<s>
The	O
GUI	B-Application
(	O
or	O
)	O
,	O
graphical	B-Application
user	I-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
is	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
user	B-Application
interface	I-Application
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
electronic	O
devices	O
through	O
graphical	O
icons	O
and	O
audio	O
indicator	O
such	O
as	O
primary	O
notation	O
,	O
instead	O
of	O
text-based	B-Application
UIs	O
,	O
typed	O
command	O
labels	O
or	O
text	O
navigation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GUIs	B-Application
were	O
introduced	O
in	O
reaction	O
to	O
the	O
perceived	O
steep	O
learning	B-General_Concept
curve	I-General_Concept
of	O
CLIs	O
(	O
command-line	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
)	O
,	O
which	O
require	O
commands	O
to	O
be	O
typed	O
on	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
actions	O
in	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
are	O
usually	O
performed	O
through	O
direct	O
manipulation	O
of	O
the	O
graphical	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Beyond	O
computers	O
,	O
GUIs	B-Application
are	O
used	O
in	O
many	O
handheld	B-Application
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
such	O
as	O
MP3	B-Application
players	O
,	O
portable	O
media	O
players	O
,	O
gaming	O
devices	O
,	O
smartphones	B-Application
and	O
smaller	O
household	O
,	O
office	O
and	O
industrial	O
controls	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
GUI	B-Application
tends	O
not	O
to	O
be	O
applied	O
to	O
other	O
lower-display	O
resolution	O
types	O
of	O
interfaces	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
video	O
games	O
(	O
where	O
HUD	B-Application
(	O
head-up	B-Application
display	I-Application
)	O
is	O
preferred	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
not	O
including	O
flat	O
screens	O
like	O
volumetric	B-Algorithm
displays	I-Algorithm
because	O
the	O
term	O
is	O
restricted	O
to	O
the	O
scope	O
of	O
2D	O
display	O
screens	O
able	O
to	O
describe	O
generic	O
information	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
tradition	O
of	O
the	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
research	O
at	O
the	O
Xerox	O
Palo	O
Alto	B-Device
Research	O
Center	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designing	O
the	O
visual	O
composition	O
and	O
temporal	O
behavior	O
of	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
is	O
an	O
important	O
part	O
of	O
software	B-Application
application	I-Application
programming	O
in	O
the	O
area	O
of	O
human	O
–	O
computer	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
enhance	O
the	O
efficiency	O
and	O
ease	B-General_Concept
of	I-General_Concept
use	I-General_Concept
for	O
the	O
underlying	O
logical	O
design	O
of	O
a	O
stored	O
program	B-Application
,	O
a	O
design	O
discipline	O
named	O
usability	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
visible	O
graphical	B-Application
interface	I-Application
features	O
of	O
an	O
application	O
are	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
chrome	O
or	O
GUI	B-Application
(	O
pronounced	O
gooey	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
model	O
–	O
view	O
–	O
controller	O
allows	O
flexible	O
structures	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
interface	O
is	O
independent	O
of	O
and	O
indirectly	O
linked	O
to	O
application	O
functions	O
,	O
so	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
can	O
be	O
customized	O
easily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
select	O
or	O
design	O
a	O
different	O
skin	B-Application
at	O
will	O
,	O
and	O
eases	O
the	O
designer	O
's	O
work	O
to	O
change	O
the	O
interface	O
as	O
user	O
needs	O
evolve	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Good	O
GUI	B-Application
design	O
relates	O
to	O
users	O
more	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
system	O
architecture	O
less	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GUI	B-Application
may	O
be	O
designed	O
for	O
the	O
requirements	O
of	O
a	O
vertical	O
market	O
as	O
application-specific	O
GUIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
include	O
automated	O
teller	O
machines	O
(	O
ATM	O
)	O
,	O
point	O
of	O
sale	O
(	O
POS	O
)	O
touchscreens	O
at	O
restaurants	O
,	O
self-service	O
checkouts	O
used	O
in	O
a	O
retail	O
store	O
,	O
airline	O
self-ticket	O
and	O
check-in	O
,	O
information	O
kiosks	O
in	O
a	O
public	O
space	O
,	O
like	O
a	O
train	O
station	O
or	O
a	O
museum	O
,	O
and	O
monitors	O
or	O
control	O
screens	O
in	O
an	O
embedded	O
industrial	O
application	O
which	O
employ	O
a	O
