<s>
A	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
(	O
also	O
graphics	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
or	O
graphic	B-Application
display	I-Application
calculator	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
handheld	B-Application
computer	I-Application
that	O
is	O
capable	O
of	O
plotting	O
graphs	B-Application
,	O
solving	O
simultaneous	O
equations	O
,	O
and	O
performing	O
other	O
tasks	O
with	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
popular	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
create	O
customized	O
programs	O
,	O
typically	O
for	O
scientific	O
,	O
engineering	O
or	O
education	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
early	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
was	O
designed	O
in	O
1921	O
by	O
electrical	O
engineer	O
Edith	O
Clarke	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Casio	O
produced	O
the	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sharp	O
produced	O
its	O
first	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
in	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
have	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
capable	O
of	O
producing	O
symbolic	O
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Calculators	O
that	O
have	O
a	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
are	O
called	O
symbolic	O
or	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
calculators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
can	O
be	O
attached	O
to	O
devices	O
like	O
electronic	O
thermometers	O
,	O
pH	O
gauges	O
,	O
weather	O
instruments	O
,	O
decibel	O
and	O
light	O
meters	O
,	O
accelerometers	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
sensors	O
and	O
therefore	O
function	O
as	O
data	O
loggers	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
WiFi	O
or	O
other	O
communication	O
modules	O
for	O
monitoring	O
,	O
polling	O
and	O
interaction	O
with	O
the	O
teacher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
typically	O
user-programmable	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
also	O
widely	O
used	O
for	O
utilities	O
and	O
calculator	O
gaming	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
sizable	O
body	O
of	O
user-created	O
game	O
software	O
on	O
most	O
popular	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
games	O
and	O
utilities	O
has	O
spurred	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
calculator	O
application	O
sites	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Cemetech	O
)	O
which	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
may	O
offer	O
programs	O
created	O
using	O
calculators	O
 '	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
though	O
handheld	B-Application
gaming	O
devices	O
fall	O
in	O
a	O
similar	O
price	O
range	O
,	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
offer	O
superior	O
math	O
programming	O
capability	O
for	O
math	O
based	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
North	O
America	O
–	O
high	O
school	O
mathematics	O
teachers	O
allow	O
and	O
even	O
encourage	O
their	O
students	O
to	O
use	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
in	O
class	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
College	O
Board	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
–	O
permits	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
most	O
graphing	O
or	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
calculators	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
QWERTY-style	O
keyboard	O
for	O
parts	O
of	O
its	O
AP	O
and	O
SAT	O
exams	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
ACT	O
exam	O
and	O
IB	O
schools	O
do	O
not	O
permit	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
calculators	O
with	O
computer	B-General_Concept
algebra	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
United	O
Kingdom	O
–	O
a	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
is	O
allowed	O
for	O
A-level	O
maths	O
courses	O
,	O
however	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
required	O
and	O
the	O
exams	O
are	O
designed	O
to	O
be	O
broadly	O
'	O
calculator	O
neutral	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
at	O
GCSE	O
,	O
all	O
current	O
courses	O
include	O
one	O
paper	O
where	O
no	O
calculator	O
of	O
any	O
kind	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
,	O
but	O
students	O
are	O
permitted	O
to	O
use	O
graphical	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
for	O
other	O
papers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
graphical	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
at	O
GCSE	O
is	O
not	O
widespread	O
with	O
cost	O
being	O
a	O
likely	O
factor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
for	O
either	O
A-level	O
or	O
GCSE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Scottish	O
SQA	O
allows	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
graphic	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
in	O
maths	O
exams	O
(	O
excluding	O
paper	O
1	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
exclusively	O
non-calculator	O
)	O
,	O
however	O
these	O
should	O
either	O
be	O
checked	O
before	O
exams	O
by	O
invigilators	O
or	O
handed	O
out	O
by	O
the	O
exam	O
centre	O
,	O
as	O
certain	O
functions	O
/	O
information	O
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
to	O
be	O
stored	O
on	O
a	O
calculator	O
in	O
the	O
exam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SQA	O
exams	O
do	O
not	O
favour	O
a	O
