably	O
,	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Psystar	O
have	O
attempted	O
to	O
release	O
products	O
using	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
machines	O
,	O
though	O
many	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
systems	O
are	O
designed	O
solely	O
by	O
macOS	B-Application
enthusiasts	O
of	O
various	O
hacking	O
forums	O
and	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
commercial	O
circumvention	O
of	O
the	O
methods	O
Apple	O
uses	O
to	O
prevent	O
macOS	B-Application
from	O
being	O
installed	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
is	O
restricted	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
under	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
DMCA	O
)	O
,	O
specific	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
law	O
regarding	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
jailbreaking	O
have	O
placed	O
circumvention	O
methods	O
like	O
these	O
into	O
a	O
legal	O
grey	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
began	B-Device
to	I-Device
move	I-Device
to	O
ARM64-based	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
has	O
said	O
it	O
will	O
eventually	O
stop	O
supporting	O
the	O
Intel64	B-Device
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
6	O
,	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
announced	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
transition	O
to	O
Intel	B-Operating_System
x86	I-Operating_System
processors	O
at	O
their	O
Worldwide	O
Developers	O
Conference	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
a	O
prototype	O
Intel-based	O
Mac	O
to	O
selected	O
developers	O
at	O
a	O
cost	O
of	O
$999	O
(	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efforts	O
immediately	O
began	O
to	O
attempt	O
to	O
run	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
but	O
developers	O
quickly	O
found	O
themselves	O
with	O
an	O
error	O
message	O
saying	O
that	O
the	O
PC	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
configurations	O
were	O
not	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
10	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
10.4.4	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
generation	O
of	O
Intel-based	O
Macs	O
,	O
the	O
iMac	O
and	O
the	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
machines	O
used	O
Extensible	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
EFI	O
)	O
platform	O
firmware	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
older	O
style	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
found	O
on	O
most	O
x86	B-Operating_System
motherboards	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
14	O
,	O
2006	O
,	O
an	O
initial	O
"	O
hack	B-Application
"	O
of	O
v10.4.4	O
was	O
released	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
by	O
a	O
programmer	O
with	O
the	O
pseudonym	O
crg92	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
an	O
updated	O
MacBook	B-Device
Pro	I-Device
was	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
10.4.7	O
update	O
for	O
non-Apple	O
computers	O
using	O
the	O
10.4.4	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Up	O
to	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
10.4.8	O
update	O
,	O
all	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
patches	O
used	O
the	O
10.4.4	O
kernel	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
at	O
version	O
10.4.8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
also	O
started	O
making	O
more	O
use	O
of	O
SSE3	B-General_Concept
instructions	O
on	O
their	O
hardware	B-Architecture
making	O
it	O
even	O
more	O
difficult	O
for	O
users	O
with	O
CPUs	O
supporting	O
only	O
SSE2	B-General_Concept
(	O
such	O
as	O
older	O
Pentium	B-General_Concept
4s	I-General_Concept
)	O
to	O
get	O
a	O
fully	O
compatible	O
system	O
running	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
solve	O
this	O
problem	O
,	O
hackers	B-Application
from	O
the	O
community	O
released	O
kernels	O
where	O
those	O
instructions	O
were	O
emulated	O
with	O
SSE2	B-General_Concept
equivalents	O
,	O
although	O
this	O
produced	O
a	O
performance	O
penalty	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
distros	O
were	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
installer	O
disc	O
modified	O
to	O
include	O
additional	O
components	O
necessary	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
OS	O
run	O
on	O
the	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