real-time	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
(	O
RTOS	B-Operating_System
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cell	O
phones	O
and	O
handheld	B-Application
game	O
systems	O
also	O
employ	O
application	O
specific	O
touchscreen	O
GUIs	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Newer	O
automobiles	O
use	O
GUIs	B-Application
in	O
their	O
navigation	O
systems	O
and	O
multimedia	O
centers	O
,	O
or	O
navigation	O
multimedia	O
center	O
combinations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GUI	B-Application
uses	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
technologies	O
and	O
devices	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
platform	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
tasks	O
of	O
gathering	O
and	O
producing	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
most	O
common	O
combination	O
of	O
such	O
elements	O
in	O
GUIs	B-Application
is	O
the	O
windows	O
,	O
icons	O
,	O
text	O
fields	O
,	O
canvases	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
pointer	B-Device
(	O
WIMP	B-Application
)	O
paradigm	O
,	O
especially	O
in	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
WIMP	B-Application
style	O
of	O
interaction	O
uses	O
a	O
virtual	O
input	B-Device
device	I-Device
to	O
represent	O
the	O
position	O
of	O
a	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
's	I-Device
interface	I-Device
,	O
most	O
often	O
a	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
and	O
presents	O
information	O
organized	O
in	O
windows	O
and	O
represented	O
with	O
icons	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Available	O
commands	O
are	O
compiled	O
together	O
in	O
menus	O
,	O
and	O
actions	O
are	O
performed	O
making	O
gestures	O
with	O
the	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
facilitates	O
the	O
interactions	O
between	O
windows	O
,	O
applications	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
windowing	B-Application
system	I-Application
handles	O
hardware	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
pointing	B-Device
devices	I-Device
,	O
graphics	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
positioning	O
of	O
the	O
pointer	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
all	O
these	O
elements	O
are	O
modeled	O
through	O
a	O
desktop	B-Application
metaphor	I-Application
to	O
produce	O
a	O
simulation	O
called	O
a	O
desktop	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
display	O
represents	O
a	O
desktop	O
,	O
on	O
which	O
documents	O
and	O
folders	O
of	O
documents	O
can	O
be	O
placed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Window	B-Application
managers	I-Application
and	O
other	O
software	O
combine	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
desktop	O
environment	O
with	O
varying	O
degrees	O
of	O
realism	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
former	O
is	O
found	O
on	O
image	B-General_Concept
search	I-General_Concept
engines	I-General_Concept
,	O
where	O
images	O
appear	O
with	O
a	O
fixed	O
height	O
but	O
variable	O
length	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
typically	O
implemented	O
with	O
the	O
CSS	O
property	O
and	O
parameter	O
display	O
:	O
inline-block	O
;	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
waterfall	O
layout	O
found	O
on	O
Imgur	B-Algorithm
and	O
Tweetdeck	B-Operating_System
with	O
fixed	O
width	O
but	O
variable	O
height	O
per	O
item	O
is	O
usually	O
implemented	O
by	O
specifying	O
column-width	O
:	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smaller	O
app	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
such	O
as	O
personal	B-Application
digital	I-Application
assistants	I-Application
(	O
PDAs	B-Application
)	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
typically	O
use	O
the	O
WIMP	B-Application
elements	O
with	O
different	O
unifying	O
metaphors	O
,	O
due	O
to	O
constraints	O
in	O
space	O
and	O
available	O
input	B-Device
devices	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-Application
for	O
which	O
WIMP	B-Application
is	O
not	O
well	O
suited	O
may	O
use	O
newer	O
interaction	B-Application
techniques	I-Application
,	O
collectively	O
termed	O
post-WIMP	B-Application
UIs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2011	O
,	O
some	O
touchscreen-based	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
such	O
as	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
(	O
iPhone	B-Device
)	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
use	O
the	O
class	O
of	O
GUIs	B-Application
named	O
post-WIMP	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
support	O
styles	O
of	O
interaction	O
