<s>
thumb|	O
High-power	O
140	O
GHz	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
for	O
plasma	O
heating	O
in	O
the	O
Wendelstein	O
7-X	O
fusion	O
experiment	O
,	O
Germany	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
class	O
of	O
high-power	O
linear-beam	O
vacuum	O
tubes	O
that	O
generates	O
millimeter-wave	O
electromagnetic	O
waves	O
by	O
the	O
cyclotron	O
resonance	O
of	O
electrons	O
in	O
a	O
strong	O
magnetic	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gyrotrons	B-Algorithm
can	O
be	O
designed	O
for	O
pulsed	O
or	O
continuous	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
was	O
invented	O
by	O
Soviet	O
scientists	O
at	O
NIRFI	O
,	O
based	O
in	O
Nizhny	O
Novgorod	O
,	O
Russia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
free-electron	O
maser	O
that	O
generates	O
high-frequency	O
electromagnetic	O
radiation	O
by	O
stimulated	O
cyclotron	O
resonance	O
of	O
electrons	O
moving	O
through	O
a	O
strong	O
magnetic	O
field	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
unlike	O
conventional	O
microwave	O
vacuum	O
tubes	O
such	O
as	O
klystrons	O
and	O
magnetrons	B-Device
,	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
wavelength	O
is	O
determined	O
by	O
a	O
single-mode	O
resonant	O
cavity	O
,	O
a	O
slow-wave	O
structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thumb|A	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
(	O
right	O
)	O
in	O
cross-section	O
(	O
left	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
,	O
a	O
hot	O
filament	O
in	O
an	O
electron	O
gun	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
at	O
one	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
tube	O
emits	O
an	O
annular-shaped	O
(	O
hollow	O
tubular	O
)	O
beam	O
of	O
electrons	O
(	O
6	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
accelerated	O
by	O
a	O
high-voltage	O
DC	O
anode	O
(	O
10	O
)	O
and	O
then	O
travels	O
through	O
a	O
large	O
tubular	O
resonant	O
cavity	O
structure	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
in	O
a	O
strong	O
axial	O
magnetic	O
field	O
,	O
usually	O
created	O
by	O
a	O
superconducting	O
magnet	O
around	O
the	O
tube	O
(	O
8	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
field	O
causes	O
the	O
electrons	O
to	O
move	O
helically	B-Application
in	O
tight	O
circles	O
around	O
the	O
magnetic	O
field	O
lines	O
as	O
they	O
travel	O
lengthwise	O
through	O
the	O
tube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electron	O
speed	O
in	O
a	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
is	O
slightly	O
relativistic	O
(	O
on	O
the	O
order	O
of	O
but	O
not	O
close	O
to	O
the	O
speed	O
of	O
light	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gyrotrons	B-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
for	O
many	O
industrial	O
and	O
high-technology	O
heating	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
gyrotrons	B-Algorithm
are	O
used	O
in	O
nuclear	O
fusion	O
research	O
experiments	O
to	O
heat	O
plasmas	O
and	O
also	O
in	O
manufacturing	O
industry	O
as	O
a	O
rapid	O
heating	O
tool	O
in	O
processing	O
glass	O
,	O
composites	O
,	O
and	O
ceramics	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
for	O
annealing	O
(	O
solar	O
and	O
semiconductors	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
Quaise	O
Energy	O
announced	O
the	O
idea	O
of	O
using	O
a	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
as	O
a	O
boring	O
machine	O
to	O
drill	O
a	O
hole	O
20	O
kilometers	O
in	O
depth	O
and	O
use	O
it	O
to	O
produce	O
geothermal	O
energy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Drilling	O
rates	O
of	O
70	O
meters/hour	O
appear	O
to	O
be	O
possible	O
with	O
a	O
1-MW	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
transverse-output	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
beam	O
exits	O
through	O
a	O
window	O
in	O
the	O
side	O
of	O
the	O
tube	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
axial-output	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
beam	O
exits	O
through	O
a	O
window	O
in	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
tube	O
at	O
the	O
far	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
cylindrical	O
collector	O
electrode	O
which	O
collects	O
the	O
electrons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
developed	O
in	O
1964	O
was	O
an	O
oscillator	O
,	O
but	O
since	O
that	O
time	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
amplifiers	O
have	O
been	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
helical	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
electron	O
beam	O
can	O
amplify	O
an	O
applied	O
microwave	O
signal	O
similarly	O
to	O
the	O
way	O
a	O
straight	O
electron	O
beam	O
amplifies	O
in	O
classical	O
microwave	O
tubes	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
klystron	O
,	O
so	O
there	O
is	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
gyrotrons	B-Algorithm
which	O
function	O
analogously	O
to	O
these	O
tubes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gyro-monotron	O
(	O
gyro-oscillator	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
single-cavity	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
that	O
functions	O
as	O
an	O
oscillator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Has	O
two	O
microwave	B-Algorithm
cavities	I-Algorithm
along	O
the	O
electron	O
beam	O
,	O
an	O
input	O
cavity	O
upstream	O
to	O
which	O
the	O
signal	O
to	O
be	O
amplified	O
is	O
applied	O
and	O
an	O
output	O
cavity	O
downstream	O
from	O
which	O
the	O
output	O
is	O
taken	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
gyro-BWO	O
is	O
an	O
oscillator	O
that	O
functions	O
analogously	O
to	O
a	O
backward	B-Algorithm
wave	I-Algorithm
oscillator	I-Algorithm
(	O
BWO	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
gyrotron	B-Algorithm
was	O
invented	O
in	O
the	O
Soviet	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
System	O
developers	O
include	O
Gyrotron	B-Algorithm
Technology	O
.	O
</s>