prominent	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
community	O
,	O
JaS	O
,	O
released	O
many	O
distros	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
Tiger	O
containing	O
patched	O
kernels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
other	O
popular	O
distros	O
are	O
iATKOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
Kalyway	B-Operating_System
,	O
iPC	O
and	O
iDeneb	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distros	O
have	O
fallen	O
out	O
of	O
favour	O
as	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
grew	O
,	O
as	O
new	O
bootloaders	O
were	O
developed	O
that	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
actual	O
copies	O
of	O
the	O
OS	O
X	O
Installer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
early	O
as	O
v10.5	O
build	O
9A466	O
the	O
community	O
has	O
maintained	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Leopard	O
that	O
can	O
run	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
hacker	B-Application
by	O
the	O
handle	O
of	O
BrazilMac	O
created	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
patching	O
processes	O
that	O
made	O
it	O
convenient	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
onto	O
3rd	O
party	O
hardware	B-Architecture
by	O
using	O
a	O
legally	O
obtained	O
,	O
retail	O
version	O
of	O
Apple	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
builds	O
go	O
by	O
the	O
name	O
JaS	O
,	O
Kalyway	B-Operating_System
,	O
iATKOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
iPC	O
and	O
iDeneb	B-Operating_System
–	O
although	O
more	O
recently	O
these	O
builds	O
are	O
on	O
the	O
way	O
out	O
as	O
the	O
Boot-132	O
method	O
(	O
described	O
below	O
)	O
gains	O
popularity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
compilations	O
rely	O
on	O
the	O
work	O
of	O
kernel	O
hackers	B-Application
made	O
by	O
Lorem	O
(	O
build	O
9A466	O
)	O
,	O
SynthetiX	O
(	O
builds	O
9A499	O
,	O
9A527	O
and	O
9A559	O
)	O
,	O
ToH	O
(	O
builds	O
9A581	O
,	O
9B13	O
and	O
9B18	O
)	O
and	O
more	O
recently	O
a	O
group	O
calling	O
themselves	O
StageXNU	O
(	O
now	O
called	O
Voodoo	O
)	O
(	O
Darwin	O
9.4.0	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
contributions	O
trickled	O
down	O
into	O
the	O
various	O
Mac	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
installers	O
,	O
readily	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
has	O
been	O
quick	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
necessary	O
modifications	O
to	O
enable	O
Apple	O
's	O
latest	O
releases	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
hours	O
of	O
Leopard	O
's	O
release	O
,	O
an	O
AMD/Intel	O
SSE2/3	O
Kernel	O
Patcher	O
was	O
created	O
that	O
removed	O
the	O
HPET	O
requirement	O
from	O
an	O
original	O
untouched	O
mach_kernel	O
file	O
,	O
a	O
core	O
component	O
of	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
"	O
Snow	O
Leopard	O
"	O
was	O
released	O
,	O
Russian	O
hacker	B-Application
netkas	O
created	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
Chameleon	O
that	O
can	O
boot	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
v10.6	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
some	O
popular	O
builds	O
based	O
on	O
Retail	O
by	O
the	O
name	O
Universal	O
(	O
Intel	O
only	O
)	O
,	O
Hazard	O
,	O
and	O
iAtkos	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Apple	O
released	O
the	O
Developer	O
Preview	O
1	O
,	O
a	O
Russian	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
developer	O
usr-sse2	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
who	O
created	O
a	O
method	O
to	O
install	O
Lion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
consists	O
of	O
deploying	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
v10.7	O
image	O
on	O
a	O
flash	O
drive	O
,	O
and	O
booting	O
from	O
it	O
via	O
XPC	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
Bootloader	O
(	O
See	O
DUET	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
some	O
changes	O
were	O
made	O
to	O
the	O
Chameleon	O
source	O
code	B-Application
,	O
it	O
became	O
possible	O
to	O
boot	O
Lion	O
with	O
an	O
updated	O
version	O
of	O
Chameleon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
while	O
Dmitrik	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
Bronzovka	O
had	O
luck	O
with	O
creating	O
a	O
kernel	O
that	O
supported	O
AMD	O
systems	O
;	O
after	O
a	O
few	O
months	O
(	O
10.7.3	O
V2	O
With	O
AMD	O
Support	O
)	O
and	O
iAtkos	B-Operating_System
L2	O
(	O
10.7.2	O
Only	O
Intel	O
)	O