using	O
more	O
than	O
one	O
finger	O
in	O
contact	O
with	O
a	O
display	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
actions	O
such	O
as	O
pinching	O
and	O
rotating	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
unsupported	O
by	O
one	O
pointer	B-Device
and	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Human	B-General_Concept
interface	I-General_Concept
devices	I-General_Concept
,	O
for	O
the	O
efficient	O
interaction	O
with	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
include	O
a	O
computer	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
,	O
especially	O
used	O
together	O
with	O
keyboard	B-Device
shortcuts	O
,	O
pointing	B-Device
devices	I-Device
for	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
(	O
or	O
rather	O
pointer	B-Device
)	O
control	O
:	O
mouse	B-Device
,	O
pointing	B-Device
stick	I-Device
,	O
touchpad	B-Application
,	O
trackball	B-Device
,	O
joystick	B-Device
,	O
virtual	B-Device
keyboards	I-Device
,	O
and	O
head-up	B-Application
displays	I-Application
(	O
translucent	O
information	O
devices	O
at	O
the	O
eye	O
level	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
also	O
actions	O
performed	O
by	O
programs	O
that	O
affect	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
components	O
like	O
inotify	B-Application
or	O
D-Bus	B-Language
to	O
facilitate	O
communication	O
between	O
computer	B-Application
programs	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ivan	O
Sutherland	O
developed	O
Sketchpad	B-Application
in	O
1963	O
,	O
widely	O
held	O
as	O
the	O
first	O
graphical	O
computer-aided	O
design	O
program	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
used	O
a	O
light	B-Device
pen	I-Device
to	O
create	O
and	O
manipulate	O
objects	O
in	O
engineering	O
drawings	O
in	O
realtime	O
with	O
coordinated	O
graphics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
,	O
researchers	O
at	O
the	O
Stanford	O
Research	O
Institute	O
,	O
led	O
by	O
Douglas	O
Engelbart	O
,	O
developed	O
the	O
On-Line	O
System	O
(	O
NLS	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
used	O
text-based	B-Application
hyperlinks	O
manipulated	O
with	O
a	O
then-new	O
device	O
:	O
the	O
mouse	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
Engelbart	O
's	O
ideas	O
were	O
further	O
refined	O
and	O
extended	O
to	O
graphics	O
by	O
researchers	O
at	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
and	O
specifically	O
Alan	O
Kay	O
,	O
who	O
went	O
beyond	O
text-based	B-Application
hyperlinks	O
and	O
used	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
as	O
the	O
main	O
interface	O
for	O
the	O
Smalltalk	B-Application
programming	I-Application
language	I-Application
,	O
which	O
ran	O
on	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
computer	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1973	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
general-purpose	O
GUIs	B-Application
are	O
derived	O
from	O
this	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Xerox	O
PARC	O
GUI	B-Application
consisted	O
of	O
graphical	O
elements	O
such	O
as	O
windows	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
radio	O
buttons	O
,	O
and	O
check	O
boxes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
PARC	O
GUI	B-Application
employs	O
a	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
along	O
with	O
a	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
aspects	O
can	O
be	O
emphasized	O
by	O
using	O
the	O
alternative	O
term	O
and	O
acronym	O
for	O
windows	O
,	O
icons	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
pointing	B-Device
device	I-Device
(	O
WIMP	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
effort	O
culminated	O
in	O
the	O
1973	O
Xerox	B-Device
Alto	I-Device
,	O
the	O
first	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
,	O
though	O
the	O
system	O
never	O
reached	O
commercial	O
production	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
commercially	O
available	O
computer	O
with	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
was	O
1979	O
PERQ	B-Device
workstation	I-Device
,	O
manufactured	O
by	O
Three	O
Rivers	O
Computer	O
Corporation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1981	O
,	O
Xerox	O
eventually	O
commercialized	O
the	O
Alto	B-Device
in	O
the	O
form	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
and	O
enhanced	O
system	O
–	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
8010	I-Operating_System
Information	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
–	O
more	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Xerox	B-Operating_System
Star	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
