<s>
JSON	O
(	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Object	O
Notation	O
,	O
pronounced	O
;	O
also	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
open	O
standard	O
file	O
format	O
and	O
data	O
interchange	O
format	O
that	O
uses	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
text	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
transmit	O
data	O
objects	O
consisting	O
of	O
attribute	B-Application
–	I-Application
value	I-Application
pairs	I-Application
and	O
arrays	O
(	O
or	O
other	O
serializable	B-Application
values	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
common	O
data	O
format	O
with	O
diverse	O
uses	O
in	O
electronic	O
data	O
interchange	O
,	O
including	O
that	O
of	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
with	O
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
is	O
a	O
language-independent	B-Language
data	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
derived	O
from	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
but	O
many	O
modern	O
programming	O
languages	O
include	O
code	O
to	O
generate	O
and	O
parse	B-Language
JSON-format	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2017	O
international	O
standard	O
(	O
ECMA-404	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
21778:2017	O
)	O
specifies	O
"	O
Pronounced	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
'	O
Jason	O
and	O
The	O
Argonauts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
JSON	O
was	O
also	O
standardized	O
as	O
ISO/IEC	O
21778:2017	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ECMA	O
and	O
ISO/IEC	O
standards	O
describe	O
only	O
the	O
allowed	O
syntax	O
,	O
whereas	O
the	O
RFC	O
covers	O
some	O
security	O
and	O
interoperability	O
considerations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
grew	O
out	O
of	O
a	O
need	O
for	O
a	O
real-time	O
server-to-browser	O
session	O
communication	O
protocol	O
without	O
using	O
browser	B-Application
plugins	O
such	O
as	O
Flash	B-Operating_System
or	O
Java	B-Language
applets	O
,	O
the	O
dominant	O
methods	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
2000s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
co-founders	O
agreed	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
used	O
standard	O
browser	B-Application
capabilities	O
and	O
provided	O
an	O
abstraction	B-Architecture
layer	I-Architecture
for	O
Web	O
developers	O
to	O
create	O
stateful	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
that	O
had	O
a	O
persistent	O
duplex	O
connection	O
to	O
a	O
Web	O
server	B-Application
by	O
holding	O
two	O
Hypertext	B-Protocol
Transfer	I-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
(	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
)	O
connections	O
open	O
and	O
recycling	O
them	O
before	O
standard	O
browser	B-Application
time-outs	O
if	O
no	O
further	O
data	O
were	O
exchanged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
co-founders	O
had	O
a	O
round-table	O
discussion	O
and	O
voted	O
whether	O
to	O
call	O
the	O
data	O
format	O
JSML	O
(	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Markup	O
Language	O
)	O
or	O
JSON	O
(	O
JavaScript	B-Language
Object	O
Notation	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
under	O
what	O
license	B-License
type	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2005	O
,	O
Yahoo	B-Application
!	I-Application
</s>
<s>
A	O
precursor	O
to	O
the	O
JSON	O
libraries	B-Application
was	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
children	O
's	O
digital	O
asset	O
trading	O
game	O
project	O
named	O
Cartoon	B-Application
Orbit	I-Application
at	O
Communities.com	O
(	O
the	O
State	O
co-founders	O
had	O
all	O
worked	O
at	O
this	O
company	O
previously	O
)	O
for	O
Cartoon	O
Network	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
a	O
browser	B-Application
side	O
plug-in	O
with	O
a	O
proprietary	O
messaging	O
format	O
to	O
manipulate	O
DHTML	B-General_Concept
elements	O
(	O
this	O
system	O
is	O
also	O
owned	O
by	O
3DO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
discovery	O
of	O
early	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
capabilities	O
,	O
digiGroups	O
,	O
Noosh	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
used	O
frames	O
to	O
pass	O
information	O
into	O
the	O
user	O
browsers	B-Application
 '	O
visual	O
field	O
without	O
refreshing	O
a	O
Web	B-Application
application	I-Application
's	O
visual	O
context	O
,	O
realizing	O
real-time	O
rich	O
Web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
using	O
only	O
the	O
standard	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
,	O
HTML	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
capabilities	O
of	O
Netscape	O
4.0.5	O
+	O
and	O
IE	O
5+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crockford	O
then	O
found	O
that	O
JavaScript	B-Language
could	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
an	O
object-based	O
messaging	O
format	O
for	O
such	O
a	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