were	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
retail	O
release	O
of	O
Mountain	O
Lion	O
several	O
users	O
have	O
reported	O
successful	O
setups	O
using	O
installers	O
purchased	O
from	O
the	O
Mac	B-Application
App	I-Application
Store	I-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
updated	O
versions	O
of	O
Chameleon	O
and	O
other	O
tools	O
including	O
distros	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Niresh	O
's	O
Distro	B-Application
(	O
10.8	O
Intel	O
only	O
)	O
was	O
first	O
released	O
and	O
then	O
was	O
updated	O
to	O
10.8.2	O
(	O
With	O
AMD	O
and	O
Intel	O
)	O
and	O
10.8.5	O
(	O
With	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
Support	O
,	O
AMD	O
and	O
Intel	O
Support	O
)	O
versions	O
;	O
iAtkos	B-Operating_System
ML2	O
was	O
released	O
after	O
Niresh	O
's	O
Release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
new	O
kernels	O
for	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
10.9	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
works	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
still	O
are	O
minor	O
issues	O
with	O
most	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
these	O
kernels	O
aim	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
Mavericks	O
on	O
AMD	O
and	O
older	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
which	O
lack	O
certain	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
latest	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Significant	O
efforts	O
have	O
been	O
made	O
to	O
emulate	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
like	O
SSSE3	B-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
present	O
on	O
AMD	O
K10-based	O
CPUs	O
,	O
and	O
older	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
,	O
like	O
the	O
Intel	O
Core	O
Duo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AMD	O
's	O
latest	O
CPUs	O
,	O
from	O
the	O
'	O
Bulldozer	O
 '	O
architecture	O
onwards	O
,	O
contain	O
almost	O
all	O
the	O
latest	O
instruction	B-General_Concept
sets	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
hence	O
,	O
some	O
kernels	O
with	O
full	O
SSE4	B-General_Concept
support	O
have	O
also	O
been	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
two	O
months	O
,	O
Niresh	O
's	O
Distro	B-Application
was	O
released	O
for	O
Mavericks	O
,	O
which	O
supports	O
AMD	O
CPUs	O
and	O
latest	O
Intel	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Niresh	O
's	O
was	O
the	O
only	O
free	O
distro	B-Application
that	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Mavericks	O
,	O
since	O
the	O
iAtkos	B-Operating_System
Team	O
decided	O
to	O
release	O
their	O
Mavericks	O
distro	B-Application
for	O
specific	O
hardware	B-Architecture
on	O
donation	O
basis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Members	O
of	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
forum	O
InsanelyMac	O
set	O
to	O
update	O
the	O
EFI	O
Bootloader	O
Chameleon	O
for	O
this	O
new	O
OS	O
release	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
time	O
later	O
,	O
Niresh	O
(	O
an	O
independent	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
developer	O
)	O
released	O
a	O
standalone	O
tool	O
known	O
as	O
Yosemite	O
Zone	O
,	O
which	O
would	O
automatically	O
install	O
the	O
new	O
OS	O
and	O
other	O
various	O
features	O
on	O
a	O
non-Apple	O
device	O
with	O
minimal	O
input	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
consisted	O
of	O
torrenting	B-Protocol
an	O
OS	O
X	O
10.10	O
DMG	O
onto	O
a	O
USB	B-Protocol
flash	O
drive	O
with	O
MacPwn	O
Vanilla	B-General_Concept
Installation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
vanilla	B-General_Concept
installation	O
of	O
Yosemite	O
is	O
possible	O
via	O
Insanelymac	O
's	O
Pandora	O
Box	O
Beta	O
2.0	O
and	O
UniBeast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Both	O
Clover	O
and	O
Chameleon	O
were	O
updated	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
El	B-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unibeast	O
and	O
MacPwn	O
were	O
updated	O
to	O
support	O
El	B-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
as	O
well	O
,	O
since	O
El	B-Operating_System
Capitan	I-Operating_System
,	O
Unibeast	O
(	O
and	O
Multibeast	O
)	O
use	O
the	O
Clover	O
bootloader	O
instead	O
of	O
Chimera	O
(	O
a	O
Chameleon-based	O
bootloader	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clover	O
and	O
Chameleon	O
were	O
updated	O
to	O
be	O
compatible	O
with	O
Sierra	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniBeast	O