early	O
systems	O
spurred	O
many	O
other	O
GUI	B-Application
efforts	O
,	O
including	O
Lisp	O
machines	O
by	O
Symbolics	O
and	O
other	O
manufacturers	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
(	O
which	O
presented	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
menu	O
bar	O
and	O
window	B-Application
controls	I-Application
)	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
the	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
128K	I-Device
in	O
1984	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Atari	B-Device
ST	I-Device
with	O
Digital	O
Research	O
's	O
GEM	B-Application
,	O
and	O
Commodore	B-Device
Amiga	I-Device
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Visi	B-Application
On	I-Application
was	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
for	O
the	O
IBM	O
PC	O
compatible	O
computers	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
never	O
popular	O
due	O
to	O
its	O
high	O
hardware	O
demands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nevertheless	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
a	O
crucial	O
influence	O
on	O
the	O
contemporary	O
development	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apple	O
,	O
Digital	O
Research	O
,	O
IBM	O
and	O
Microsoft	O
used	O
many	O
of	O
Xerox	O
's	O
ideas	O
to	O
develop	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
IBM	O
's	O
Common	B-General_Concept
User	I-General_Concept
Access	I-General_Concept
specifications	O
formed	O
the	O
basis	O
of	O
the	O
GUIs	B-Application
used	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
IBM	B-Application
OS/2	I-Application
Presentation	B-Device
Manager	I-Device
,	O
and	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
Motif	B-Application
toolkit	I-Application
and	O
window	B-Application
manager	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
ideas	O
evolved	O
to	O
create	O
the	O
interface	O
found	O
in	O
current	O
versions	O
of	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
and	O
in	O
various	O
desktop	O
environments	O
for	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
,	O
such	O
as	O
macOS	B-Application
and	O
Linux	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
most	O
current	O
GUIs	B-Application
have	O
largely	O
common	O
idioms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GUIs	B-Application
were	O
a	O
hot	O
topic	O
in	O
the	O
early	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Apple	B-Device
Lisa	I-Device
was	O
released	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
windowing	B-Application
systems	I-Application
existed	O
for	O
DOS	B-Device
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
PC	B-Application
GEM	I-Application
and	O
PC/GEOS	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Individual	O
applications	B-Application
for	O
many	O
platforms	O
presented	O
their	O
own	O
GUI	B-Application
variants	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
the	O
GUIs	B-Application
advantages	O
,	O
many	O
reviewers	O
questioned	O
the	O
value	O
of	O
the	O
entire	O
concept	O
,	O
citing	O
hardware	O
limits	O
,	O
and	O
problems	O
in	O
finding	O
compatible	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1984	O
,	O
Apple	O
released	O
a	O
television	O
commercial	O
which	O
introduced	O
the	O
Apple	O
Macintosh	B-Device
during	O
the	O
telecast	O
of	O
Super	O
Bowl	O
XVIII	O
by	O
CBS	O
,	O
with	O
allusions	O
to	O
George	O
Orwell	O
's	O
noted	O
novel	O
Nineteen	O
Eighty-Four	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
commercial	O
was	O
to	O
make	O
people	O
think	O
about	O
computers	O
,	O
identifying	O
the	O
user-friendly	B-General_Concept
interface	O
as	O
a	O
personal	B-Device
computer	I-Device
which	O
departed	O
from	O
prior	O
business-oriented	O
systems	O
,	O
and	O
becoming	O
a	O
signature	O
representation	O
of	O
Apple	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	B-Application
95	I-Application
,	O
accompanied	O
by	O
an	O
extensive	O
marketing	O
campaign	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
major	O
success	O
in	O
the	O
marketplace	O
at	O
launch	O
and	O
shortly	O
became	O
the	O
most	O
popular	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2007	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
iPhone	B-Device
and	O
later	O
in	O
2010	O
with	O
the	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
iPad	B-Device
,	O
Apple	O
popularized	O
the	O
post-WIMP	B-Application
style	O
of	O
interaction	O
for	O
multi-touch	B-Application
screens	O
,	O
and	O
those	O
devices	O
were	O
considered	O
to	O
be	O
milestones	O
in	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
