<s>
Collaborative	O
software	O
or	O
groupware	B-Protocol
is	O
application	B-Application
software	I-Application
designed	O
to	O
help	O
people	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
common	O
task	O
to	O
attain	O
their	O
goals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
definitions	O
of	O
groupware	B-Protocol
is	O
"	O
intentional	O
group	O
processes	O
plus	O
software	O
to	O
support	O
them	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
regards	O
available	O
interaction	O
,	O
collaborative	O
software	O
may	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
:	O
real-time	B-Application
collaborative	I-Application
editing	I-Application
platforms	O
that	O
allow	O
multiple	O
users	O
to	O
engage	O
in	O
live	O
,	O
simultaneous	O
and	O
reversible	O
editing	O
of	O
a	O
single	O
file	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
document	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
revision	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
and	O
source	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
)	O
platforms	O
,	O
which	O
allow	O
separate	O
users	O
to	O
make	O
parallel	O
edits	O
to	O
a	O
file	O
,	O
while	O
preserving	O
every	O
saved	O
edit	O
by	O
every	O
user	O
as	O
multiple	O
files	O
(	O
that	O
are	O
variants	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
file	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	O
software	O
is	O
a	O
broad	O
concept	O
that	O
overlaps	O
considerably	O
with	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
(	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Carstensen	O
and	O
Schmidt	O
(	O
1999	O
)	O
groupware	B-Protocol
is	O
part	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
claim	O
that	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
thereby	O
groupware	B-Protocol
,	O
addresses	O
"	O
how	O
collaborative	O
activities	O
and	O
their	O
coordination	O
can	O
be	O
supported	O
by	O
means	O
of	O
computer	O
systems.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
collaborative	O
software	O
in	O
the	O
work	O
space	O
creates	O
a	O
collaborative	B-Protocol
working	I-Protocol
environment	I-Protocol
(	O
CWE	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whereas	O
the	O
groupware	B-Protocol
or	O
collaborative	O
software	O
pertains	O
to	O
the	O
technological	O
elements	O
of	O
computer-supported	B-Protocol
cooperative	I-Protocol
work	I-Protocol
,	O
collaborative	O
work	O
systems	O
become	O
a	O
useful	O
analytical	O
tool	O
to	O
understand	O
the	O
behavioral	O
and	O
organizational	O
variables	O
that	O
are	O
associated	O
to	O
the	O
broader	O
concept	O
of	O
CSCW	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1975	O
,	O
Will	O
Crowther	O
created	O
Colossal	B-Application
Cave	I-Application
Adventure	I-Application
on	O
a	O
DEC	B-Device
PDP-10	I-Device
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
Roy	B-Protocol
Trubshaw	I-Protocol
,	O
a	O
student	O
at	O
University	O
of	O
Essex	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
created	O
the	O
game	O
MUD	O
(	O
Multi-User	O
Dungeon	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Collaborative	O
software	O
was	O
originally	O
designated	O
as	O
groupware	B-Protocol
and	O
this	O
term	O
can	O
be	O
traced	O
as	O
far	O
back	O
as	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
when	O
Richman	O
and	O
Slovak	O
(	O
1987	O
)	O
wrote	O
:	O
"	O
Like	O
an	O
electronic	O
sinew	O
that	O
binds	O
teams	O
together	O
,	O
the	O
new	O
groupware	B-Protocol
aims	O
to	O
place	O
the	O
computer	O
squarely	O
in	O
the	O
middle	O
of	O
communications	O
among	O
managers	O
,	O
technicians	O
,	O
and	O
anyone	O
else	O
who	O
interacts	O
in	O
groups	O
,	O
revolutionizing	O
the	O
way	O
they	O
work.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1978	O
,	O
Peter	O
and	O
Trudy	O
Johnson-Lenz	O
coined	O
the	O
term	O
groupware	B-Protocol
;	O
their	O
initial	O
1978	O
definition	O
of	O
groupware	B-Protocol
was	O
,	O
"	O
intentional	O
group	O
processes	O
plus	O
software	O
to	O
support	O
them.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
their	O
article	O
they	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
explain	O
groupware	B-Protocol
as	O
"	O
computer-mediated	O
culture	O
...	O
an	O
embodiment	O
of	O
social	O
organization	O
in	O
hyperspace.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Protocol
