<s>
The	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
was	O
an	O
early	O
electric	O
primary	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
named	O
after	O
its	O
inventor	O
,	O
Welsh	O
physical	O
scientist	O
William	O
Robert	O
Grove	O
,	O
and	O
consisted	O
of	O
a	O
zinc	B-Application
anode	O
in	O
dilute	O
sulfuric	O
acid	O
and	O
a	O
platinum	B-Operating_System
cathode	O
in	O
concentrated	O
nitric	O
acid	O
,	O
the	O
two	O
separated	O
by	O
a	O
porous	O
ceramic	O
pot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
voltage	O
is	O
about	O
1.9	O
volts	O
and	O
arises	O
from	O
the	O
following	O
reaction	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
was	O
the	O
favored	O
power	O
source	O
of	O
the	O
early	O
American	O
telegraph	O
system	O
in	O
the	O
period	O
1840	O
–	O
1860	O
because	O
it	O
offered	O
a	O
high	O
current	O
output	O
and	O
higher	O
voltage	O
than	O
the	O
earlier	O
Daniell	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
(	O
at	O
1.9	O
volts	O
and	O
1.1	O
volts	O
,	O
respectively	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
Civil	O
War	O
,	O
as	O
telegraph	O
traffic	O
increased	O
,	O
the	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
's	O
tendency	O
to	O
discharge	O
poisonous	O
nitrogen	O
dioxide	O
(	O
NO2	O
)	O
fumes	O
proved	O
increasingly	O
hazardous	O
to	O
health	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
telegraphs	O
became	O
more	O
complex	O
,	O
the	O
need	O
for	O
constant	O
voltage	O
became	O
critical	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cell	I-Algorithm
was	O
limited	O
in	O
this	O
respect	O
,	O
because	O
as	O
the	O
cell	O
discharged	O
,	O
voltage	O
reduced	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
Grove	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
were	O
replaced	O
in	O
use	O
by	O
Daniell	B-Algorithm
cells	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