,	O
Pandora	O
Box	O
and	O
MacPwn	O
were	O
updated	O
to	O
support	O
it	O
and	O
a	O
distribution	O
of	O
Sierra	B-Operating_System
Zone	O
(	O
10.12.3	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
with	O
AMD	O
processor	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distro	B-Application
of	O
High	O
Sierra	B-Operating_System
Zone	O
by	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
Zone	O
(	O
10.13	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
with	O
AMD	O
Processor	O
support	O
including	O
Ryzen	O
CPUs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
distro	B-Application
of	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
Mojave	O
by	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
Zone	O
(	O
10.14	O
)	O
was	O
released	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
has	O
also	O
discontinued	O
support	O
for	O
NVIDIA	O
Web	O
Drivers	O
from	O
the	O
first	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
Mojave	O
,	O
to	O
current	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clover	O
r4945	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
version	O
of	O
Clover	O
to	O
support	O
macOS	B-Application
Catalina	O
,	O
beginning	O
with	O
the	O
first	O
developer	O
beta	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
Catalina	O
10.15	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
UniBeast	O
was	O
updated	O
for	O
macOS	B-Application
Catalina	O
support	O
,	O
but	O
there	O
has	O
not	O
yet	O
been	O
a	O
MultiBeast	O
release	O
for	O
Catalina	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
the	O
first	O
public	O
stable	O
release	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
10.15	O
,	O
AMD	O
patches	O
were	O
also	O
released	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
booting	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
Catalina	O
on	O
AMD	O
CPU	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
necessity	O
for	O
AMD	O
users	O
beyond	O
macOS	B-Application
10.15.2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
Big	O
Sur	O
works	O
on	O
Intel	O
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
But	O
in	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
began	B-Device
to	I-Device
move	I-Device
to	O
ARM64-based	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
processors	O
,	O
and	O
will	O
eventually	O
stop	O
supporting	O
the	O
Intel64	B-Device
architecture	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
new	O
features	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
Monterey	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
3D	O
globe	O
of	O
Earth	O
in	O
Maps	B-Application
and	O
text-to-speech	O
in	O
additional	O
languages	O
,	O
work	O
only	O
on	O
Apple	B-Device
silicon	I-Device
processors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
does	O
not	O
authorize	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
any	O
x86	B-Operating_System
PC	O
other	O
than	O
those	O
which	O
it	O
has	O
manufactured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
announcing	O
its	O
switch	O
to	O
Intel	O
's	O
chips	O
,	O
the	O
company	O
used	O
technical	O
means	O
(	O
although	O
not	O
the	O
Trusted	O
Platform	O
Module	O
,	O
or	O
TPM	O
,	O
as	O
has	O
been	O
widely	O
misreported	O
)	O
,	O
to	O
tie	O
macOS	B-Application
to	O
the	O
systems	O
it	O
distributed	O
to	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
method	O
they	O
used	O
involved	O
checking	O
for	O
an	O
SMC	O
chip	O
using	O
DSMOS	O
(	O
Do	O
n't	O
Steal	O
MacOS.kext	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
macOS	B-Application
EULA	O
forbids	O
installations	O
of	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
a	O
"	O
non-Apple-branded	O
computer	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specifically	O
,	O
Apple	O
charged	O
Psystar	O
with	O
acquiring	O
or	O
creating	O
code	B-Application
that	O
"	O
avoids	O
,	O
bypasses	O
,	O
removes	O
,	O
descrambles	O
,	O
decrypts	O
,	O
deactivates	O
or	O
impairs	O
a	O
technological	O
protection	O
measure	O
without	O
Apple	O
's	O
authority	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
gaining	O
unauthorized	O
access	O
to	O
Apple	O
's	O
copyrighted	O
works.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
legal	O
brief	O
revealed	O
that	O
Apple	O
considers	O
the	O
methods	O
that	O
it	O
uses	O
to	O
prevent	O
macOS	B-Application
from	O
being	O
installed	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
to	O
be	O