integrates	O
co-evolving	O
human	O
and	O
tool	O
systems	O
,	O
yet	O
is	O
simply	O
a	O
single	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
early	O
1990s	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
groupware	B-Protocol
products	O
were	O
delivered	O
,	O
and	O
big	O
companies	O
such	O
as	O
Boeing	O
and	O
IBM	O
started	O
using	O
electronic	O
meeting	O
systems	O
for	O
key	O
internal	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lotus	B-Operating_System
Notes	I-Operating_System
appeared	O
as	O
a	O
major	O
example	O
of	O
that	O
product	O
category	O
,	O
allowing	O
remote	O
group	B-Protocol
collaboration	I-Protocol
when	O
the	O
internet	O
was	O
still	O
in	O
its	O
infancy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kirkpatrick	O
and	O
Losee	O
(	O
1992	O
)	O
wrote	O
then	O
:	O
"	O
If	O
GROUPWARE	B-Protocol
really	O
makes	O
a	O
difference	O
in	O
productivity	O
long	O
term	O
,	O
the	O
very	O
definition	O
of	O
an	O
office	O
may	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1999	O
,	O
Achacoso	O
created	O
and	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
wireless	O
groupware	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
complexity	O
of	O
groupware	B-Protocol
development	O
is	O
still	O
an	O
issue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
reason	O
for	O
this	O
is	O
the	O
socio-technical	O
dimension	O
of	O
groupware	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Protocol
designers	O
do	O
not	O
only	O
have	O
to	O
address	O
technical	O
issues	O
(	O
as	O
in	O
traditional	O
software	O
development	O
)	O
but	O
also	O
consider	O
the	O
organizational	O
aspects	O
and	O
the	O
social	O
group	O
processes	O
that	O
should	O
be	O
supported	O
with	O
the	O
groupware	B-Protocol
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
examples	O
for	O
issues	O
in	O
groupware	B-Protocol
development	O
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Authentication	O
has	O
always	O
been	O
a	O
problem	O
with	O
groupware	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
input	O
and	O
output	O
streams	O
bring	O
concurrency	O
issues	O
into	O
the	O
groupware	B-Protocol
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Real-time	O
communication	O
via	O
groupware	B-Protocol
can	O
lead	O
to	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
noise	O
,	O
over-communication	O
and	O
information	O
overload	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
approach	O
for	O
addressing	O
these	O
issues	O
is	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
design	O
patterns	O
for	O
groupware	B-Protocol
design	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
patterns	O
identify	O
recurring	O
groupware	B-Protocol
design	O
issues	O
and	O
discuss	O
design	O
choices	O
in	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
all	O
stakeholders	O
can	O
participate	O
in	O
the	O
groupware	B-Protocol
development	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Groupware	B-Protocol
can	O
be	O
divided	O
into	O
three	O
categories	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
collaboration	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
phone	O
call	O
or	O
an	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
chat	O
discussion	O
are	O
examples	O
of	O
this	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Extranet	B-Architecture
systems	O
(	O
sometimes	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
'	O
project	O
extranets	B-Architecture
 '	O
)	O
collect	O
,	O
organize	O
,	O
manage	O
and	O
share	O
information	O
associated	O
with	O
the	O
delivery	O
of	O
a	O
project	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Intranet	B-General_Concept
systems	O
quickly	O
share	O
company	O
information	O
to	O
members	O
within	O
a	O
company	O
via	O
Internet	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
intent	O
of	O
collaborative	O
software	O
(	O
groupware	B-Protocol
)	O
is	O
to	O
transform	O
the	O
way	O
documents	O
and	O
rich	O
media	O
are	O
shared	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
enable	O
more	O
effective	O
team	O
collaboration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Communication	O
technology	O
such	O
as	O
telephones	O
,	O
instant	B-Application
messaging	I-Application
,	O
and	O
e-mail	O
are	O
generally	O
sufficient	O
for	O
conversational	O
interactions	O
.	O
</s>
