<s>
High-Density	O
Rosetta	O
(	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
)	O
is	O
a	O
permanent	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
device	I-General_Concept
which	O
contains	O
engraved	O
microscopic	O
information	O
on	O
a	O
small	O
nickel	O
plate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
image	O
capacity	O
for	O
an	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disc	O
can	O
range	O
from	O
10,000	O
to	O
100,000	O
images	O
on	O
a	O
4096	O
by	O
4096	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
x	O
vs.	O
y	O
plane	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similar	O
to	O
hieroglyphics	O
and	O
microfilm	O
,	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
is	O
used	O
for	O
preserving	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Norsam	O
Technologies	O
has	O
made	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
extremely	O
durable	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
most	O
archival	O
data	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
has	O
also	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
purposes	O
other	O
than	O
archival	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
De	O
Beers	O
has	O
currently	O
used	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
technology	O
to	O
provide	O
clear	O
marking	O
on	O
diamonds	O
and	O
other	O
gemstones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
specific	O
software	O
or	O
operating	O
systems	O
to	O
read	O
the	O
information	O
:	O
the	O
information	O
engraved	O
onto	O
the	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disc	O
is	O
easily	O
accessed	O
with	O
a	O
microscope	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
record	O
information	O
on	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
,	O
special	O
formatting	O
and	O
tools	O
must	O
be	O
used	O
during	O
the	O
writing	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Digital	O
format	O
is	O
required	O
so	O
the	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
in	O
micrometers	O
,	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
by	I-Algorithm
pixel	I-Algorithm
,	O
by	O
the	O
focused	O
ion	O
beam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
point	O
of	O
contact	O
,	O
atoms	O
from	O
the	O
nickel	O
surface	O
of	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
are	O
knocked	O
off	O
the	O
plate	O
;	O
essentially	O
,	O
an	O
etch	O
is	O
made	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
lightly	O
milling	O
or	O
doping	B-Algorithm
the	O
surface	O
,	O
the	O
mills	O
are	O
chemically	O
treated	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disc	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
with	O
a	O
microscope	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
size	O
of	O
the	O
etchings	O
,	O
different	O
types	O
of	O
microscopes	O
may	O
be	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
locate	O
information	O
rapidly	O
,	O
Norsam	O
Technologies	O
has	O
developed	O
a	O
special	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
reader	O
to	O
locate	O
x	O
,	O
y	O
,	O
z	O
coordinates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
typing	O
a	O
page	O
number	O
,	O
the	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
reader	O
can	O
locate	O
the	O
appropriate	O
information	O
and	O
display	O
it	O
on	O
a	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
was	O
first	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
Los	O
Alamos	O
National	O
Laboratory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
purpose	O
was	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
permanent	O
data	B-General_Concept
storage	I-General_Concept
disc	O
that	O
would	O
withstand	O
nuclear	O
war	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Primarily	O
focusing	O
on	O
archiving	O
information	O
,	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
is	O
thought	O
as	O
a	O
method	O
for	O
preserving	O
history	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
used	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
for	O
their	O
"	O
Times	O
Capsule	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Their	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disk	O
contains	O
six	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
Millennium	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Times	O
Capsule	O
,	O
along	O
with	O
a	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disc	O
,	O
currently	O
resides	O
in	O
the	O
American	O
Museum	O
of	O
Natural	O
History	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
direct	O
analogy	O
to	O
its	O
namesake	B-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Rosetta	O
spacecraft	O
carried	O
a	O
micro-etched	O
pure	O
nickel	O
prototype	O
of	O
the	O
Rosetta	O
disc	O
donated	O
by	O
the	O
Long	O
Now	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Recently	O
,	O
the	O
Long	O
Now	O
Foundation	O
has	O
begun	O
the	O
Rosetta	O
Project	O
,	O
an	O
archival	O
project	O
wishing	O
to	O
preserve	O
history	O
onto	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
seeks	O
to	O
gather	O
important	O
information	O
and	O
preserve	O
the	O
human	O
language	O
onto	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Norsam	O
Technologies	O
currently	O
holds	O
the	O
patent	O
for	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
technology	O
,	O
Norsam	O
Technologies	O
and	O
De	O
Beers	O
have	O
cross-licensed	O
to	O
provide	O
clear	O
markings	O
on	O
diamonds	O
and	O
other	O
gemstones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
advantages	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Sustainability	O
:	O
Since	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
is	O
made	O
of	O
nickel	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
never	O
be	O
affected	O
by	O
electromagnetic	O
radiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Durability	O
:	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
can	O
withstand	O
temperatures	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
last	O
at	O
least	O
1,000	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Withstands	O
technical	O
obsolescence	O
:	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
does	O
not	O
require	O
any	O
specific	O
software	O
or	O
operating	O
systems	O
to	O
read	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Minimal	O
processing	O
time	O
:	O
It	O
takes	O
one-tenth	O
of	O
a	O
second	O
to	O
etch	O
a	O
page	O
onto	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Images	O
:	O
With	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
focused	O
ion	O
beam	O
,	O
images	O
and	O
characters	O
can	O
be	O
written	O
by	O
varying	O
the	O
time	O
each	O
pixel	B-Algorithm
is	O
milled	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
disadvantages	O
include	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Size	O
:	O
HD-Rosetta	B-General_Concept
can	O
easily	O
be	O
lost	O
.	O
</s>