protected	O
by	O
the	O
Digital	O
Millennium	O
Copyright	O
Act	O
(	O
DMCA	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
copies	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
Tiger	O
started	O
running	O
on	O
non-Apple	O
hardware	B-Architecture
,	O
it	O
was	O
found	O
that	O
some	O
processors	O
were	O
unable	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
OS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rosetta	B-Operating_System
,	O
a	O
binary	O
translator	O
that	O
made	O
it	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
PowerPC	B-Architecture
programs	O
on	O
Intel	O
processors	O
,	O
(	O
and	O
later	O
the	O
kernel	O
itself	O
)	O
required	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
the	O
SSE3	B-General_Concept
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
circumvent	O
this	O
,	O
programmers	O
in	O
the	O
community	O
released	O
patched	O
kernels	O
,	O
which	O
included	O
support	O
for	O
emulating	O
SSE3	B-General_Concept
instructions	O
using	O
SSE2	B-General_Concept
equivalents	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
October	O
2005	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
update	O
10.4.3	O
to	O
developers	O
that	O
required	O
NX	B-General_Concept
bit	I-General_Concept
microprocessor	O
support	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
patches	O
were	O
released	O
to	O
circumvent	O
this	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
Leopard	O
released	O
on	O
October	O
26	O
,	O
2007	O
,	O
patches	O
were	O
created	O
to	O
remove	O
the	O
HPET	O
requirement	O
from	O
the	O
kernel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Efforts	O
were	O
also	O
made	O
to	O
emulate	O
the	O
SSSE3	B-General_Concept
instruction	B-General_Concept
set	I-General_Concept
for	O
processors	O
that	O
did	O
not	O
support	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	O
used	O
by	O
OS	O
X	O
Mavericks	O
made	O
use	O
of	O
SSSE3	B-General_Concept
instructions	O
,	O
requiring	O
those	O
patches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extensible	B-Architecture
Firmware	I-Architecture
Interface	I-Architecture
(	O
EFI	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
specification	O
that	O
defines	O
a	O
software	O
interface	O
between	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
and	O
platform	O
firmware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
emulating	O
the	O
EFI	O
does	O
not	O
generally	O
require	O
copying	O
or	O
modifying	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
considered	O
by	O
some	O
hackers	B-Application
to	O
be	O
the	O
legal	O
way	O
of	O
installing	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Apple	O
computers	O
(	O
despite	O
being	O
untested	O
in	O
courts	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
work	O
started	O
with	O
EFI	O
emulation	O
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
David	O
Elliot	O
(	O
dfe	O
)	O
'	O
s	O
modified	O
version	O
of	O
Boot-132	O
called	O
"	O
Darwin/x86	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
a	O
"	O
FakeEFI	O
"	O
system	O
that	O
emulates	O
EFI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
November	O
2007	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
hackers	B-Application
(	O
fronted	O
by	O
a	O
Russian	O
hacker	B-Application
known	O
as	O
Netkas	O
)	O
,	O
using	O
Elliot	O
's	O
code	B-Application
,	O
developed	O
a	O
method	O
of	O
emulating	O
an	O
EFI	O
environment	O
using	O
a	O
specially	O
modified	O
Darwin	O
bootloader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
practical	O
terms	O
,	O
this	O
meant	O
that	O
regular	O
PCs	B-Device
meeting	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
requirements	O
could	O
now	O
be	O
"	O
seen	O
"	O
as	O
real	O
Macintosh	B-Device
computers	O
by	O
the	O
OS	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
unmodified	O
,	O
"	O
stock	O
"	O
Apple	O
kernels	O
(	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
CPU	O
supports	O
it	O
)	O
and	O
thus	O
giving	O
more	O
transparent	O
and	O
reliable	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
True	O
EFI	O
emulation	O
was	O
a	O
highly	O
sought	O
after	O
asset	O
for	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previous	O
efforts	O
based	O
upon	O
Apple	O
's	O
open	O
source	O
Darwin	O
Project	O
and	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
gurus	O
allowed	O
users	O
to	O
use	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
normal	O
PCs	B-Device
,	O
with	O