was	O
sold	O
to	O
Sun	O
Microsystems	O
,	O
Amazon.com	B-Application
and	O
EDS	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
scripting	O
language	O
(	O
specifically	O
,	O
Standard	O
ECMA-262	B-Language
3rd	O
Edition	O
—	O
December	O
1999	O
)	O
and	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
with	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
language-independent	B-Language
data	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Code	O
for	O
parsing	B-Language
and	O
generating	O
JSON	O
data	O
is	O
readily	O
available	O
in	O
many	O
programming	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
's	O
website	O
lists	O
JSON	O
libraries	B-Application
by	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
became	O
the	O
main	O
reference	O
for	O
JSON	O
's	O
Internet	O
uses	O
,	O
superseding	O
and	O
(	O
but	O
preserving	O
ECMA-262	B-Language
and	O
ECMA-404	O
as	O
main	O
references	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2017	O
,	O
ISO/IEC	O
JTC	O
1/SC	O
22	O
published	O
ISO/IEC	O
21778:2017	O
as	O
an	O
international	O
standard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crockford	O
added	O
a	O
clause	O
to	O
the	O
JSON	O
license	B-License
stating	O
that	O
"	O
The	O
Software	O
shall	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
Good	O
,	O
not	O
Evil	O
,	O
"	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
open-source	B-Application
the	O
JSON	O
libraries	B-Application
while	O
mocking	O
corporate	O
lawyers	O
and	O
those	O
who	O
are	O
overly	O
pedantic	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
this	O
clause	O
led	O
to	O
license	B-License
compatibility	O
problems	O
of	O
the	O
JSON	O
license	B-License
with	O
other	O
open-source	B-Application
licenses	O
,	O
as	O
open-source	B-Application
software	I-Application
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
usually	O
imply	O
no	O
restrictions	O
on	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Crockford	O
originally	O
asserted	O
that	O
JSON	O
is	O
a	O
strict	O
subset	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
,	O
his	O
specification	O
actually	O
allows	O
valid	O
JSON	O
documents	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
valid	O
JavaScript	B-Language
;	O
JSON	O
allows	O
the	O
Unicode	O
line	O
terminators	O
and	O
to	O
appear	O
unescaped	O
in	O
quoted	O
strings	O
,	O
while	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
2018	O
and	O
older	O
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
to	O
include	O
the	O
Emoji	B-Application
character	O
in	O
JSON	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
became	O
a	O
strict	O
subset	O
of	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
as	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
's	O
2019	O
revision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Number	O
:	O
a	O
signed	O
decimal	O
number	O
that	O
may	O
contain	O
a	O
fractional	O
part	O
and	O
may	O
use	O
exponential	O
E	O
notation	O
,	O
but	O
cannot	O
include	O
non-numbers	O
such	O
as	O
NaN	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JavaScript	B-Language
uses	O
IEEE-754	O
double-precision	O
floating-point	O
format	O
for	O
all	O
its	O
numeric	O
values	O
(	O
later	O
also	O
supporting	O
BigInt	B-Algorithm
)	O
,	O
but	O
other	O
languages	O
implementing	O
JSON	O
may	O
encode	O
numbers	O
differently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strings	O
are	O
delimited	O
with	O
double	O
quotation	O
marks	O
and	O
support	O
a	O
backslash	O
escaping	B-Algorithm
syntax	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Array	B-Data_Structure
:	O
an	O
ordered	O
list	O
of	O
zero	O
or	O
more	O
elements	O
,	O
each	O
of	O
which	O
may	O
be	O
of	O
any	O
type	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Object	O
:	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
name	B-Application
–	I-Application
value	I-Application
pairs	I-Application
where	O
the	O
names	O
(	O
also	O
called	O
keys	O
)	O
are	O
strings	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
byte	O
order	O
mark	O
must	O
not	O
be	O
generated	O
by	O
a	O
conforming	O
implementation	O
(	O
though	O
it	O
may	O
be	O
accepted	O
when	O
parsing	B-Language
JSON	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
versions	O
of	O
JSON	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
specified	O
by	O
)	O
required	O
that	O
a	O
valid	O
JSON	O
text	O
must	O
consist	O
of	O
only	O
an	O
object	O
or	O
an	O
array	B-Data_Structure
type	O
,	O
which	O
could	O
contain	O
other	O
types	O
within	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
this	O
allows	O
for	O
numbers	O
of	O
arbitrary	B-Algorithm
precision	I-Algorithm
to	O
be	O
serialized	O
,	O
it	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
portability	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
JSON	O
standard	O
makes	O
no	O
requirements	O
regarding	O
implementation	O
details	O
such	O
as	O
overflow	B-Algorithm
,	O
underflow	B-Algorithm
,	O
loss	O
of	O
precision	O
,	O