graphic	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
,	O
and	O
since	O
working	O
must	O
be	O
shown	O
for	O
full	O
marks	O
,	O
do	O
not	O
give	O
a	O
significant	O
advantage	O
over	O
candidates	O
who	O
do	O
not	O
use	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Finland	O
and	O
Slovenia	O
–	O
and	O
certain	O
other	O
countries	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
forbidden	O
to	O
use	O
calculators	O
with	O
symbolic	O
calculation	O
(	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
)	O
or	O
3D	O
graphics	O
features	O
in	O
the	O
matriculation	O
exam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
Further	O
Mathematics	O
an	O
approved	O
graphics	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
(	O
for	O
example	O
TI-83/84	O
,	O
Casio	B-Device
9860	I-Device
,	O
HP-39G	B-Device
)	O
or	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
(	O
for	O
example	O
TI-89	B-Device
,	O
the	B-Device
ClassPad	I-Device
series	I-Device
,	O
HP-40G	O
)	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mathematical	O
Methods	O
(	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
)	O
has	O
a	O
technology	O
free	O
examination	O
consisting	O
of	O
short	O
answer	O
and	O
some	O
extended	O
answer	O
questions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
then	O
also	O
has	O
a	O
technology-active	O
examination	O
consisting	O
of	O
extended	O
response	O
and	O
multiple	O
choice	O
questions	O
:	O
a	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
is	O
the	O
assumed	O
technology	O
for	O
Mathematical	O
Methods	O
(	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Specialist	O
Mathematics	O
has	O
a	O
technology	O
free	O
examination	O
and	O
a	O
technology-active	O
examination	O
where	O
either	O
an	O
approved	O
graphics	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
or	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
may	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Western	O
Australia	O
–	O
all	O
tertiary	O
entrance	O
examinations	O
in	O
Mathematics	O
involve	O
a	O
calculator	O
section	O
which	O
assume	O
the	O
student	O
has	O
a	O
graphics	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
;	O
CAS	B-General_Concept
enabled	O
calculators	O
are	O
also	O
permitted	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
South	O
Wales	O
–	O
graphics	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
General	O
Mathematics	O
Higher	O
School	O
Certificate	O
exam	O
,	O
but	O
disallowed	O
in	O
the	O
higher	O
level	O
Mathematics	O
courses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
calculators	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
series	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Singapore	O
–	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
junior	O
colleges	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
required	O
in	O
the	O
Mathematics	O
paper	O
of	O
the	O
GCE	O
'	O
A	O
 '	O
Levels	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
schools	O
use	O
the	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
or	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
Silver	I-Device
Edition	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Netherlands	O
–	O
high	O
school	O
students	O
are	O
obliged	O
to	O
use	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
during	O
tests	O
and	O
exams	O
in	O
their	O
final	O
three	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
students	O
use	O
the	O
TI-83	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
or	O
TI-84	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
,	O
but	O
other	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
allowed	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
Casio	B-Device
fx-9860G	I-Device
and	O
HP-39G	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
almost	O
always	O
allowed	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
during	O
tests	O
instead	O
of	O
normal	O
calculators	O
,	O
which	O
sometimes	O
results	O
in	O
cheat	O
sheets	O
being	O
made	O
on	O
forehand	O
and	O
exchanged	O
before	O
the	O
test	O
starts	O
using	O
link	O
cables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Israel	O
–	O
Graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
are	O
forbidden	O
to	O
use	O
in	O
the	O
Bagrut	O
(	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
British	O
A-Levels	O
)	O
math	O
exam	O
,	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
programmable	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
some	O
non-graphing	O
scientific	O
calculators	O
and	O
programmer	O
's	O
calculators	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
to	O
automate	O
complex	O
and	O
frequently	O
used	O
series	O
of	O
calculations	O
and	O
those	O
inaccessible	O
from	O
the	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
a	O
system	O
as	O
slow	O
as	O
a	O
graphing	B-Application
calculator	I-Application
,	O
this	O
is	O
too	O
inefficient	O
for	O
an	O
interpreted	B-Application
language	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
normally	O
means	O
that	O
single	O
byte	O
chars	O
will	O
query	O
the	O
standard	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
chart	I-Protocol
while	O
two	O
byte	O
chars	O
(	O
the	O
Disp_	O
for	O
example	O
)	O
will	O
build	O
a	O
graphical	O
string	O
of	O
single	O
byte	O
characters	O
but	O
retain	O
the	O
two	O
byte	O
character	O
in	O
the	O
program	O
memory	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
graphical	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