patched	O
kernels/kernel	O
modules	O
that	O
simply	O
bypassed	O
EFI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
the	O
EFI	O
patch	O
,	O
a	O
Hackintosh	B-Operating_System
could	O
boot	O
off	O
"	O
vanilla	B-General_Concept
"	O
(	O
unmodified	O
)	O
macOS	B-Application
kernels	O
and	O
use	O
vanilla	B-General_Concept
kernel	O
extensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
mid-2008	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
commercial	O
product	O
,	O
EFi-X	O
,	O
was	O
released	O
that	O
claims	O
to	O
allow	O
full	O
,	O
simple	O
booting	O
off	O
official	O
Leopard	O
install	O
disks	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
subsequent	O
install	O
,	O
without	O
any	O
patching	O
required	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
is	O
possibly	O
a	O
repackaging	O
of	O
Boot-132	O
technology	O
in	O
a	O
USB-attached	O
device	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
thought	O
that	O
Windows	O
7	O
's	O
support	O
of	O
EFI	O
would	O
result	O
in	O
PC	O
motherboards	O
replacing	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
with	O
EFI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
EFI-based	O
computers	O
have	O
entered	O
the	O
market	O
,	O
however	O
none	O
can	O
natively	O
boot	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
a	O
HFS+	B-Application
driver	O
in	O
the	O
EFI	O
implementation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
method	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
conduct	O
the	O
Leopard-based	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
installation	O
using	O
a	O
stock	O
,	O
retail-purchased	O
copy	O
of	O
Leopard	O
and	O
eradicates	O
the	O
necessity	O
of	O
a	O
hacked	O
installation	O
like	O
JaS	O
or	O
Kalyway	B-Operating_System
(	O
mentioned	O
previously	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
possible	O
problem	O
here	O
is	O
that	O
it	O
breaks	O
the	O
macOS	B-Application
EULA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
bootloader	O
behaves	O
like	O
the	O
Linux	B-Application
kernel	O
:	O
one	O
can	O
use	O
an	O
mboot-compatible	O
(	O
a	O
patched	O
syslinux	B-Application
was	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
hack	B-Application
)	O
bootloader	O
that	O
tells	O
boot-dfe	O
about	O
the	O
.img	O
file	O
(	O
the	O
ramdisk	B-Application
or	O
initrd	B-Application
,	O
as	O
it	O
's	O
known	O
by	O
Linux	B-Application
users	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
boot-dfe	O
will	O
then	O
use	O
the	O
kexts	O
(	O
or	O
mkext	O
)	O
from	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
early	O
developer	O
builds	O
of	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
v10.6	O
,	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
had	O
been	O
booting	O
the	O
new	O
operating	O
system	O
using	O
yet	O
another	O
bootloader	O
called	O
PC	O
EFI	O
provided	O
by	O
Russian	O
hacker	B-Application
Netkas	O
or	O
the	O
bootloader	O
of	O
the	O
Voodoo	O
team	O
's	O
Chameleon	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
allows	O
to	O
boot	O
up	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
non-Macintosh	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Clover	O
is	O
a	O
GUI	O
bootloader	O
for	O
multiple	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
supports	O
either	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
or	O
the	O
legacy	B-Operating_System
BIOS	I-Operating_System
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
support	O
booting	O
EFI	O
code	B-Application
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
two	O
methods	O
are	O
conventionally	O
taken	O
:	O
either	O
Elliot	O
's	O
FakeEFI	O
was	O
used	O
,	O
or	O
an	O
actual	O
open-source	O
EFI	O
system	O
based	O
on	O
Intel	O
's	O
TianoCore	O
called	O
DUET	O
(	O
Developer	O
's	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
Emulation	O
)	O
was	O
flashed	O
into	O
the	O
motherboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
modern	O
,	O
non-Apple	O
EFI	O
firmware	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
Duet	O
cannot	O
directly	O
load	O
macOS	B-Application
due	O
to	O
various	O
incompatibilities	O
,	O
mainly	O
around	O
the	O
HFS+	B-Application
file	O
system	O
but	O
also	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
quirks	O
of	O
individual	O
vendors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
more	O
step	O
was	O
needed	O
to	O
load	O
macOS	B-Application
systems	O
:	O
an	O
EFI	O
application	O
to	O
rectify	O