rounding	O
,	O
or	O
signed	B-Algorithm
zeros	I-Algorithm
,	O
but	O
it	O
does	O
recommend	O
expecting	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
IEEE	O
754	O
binary64	O
precision	O
for	O
"	O
good	O
interoperability	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
no	O
inherent	O
precision	O
loss	O
in	O
serializing	B-Application
a	O
machine-level	O
binary	O
representation	O
of	O
a	O
floating-point	O
number	O
(	O
like	O
binary64	O
)	O
into	O
a	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
decimal	O
representation	O
(	O
like	O
numbers	O
in	O
JSON	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
back	O
,	O
since	O
there	O
exist	O
published	O
algorithms	O
to	O
do	O
this	O
exactly	O
and	O
optimally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Douglas	O
Crockford	O
described	O
his	O
design	O
decision	O
thus	O
:	O
"	O
I	O
removed	O
comments	O
from	O
JSON	O
because	O
I	O
saw	O
people	O
were	O
using	O
them	O
to	O
hold	O
parsing	B-Language
directives	O
,	O
a	O
practice	O
which	O
would	O
have	O
destroyed	O
interoperability.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
of	O
where	O
such	O
an	O
agreement	O
is	O
necessary	O
is	O
the	O
serialization	B-Application
of	O
data	O
types	O
defined	O
by	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
syntax	I-Language
that	O
are	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
JSON	O
standard	O
,	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Date	O
,	O
Function	O
,	O
Regular	O
Expression	O
,	O
and	O
undefined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Certain	O
JSON	O
implementations	O
only	O
accept	O
JSON	O
texts	O
which	O
represent	O
an	O
object	O
or	O
an	O
array	B-Data_Structure
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
interoperability	O
,	O
applications	O
should	O
avoid	O
assigning	O
meaning	O
to	O
member	O
ordering	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
parsing	B-Language
software	O
makes	O
that	O
ordering	O
visible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
the	O
specifications	O
place	O
no	O
limits	O
on	O
the	O
magnitude	O
or	O
precisions	O
of	O
JSON	O
number	O
literals	O
,	O
the	O
widely-used	O
JavaScript	B-Language
implementation	O
stores	O
them	O
as	O
IEEE754	O
"	O
binary64	O
"	O
quantities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
official	O
MIME	B-Application
type	I-Application
for	O
JSON	O
text	O
is	O
"	O
application/json	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
modern	O
implementations	O
have	O
adopted	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unofficial	O
MIME	B-Application
type	I-Application
"	O
text/json	O
"	O
or	O
the	O
content-type	B-Application
"	O
text/javascript	O
"	O
are	O
also	O
supported	O
for	O
legacy	O
reasons	O
by	O
many	O
service	O
providers	O
,	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
servers	O
,	O
web	B-Application
applications	I-Application
,	O
libraries	B-Application
,	O
frameworks	O
,	O
and	O
APIs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
include	O
the	O
Google	O
Search	O
API	O
,	O
Yahoo	O
!,	O
Flickr	O
,	O
Facebook	O
API	O
,	O
Lift	B-Language
framework	I-Language
,	O
and	O
Dojo	O
Toolkit	O
0.4	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
Schema	B-Language
specifies	O
a	O
JSON-based	O
format	O
to	O
define	O
the	O
structure	O
of	O
JSON	O
data	O
for	O
validation	O
,	O
documentation	O
,	O
and	O
interaction	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
Schema	B-Language
is	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
concepts	O
from	O
XML	B-Language
Schema	I-Language
(	O
XSD	O
)	O
but	O
is	O
JSON-based	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
in	O
XSD	O
,	O
the	O
same	O
serialization/deserialization	O
tools	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
both	O
for	O
the	O
schema	B-Language
and	O
data	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
is	O
self-describing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON-RPC	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
remote	B-Operating_System
procedure	I-Operating_System
call	I-Operating_System
(	O
RPC	O
)	O
protocol	O
built	O
on	O
JSON	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
XML-RPC	B-Protocol
or	O
SOAP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON-RPC	B-General_Concept
lets	O
a	O
system	O
send	O
notifications	O
(	O
information	O
to	O
the	O
server	B-Application
that	O
does	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
response	O
)	O
and	O
multiple	O
calls	O
to	O
the	O
server	B-Application
that	O
can	O
be	O
answered	O
out	O
of	O
order	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Asynchronous	B-General_Concept
JavaScript	I-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
JSON	I-General_Concept
(	O
or	O
AJAJ	B-General_Concept
)	O
refers	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
dynamic	O
web	O
page	O
methodology	O
as	O
Ajax	B-General_Concept
,	O
but	O
instead	O
of	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