work	O
much	O
like	O
computers	O
and	O
use	O
versions	O
of	O
7-bit	O
,	O
8-bit	O
or	O
9-bit	O
ASCII-derived	O
character	O
sets	O
or	O
even	O
UTF-8	O
and	O
Unicode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
also	O
have	O
BASIC	O
like	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
chr$	O
,	O
chr	O
,	O
char	O
,	O
asc	O
,	O
and	O
so	O
on	O
,	O
which	O
sometimes	O
may	O
be	O
more	O
Pascal	B-Application
or	O
C	B-Language
like	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
example	O
may	O
be	O
use	O
of	O
ord	O
,	O
as	O
in	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
instead	O
of	O
the	O
asc	O
of	O
many	O
Basic	O
variants	O
,	O
to	O
return	O
the	O
code	O
of	O
a	O
character	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
calculators	O
capable	O
to	O
being	O
connected	O
to	O
a	O
computer	O
can	O
be	O
programmed	O
in	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
and	O
machine	O
code	O
,	O
although	O
on	O
some	O
calculators	O
this	O
is	O
only	O
possible	O
through	O
using	O
exploits	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
assembly	O
and	O
machine	O
languages	O
are	O
for	O
TMS9900	B-General_Concept
,	O
SH-3	O
,	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
various	O
Motorola	O
chips	O
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
modified	O
68000	B-Device
)	O
which	O
serve	O
as	O
the	O
main	O
processors	O
of	O
the	O
machines	O
although	O
many	O
(	O
not	O
all	O
)	O
are	O
modified	O
to	O
some	O
extent	O
from	O
their	O
use	O
elsewhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
manufacturers	O
do	O
not	O
document	O
and	O
even	O
mildly	O
discourage	O
the	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
programming	O
of	O
their	O
machines	O
because	O
they	O
must	O
be	O
programmed	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
by	O
putting	O
together	O
the	O
program	O
on	O
the	O
PC	O
and	O
then	O
forcing	O
it	O
into	O
the	O
calculator	O
by	O
various	O
improvised	O
methods	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
on-board	O
programming	O
languages	O
include	O
purpose-made	O
languages	O
,	O
variants	O
of	O
Eiffel	B-Language
,	O
Forth	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Lisp	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Command	O
Script	O
facilities	O
which	O
are	O
similar	O
in	O
function	O
to	O
batch/shell	O
programming	O
and	O
other	O
glue	O
languages	O
on	O
computers	O
but	O
generally	O
not	O
as	O
full	O
featured	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ports	O
of	O
other	O
languages	O
like	O
BBC	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
and	O
development	O
of	O
on-board	O
interpreters	B-Application
for	O
Fortran	B-Application
,	O
REXX	B-Language
,	O
AWK	B-Application
,	O
Perl	B-Language
,	O
Unix	B-Application
shells	I-Application
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
bash	B-Operating_System
,	O
zsh	B-Application
)	O
,	O
other	O
shells	O
(	O
DOS/Windows	O
9x	O
,	O
OS/2	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
family	I-Device
shells	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
the	O
related	O
4DOS	B-Application
,	O
4NT	B-Application
and	O
4OS2	B-Application
as	O
well	O
as	O
DCL	B-Operating_System
)	O
,	O
COBOL	B-Application
,	O
C	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Tcl	B-Operating_System
,	O
Pascal	B-Application
,	O
Delphi	B-Language
,	O
ALGOL	B-Language
,	O
and	O
other	O
languages	O
are	O
at	O
various	O
levels	O
of	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
calculators	O
,	O
especially	O
those	O
with	O
other	O
PDA-like	O
functions	O
have	O
actual	O
operating	O
systems	O
including	O
the	O
TI	O
proprietary	O
OS	O
for	O
its	O
more	O
recent	O
machines	O
,	O
DOS	B-Device
,	O
Windows	B-Operating_System
CE	I-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
rarely	O
Windows	B-Device
NT	I-Device
4.0	O
Embedded	O
et	O
seq	O
,	O
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Experiments	O
with	O
the	O
TI-89	B-Device
,	O
TI-92	B-Device
,	O
TI-92	B-Device
Plus	I-Device
and	O
Voyage	O
200	O
machines	O
show	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
installing	O
some	O
variants	O
of	O
other	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
chopped-down	O
variant	O
of	O
CP/M	O
-68K	O
,	O
an	O
operating	O
system	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
used	O
for	O
portable	B-Application
devices	I-Application
in	O
the	O
past	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tools	O
which	O
allow	O
for	O
programming	O
the	O
calculators	O
in	O
C/C	O
++	O
and	O
possibly	O
Fortran	B-Application
and	O
assembly	B-Language
language	I-Language
are	O
used	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
side	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
HPGCC	O
,	O
TIGCC	B-Language
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
on-board	O
BASIC	O
variants	O
in	O
TI	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
and	O
the	O
languages	O
available	O
on	O
HP-48	B-Device
type	I-Device
calculators	I-Device
can	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
rapid	O
prototyping	O
by	O
developers	O
,	O
professors	O
,	O
and	O
students	O
,	O
often	O
when	O
a	O
computer	O
is	O
not	O
close	O
at	O
hand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
graphing	B-Application
calculators	I-Application
have	O
on-board	O
spreadsheets	O
which	O
usually	O
integrate	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
Excel	O
on	O
the	O
computer	O
side	O
.	O
</s>