these	O
problems	O
and	O
bridge	O
the	O
gap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beginning	O
in	O
March	O
2011	O
,	O
Slice	O
discussed	O
his	O
idea	O
with	O
other	O
community	O
members	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
bootloader	O
that	O
can	O
do	O
both	O
:	O
emulate	O
an	O
EFI	O
firmware	O
of	O
one	O
's	O
choice	O
or	O
use	O
a	O
Real	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
firmware	I-Architecture
to	O
boot	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contains	O
EFI	O
applications	O
and	O
drivers	O
for	O
correctly	O
reading	O
an	O
HFS+	B-Application
disk	O
and	O
patching	O
EFI	O
tables	O
to	O
prepare	O
the	O
system	O
for	O
starting	O
macOS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ozmosis	O
is	O
a	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
DXE	O
bootloader	O
for	O
Z77MX-QUO-AOS	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
QUO	O
Computer	O
Inc	O
.	O
that	O
is	O
defunct	O
in	O
late	O
2010s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
to	O
run	O
macOS	B-Application
through	O
motherboard	O
’s	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
rom	O
,	O
and	O
does	O
n't	O
need	O
additional	O
drive	O
space	O
for	O
the	O
bootloader	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenCore	O
,	O
started	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
is	O
another	O
bootloader	O
developed	O
to	O
run	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
UEFI	B-Architecture
or	O
BIOS	B-Operating_System
systems	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
old	O
Mac	O
devices	O
that	O
are	O
no	O
longer	O
supported	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
the	O
OSx86	B-Operating_System
community	O
made	O
some	O
significant	O
progress	O
with	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
Live	O
DVD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Live	O
DVD	O
allows	O
booting	O
to	O
a	O
working	O
system	O
with	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
v10.4.8	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
2	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
InsanelyMac	O
's	O
Live	O
DVD	O
team	O
published	O
a	O
new	O
method	O
by	O
which	O
a	O
Mac	B-Application
OS	I-Application
X	O
v10.5.x	O
Live	O
DVD	O
could	O
be	O
produced	O
,	O
allowing	O
users	O
to	O
boot	O
a	O
fully	O
working	O
macOS	B-Application
desktop	O
from	O
a	O
DVD	O
or	O
USB	B-Protocol
flash	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
then	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
notable	O
that	O
this	O
method	O
has	O
been	O
shown	O
to	O
work	O
on	O
normal	O
Apple	O
Mac	O
hardware	B-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
macOS	B-Application
as	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
inside	O
other	O
operating	O
systems	O
installed	O
on	O
standard	O
PC	B-Architecture
hardware	I-Architecture
by	O
using	O
virtualization	B-General_Concept
software	O
such	O
as	O
Oracle	B-Application
's	I-Application
VirtualBox	B-Operating_System
(	O
though	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
officially	O
supported	O
by	O
Oracle	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
possible	O
to	O
install	O
macOS	B-Application
on	O
Windows	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
versions	O
of	O
VMware	O
software	O
through	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
patches	O
,	O
even	O
though	O
the	O
company	O
states	O
that	O
running	O
macOS	B-Application
is	O
supported	O
for	O
VMware	O
running	O
on	O
only	O
Apple	O
computers	O
in	O
compliance	O
with	O
Apple	O
's	O
licensing	O
policies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
macOS	B-Application
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
is	O
typically	O
very	O
slow	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
operating	O
system	O
's	O
heavy	O
use	O
of	O
hardware	B-Architecture
video	O
acceleration	O
,	O
which	O
macOS	B-Application
does	O
not	O
support	O
when	O
using	O
the	O
virtual	O
video	O
devices	O
typically	O
used	O
by	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
work	O
around	O
is	O
to	O
attach	O
a	O
physical	O
GPU	O
to	O
a	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
,	O
however	O
this	O
requires	O
a	O
macOS	B-Application
supported	O
GPU	O
in	O
the	O
system	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
in	O
use	O
by	O
the	O
host	O
operating	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