JSON	O
is	O
the	O
data	O
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AJAJ	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
web	O
development	O
technique	O
that	O
provides	O
for	O
the	O
ability	O
of	O
a	O
webpage	O
to	O
request	O
new	O
data	O
after	O
it	O
has	O
loaded	O
into	O
the	O
web	B-Application
browser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Typically	O
it	O
renders	O
new	O
data	O
from	O
the	O
server	B-Application
in	O
response	O
to	O
user	O
actions	O
on	O
that	O
webpage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
what	O
the	O
user	O
types	O
into	O
a	O
search	O
box	O
,	O
client-side	O
code	O
then	O
sends	O
to	O
the	O
server	B-Application
,	O
which	O
immediately	O
responds	O
with	O
a	O
drop-down	O
list	O
of	O
matching	O
database	O
items	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
has	O
seen	O
ad	O
hoc	O
usage	O
as	O
a	O
configuration	B-Protocol
language	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Douglas	O
Crockford	O
,	O
JSON	O
creator	O
,	O
had	O
this	O
to	O
say	O
about	O
comments	O
in	O
JSON	O
when	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
configuration	B-Protocol
language	I-Protocol
:	O
"	O
I	O
know	O
that	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
comments	O
makes	O
some	O
people	O
sad	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
should	O
n't	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Suppose	O
you	O
are	O
using	O
JSON	O
to	O
keep	O
configuration	B-Protocol
files	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
you	O
would	O
like	O
to	O
annotate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MongoDB	B-Application
uses	O
JSON-like	O
data	O
for	O
its	O
document-oriented	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
being	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
JavaScript	B-Language
can	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
misconception	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
safe	O
to	O
pass	O
JSON	O
texts	O
to	O
the	O
JavaScript	B-Language
function	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
not	O
safe	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
certain	O
valid	O
JSON	O
texts	O
,	O
specifically	O
those	O
containing	O
or	O
,	O
not	O
being	O
valid	O
JavaScript	B-Language
code	O
until	O
JavaScript	B-Language
specifications	O
were	O
updated	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
older	O
engines	O
may	O
not	O
support	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
avoid	O
the	O
many	O
pitfalls	O
caused	O
by	O
executing	O
arbitrary	O
code	O
from	O
the	O
Internet	O
,	O
a	O
new	O
function	O
,	O
was	O
first	O
added	O
to	O
the	O
fifth	O
edition	O
of	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
,	O
which	O
as	O
of	O
2017	O
is	O
supported	O
by	O
all	O
major	O
browsers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
non-supported	O
browsers	B-Application
,	O
an	O
API-compatible	O
JavaScript	B-Language
library	O
is	O
provided	O
by	O
Douglas	O
Crockford	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
TC39	O
proposal	O
made	O
ECMAScript	B-Language
a	O
strict	O
JSON	O
superset	O
as	O
of	O
the	O
language	O
's	O
2019	O
revision	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
JSON	O
parser	O
implementations	O
have	O
suffered	O
from	O
denial-of-service	O
attack	O
and	O
mass	B-Protocol
assignment	I-Protocol
vulnerability	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
is	O
promoted	O
as	O
a	O
low-overhead	O
alternative	O
to	O
XML	B-Protocol
as	O
both	O
of	O
these	O
formats	O
have	O
widespread	O
support	O
for	O
creation	O
,	O
reading	O
,	O
and	O
decoding	O
in	O
the	O
real-world	O
situations	O
where	O
they	O
are	O
commonly	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
XML	B-Protocol
,	O
examples	O
could	O
include	O
CSV	O
and	O
supersets	O
of	O
JSON	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
Google	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
Buffers	I-Protocol
can	O
fill	O
this	O
role	O
,	O
although	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
a	O
data	O
interchange	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
has	O
been	O
used	O
to	O
describe	O
structured	O
data	O
and	O
to	O
serialize	B-Application
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Various	O
XML-based	O
protocols	O
exist	O
to	O
represent	O
the	O
same	O
kind	O
of	O
data	O
structures	O
as	O
JSON	O
for	O
the	O
same	O
kind	O
of	O
data	O
interchange	O
purposes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
can	O
be	O
encoded	O
in	O
XML	B-Protocol
in	O
several	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
attribute	O
can	O
only	O
have	O
a	O
single	O
value	O
and	O
each	O
attribute	O
can	O
appear	O
at	O
most	O
once	O
on	O
each	O
element	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
separates	O
"	O
data	O
"	O
from	O
"	O
metadata	O
"	O
(	O
via	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
elements	O
and	O
attributes	O
)	O