mobile	B-Application
devices	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GUIs	B-Application
familiar	O
to	O
most	O
people	O
as	O
of	O
the	O
mid-late	O
2010s	O
are	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
macOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
X	B-Operating_System
Window	I-Operating_System
System	I-Operating_System
interfaces	O
for	O
desktop	O
and	O
laptop	O
computers	O
,	O
and	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Apple	O
's	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Symbian	B-Operating_System
,	O
BlackBerry	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
Windows	O
Phone/Windows	O
10	O
Mobile	O
,	O
Tizen	B-Application
,	O
WebOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Firefox	B-Operating_System
OS	I-Operating_System
for	O
handheld	B-Application
(	O
smartphone	B-Application
)	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
commands	O
available	O
in	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
can	O
be	O
many	O
,	O
complex	O
operations	O
can	O
be	O
performed	O
using	O
a	O
short	O
sequence	O
of	O
words	O
and	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command-line	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
are	O
more	O
lightweight	B-Device
,	O
as	O
they	O
only	O
recall	O
information	O
necessary	O
for	O
a	O
task	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
no	O
preview	O
thumbnails	O
or	O
graphical	O
rendering	O
of	O
web	O
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
using	O
the	O
command	B-Application
line	I-Application
can	O
become	O
slow	O
and	O
error-prone	O
when	O
users	O
must	O
enter	O
long	O
commands	O
comprising	O
many	O
parameters	O
or	O
several	O
different	O
filenames	O
at	O
once	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
windows	O
,	O
icons	O
,	O
menus	O
,	O
pointer	B-Device
(	O
WIMP	B-Application
)	O
interfaces	O
present	O
users	O
with	O
many	O
widgets	O
that	O
represent	O
and	O
can	O
trigger	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
system	O
's	O
available	O
commands	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GUIs	B-Application
can	O
be	O
made	O
quite	O
hard	O
when	O
dialogs	O
are	O
buried	O
deep	O
in	O
a	O
system	O
or	O
moved	O
about	O
to	O
different	O
places	O
during	O
redesigns	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
WIMPs	B-Application
extensively	O
use	O
modes	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
the	O
meaning	O
of	O
all	O
keys	O
and	O
clicks	O
on	O
specific	O
positions	O
on	O
the	O
screen	O
are	O
redefined	O
all	O
the	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Command-line	B-Application
interfaces	I-Application
use	O
modes	B-General_Concept
only	O
in	O
limited	O
forms	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
for	O
current	O
directory	O
and	O
environment	O
variables	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
modern	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
provide	O
both	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
and	O
some	O
level	O
of	O
a	O
CLI	O
,	O
although	O
the	O
GUIs	B-Application
usually	O
receive	O
more	O
attention	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GUI	B-Application
wrappers	O
find	O
a	O
way	O
around	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
interface	I-Application
versions	O
(	O
CLI	O
)	O
of	O
(	O
typically	O
)	O
Linux	B-Application
and	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
and	O
their	O
text-based	B-Application
UIs	O
or	O
typed	O
command	O
labels	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
command-line	B-Application
or	O
text-based	B-Application
applications	B-Application
allow	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
program	B-Application
non-interactively	O
,	O
GUI	B-Application
wrappers	O
atop	O
them	O
avoid	O
the	O
steep	O
learning	B-General_Concept
curve	I-General_Concept
of	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
,	O
which	O
requires	O
commands	O
to	O
be	O
typed	O
on	O
the	O
keyboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
starting	O
a	O
GUI	B-Application
wrapper	O
,	O
users	O
can	O
intuitively	O
interact	O
with	O
,	O
start	O
,	O
stop	O
,	O
and	O
change	O
its	O
working	O
parameters	O
,	O
through	O
graphical	O
icons	O
and	O
visual	O
indicators	O
of	O
a	O
desktop	O
environment	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	B-Application
may	O
also	O
provide	O
both	O
interfaces	O
,	O
and	O
when	O
they	O
do	O
the	O
GUI	B-Application
is	O
usually	O
a	O
WIMP	B-Application
wrapper	O
around	O
the	O
command-line	B-Application
