<s>
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
software	O
product	O
sold	O
by	O
Wolfram	B-Application
Research	I-Application
which	O
extends	O
the	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
processing	I-Operating_System
capabilities	O
of	O
its	O
main	O
product	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
increases	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
parallel	O
processes	O
that	O
Mathematica	B-Language
can	O
run	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
Mathematica	B-Language
license	O
allows	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
parallel	O
tasks	O
to	O
run	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Standard	O
Mathematica	B-Language
consists	O
of	O
a	O
front	O
end	O
which	O
provides	O
a	O
user	O
interface	O
and	O
a	O
controlling	O
process	O
(	O
the	O
control	O
kernel	O
)	O
which	O
has	O
computational	O
tasks	O
performed	O
by	O
up	O
to	O
four	O
processes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
calls	O
the	O
processes	O
performing	O
computations	O
"	O
compute	O
kernels.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
allows	O
additional	O
kernels	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
"	O
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
Local	O
"	O
license	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
8	O
compute	O
kernels	O
on	O
a	O
single	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
Server	O
"	O
license	O
allows	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
up	O
to	O
16	O
compute	O
kernels	O
distributed	O
across	O
multiple	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematica	B-Language
manages	O
the	O
interprocess	O
communication	O
such	O
as	O
queueing	O
,	O
virtual	O
shared	O
memory	O
,	O
and	O
failure	O
recovery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
scales	O
to	O
larger	O
grid	O
systems	O
when	O
additional	O
licenses	O
are	O
purchased	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
communication	O
between	O
the	O
kernels	O
and	O
the	O
front	O
end	O
uses	O
the	O
interface	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
an	O
interface	O
designed	O
to	O
allow	O
external	O
programs	O
to	O
communicate	O
with	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
communication	O
is	O
over	O
TCP/IP	B-Protocol
and	O
use	O
SSH	B-Protocol
or	O
RSH	B-Protocol
for	O
authentication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mathematica	B-Language
7	O
,	O
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
now-discontinued	O
Mathematica	B-Language
Personal	O
Grid	O
Edition	O
were	O
the	O
only	O
versions	O
of	O
Mathematica	B-Language
to	O
provide	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
computation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
worked	O
as	O
stand-alone	O
products	O
including	O
Front	O
End	O
and	O
Control	O
Kernels	O
and	O
the	O
Parallel	B-Operating_System
Computing	I-Operating_System
Toolkit	O
developed	O
by	O
Roman	O
Maeder	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
authors	O
of	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
Mathematica	B-Language
7	O
,	O
the	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
tools	O
were	O
redesigned	O
and	O
included	O
in	O
Mathematica	B-Language
,	O
and	O
gridMathematica	B-Operating_System
was	O
redesigned	O
to	O
work	O
directly	O
with	O
Mathematica	B-Language
.	O
</s>