,	O
while	O
JSON	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
such	O
a	O
concept	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
has	O
objects	O
with	O
a	O
simple	O
"	O
key	O
"	O
to	O
"	O
value	O
"	O
mapping	O
,	O
whereas	O
in	O
XML	B-Protocol
addressing	O
happens	O
on	O
"	O
nodes	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
all	O
receive	O
a	O
unique	O
ID	O
via	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
processor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
the	O
XML	B-Protocol
standard	O
defines	O
a	O
common	O
attribute	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
by	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
to	O
set	O
an	O
ID	O
explicitly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
tag	O
names	O
cannot	O
contain	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
characters	O
!	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
values	O
are	O
strings	O
of	O
characters	O
,	O
with	O
no	O
built-in	O
type	B-Language
safety	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
has	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
schema	B-Language
,	O
that	O
permits	O
strong	O
typing	O
,	O
user-defined	O
types	O
,	O
predefined	O
tags	O
,	O
and	O
formal	O
structure	O
,	O
allowing	O
for	O
formal	O
validation	O
of	O
an	O
XML	B-Protocol
stream	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JSON	O
has	O
several	O
types	O
built-in	O
and	O
has	O
a	O
similar	O
schema	B-Language
concept	O
in	O
JSON	O
Schema	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
XML	B-Protocol
supports	O
comments	O
,	O
while	O
JSON	O
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Among	O
them	O
are	O
HJSON	O
,	O
HOCON	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
JSON5	O
(	O
which	O
despite	O
its	O
name	O
,	O
is	O
not	O
the	O
fifth	O
version	O
of	O
JSON	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
YAML	B-Protocol
version	O
1.2	O
is	O
a	O
superset	O
of	O
JSON	O
;	O
prior	O
versions	O
were	O
not	O
strictly	O
compatible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
escaping	B-Algorithm
a	O
slash	O
with	O
a	O
backslash	O
is	O
valid	O
in	O
JSON	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
valid	O
in	O
YAML	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
YAML	B-Protocol
supports	O
comments	O
,	O
while	O
JSON	O
does	O
not	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
YAML	B-Protocol
,	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
strict	O
superset	O
of	O
JSON	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Contrary	O
to	O
YAML	B-Protocol
,	O
every	O
CSON	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
translated	O
to	O
JSON	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
,	O
so	O
one	O
can	O
continue	O
to	O
use	O
a	O
library	O
which	O
only	O
understands	O
JSON	O
,	O
and	O
one	O
does	O
not	O
have	O
to	O
translate	O
existing	O
JSON	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ease	O
of	O
parsing	B-Language
,	O
it	O
is	O
LL(1 )	O
and	O
explicitly	O
avoids	O
context	O
sensitivity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Incompatibility	O
to	O
JavaScript	B-Language
is	O
not	O
strict	O
,	O
therefor	O
avoid	O
CSON	O
over	O
HTTP	B-Protocol
.	I-Protocol
</s>
<s>
Like	O
YAML	B-Protocol
,	O
strict	O
string	O
,	O
no	O
data	O
types	O
,	O
unlike	O
e.g.	O
,	O
TOML	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Libraries	B-Application
for	O
C	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Python	O
,	O
and	O
Rust	O
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HOCON	B-Protocol
(	O
"	O
Human-Optimized	B-Protocol
Config	I-Protocol
Object	I-Protocol
Notation	I-Protocol
"	O
is	O
a	O
format	O
for	O
human-readable	B-General_Concept
data	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
superset	O
of	O
JSON	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
uses	O
of	O
HOCON	B-Protocol
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
primarily	O
used	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
Play	B-Language
framework	I-Language
,	O
and	O
is	O
developed	O
by	O
Lightbend	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
supported	O
as	O
a	O
configuration	O
format	O
for	O
.NET	O
projects	O
via	O
Akka.NET	O
and	O
Puppet	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TIBCO	O
Streaming	O
:	O
HOCON	B-Protocol
is	O
the	O
primary	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
format	O
for	O
the	O
TIBCO	O
Streaming	O
family	O
of	O
products	O
(	O
StreamBase	O
,	O
LiveView	O
,	O
and	O
Artifact	O
Management	O
Server	B-Application
)	O
as	O
of	O
TIBCO	O
Streaming	O
Release	O
10	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
primary	O
configuration	B-Protocol
file	I-Protocol
format	O
for	O
several	O
subsystems	O
of	O
Exabeam	O
Advanced	O
Analytics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
serialization	B-Application
formats	O
have	O
been	O
built	O
on	O
or	O
from	O
the	O
JSON	O
specification	O
.	O
</s>