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
especially	O
common	O
with	O
applications	B-Application
designed	O
for	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Designing	O
programs	O
this	O
way	O
also	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
run	O
the	O
program	B-Application
in	O
a	O
shell	B-Language
script	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
environments	O
and	O
games	O
use	O
the	O
methods	O
of	O
3D	O
graphics	O
to	O
project	O
3D	O
GUI	B-Application
objects	O
onto	O
the	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
use	O
of	O
3D	O
graphics	O
has	O
become	O
increasingly	O
common	O
in	O
mainstream	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
ex	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Windows	O
Aero	O
,	O
and	O
Aqua	B-Application
(	O
MacOS	B-Application
)	O
)	O
to	O
create	O
attractive	O
interfaces	O
,	O
termed	O
eye	O
candy	O
(	O
which	O
includes	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
drop	O
shadows	O
underneath	O
windows	O
and	O
the	O
cursor	B-Application
)	O
,	O
or	O
for	O
functional	O
purposes	O
only	O
possible	O
using	O
three	O
dimensions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
user	O
switching	O
is	O
represented	O
by	O
rotating	O
a	O
cube	O
with	O
faces	O
representing	O
each	O
user	O
's	O
workspace	O
,	O
and	O
window	B-Application
management	I-Application
is	O
represented	O
via	O
a	O
Rolodex-style	O
flipping	O
mechanism	O
in	O
Windows	B-Application
Vista	I-Application
(	O
see	O
Windows	O
Flip	O
3D	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
both	O
cases	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
transforms	O
windows	O
on-the-fly	O
while	O
continuing	O
to	O
update	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
those	O
windows	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GUI	B-Application
is	O
usually	O
WIMP-based	O
,	O
although	O
occasionally	O
other	O
metaphors	O
surface	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
those	O
used	O
in	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Bob	I-Application
,	O
3dwm	O
,	O
File	B-Device
System	I-Device
Navigator	I-Device
,	O
File	B-Language
System	I-Language
Visualizer	I-Language
,	O
3D	O
Mailbox	O
,	O
and	O
GopherVR	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Zooming	B-Application
(	O
ZUI	B-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
related	O
technology	O
that	O
promises	O
to	O
deliver	O
the	O
representation	O
benefits	O
of	O
3D	O
environments	O
without	O
their	O
usability	B-General_Concept
drawbacks	O
of	O
orientation	O
problems	O
and	O
hidden	O
objects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
Hillcrest	O
Labs	O
introduced	O
the	O
first	O
ZUI	B-Application
for	O
television	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
innovations	O
include	O
the	O
menus	O
on	O
the	O
PlayStation	B-Device
2	I-Device
,	O
the	O
menus	O
on	O
the	O
Xbox	B-Application
,	O
Sun	O
's	O
Project	B-Language
Looking	I-Language
Glass	I-Language
,	O
Metisse	B-Device
,	O
which	O
was	O
similar	O
to	O
Project	B-Language
Looking	I-Language
Glass	I-Language
,	O
BumpTop	B-Application
,	O
where	O
users	O
can	O
manipulate	O
documents	O
and	O
windows	O
with	O
realistic	O
movement	O
and	O
physics	O
as	O
if	O
they	O
were	O
physical	O
documents	O
,	O
Croquet	B-Protocol
OS	I-Protocol
,	O
which	O
is	O
built	O
for	O
collaboration	O
,	O
and	O
compositing	B-Operating_System
window	I-Operating_System
managers	I-Operating_System
such	O
as	O
Enlightenment	B-Application
and	O
Compiz	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
and	O
virtual	B-Application
reality	I-Application
also	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
3D	O
GUI	B-Application
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
3D	O
GUIs	B-Application
have	O
appeared	O
in	O
science	O
fiction	O
literature	O
and	O
films	O
,	O
even	O
before	O
certain	O
technologies	O
were	O
feasible	O
or	O
in	O
common	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
prose	O
fiction	O
,	O
3D	O
GUIs	B-Application
have	O
been	O
portrayed	O
as	O
immersible	O
environments	O
,	O
coined	O
as	O
William	O
Gibson	O
's	O
"	O
cyberspace	B-General_Concept
"	O
and	O
Neal	O
Stephenson	O
's	O
"	O
metaverse	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
avatars	B-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1993	O
American	O
film	O
Jurassic	O
Park	O
features	O
Silicon	O
Graphics	O
 '	O
3D	O
file	O
manager	O
File	B-Device
System	I-Device
Navigator	I-Device
,	O
a	O
real-life	O
file	O
manager	O
for	O
Unix	B-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
.	O
</s>
