<s>
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
(	O
formerly	O
Android	B-Operating_System
Hardening	I-Operating_System
or	O
AndroidHardening	B-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
an	O
Android-based	O
,	O
open	B-Application
source	I-Application
,	O
privacy	O
and	O
security-focused	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
for	O
selected	O
Google	B-Device
Pixel	I-Device
smartphones	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
developer	B-Application
,	O
Daniel	O
Micay	O
,	O
originally	O
worked	O
on	O
CopperheadOS	B-Application
,	O
until	O
a	O
schism	O
over	O
software	O
licensing	O
between	O
the	O
co-founders	O
of	O
Copperhead	O
Limited	O
led	O
to	O
Micay	O
's	O
dismissal	O
from	O
the	O
company	O
in	O
2018	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
incident	O
,	O
Micay	O
continued	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
Android	B-Operating_System
Hardening	I-Operating_System
project	O
,	O
which	O
was	O
renamed	O
as	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
and	O
announced	O
in	O
April	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Damien	O
Wilde	O
of	O
9to5Google	O
,	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
released	O
Android	B-Application
12L	O
for	O
Pixels	O
before	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
,	O
second	O
to	O
ProtonAOSP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
apps	O
"	O
Secure	O
Camera	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
Secure	O
PDF	O
Viewer	O
"	O
(	O
based	O
on	O
pdf.js	B-Operating_System
)	O
were	O
released	O
to	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Play	O
Store	O
and	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
only	O
officially	O
supports	O
Pixel	B-Device
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
default	O
Google	B-Application
apps	I-Application
are	O
not	O
installed	O
with	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
but	O
users	O
can	O
install	O
a	O
sandboxed	O
version	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Services	I-Application
from	O
the	O
'	O
Apps	O
 '	O
app	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
installed	O
with	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
sandboxed	O
Google	B-Application
services	I-Application
should	O
allow	O
access	O
to	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Play	O
Store	O
and	O
apps	O
dependent	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Services	I-Application
,	O
along	O
with	O
features	O
including	O
push	B-General_Concept
notifications	I-General_Concept
and	O
in-app	O
payments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
has	O
developed	O
a	O
hardened	O
Chromium-based	O
web	O
browser	O
and	O
WebView	O
implementation	O
known	O
as	O
Vanadium	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
introduces	O
revocable	O
network	O
access	O
and	O
sensors	O
permission	O
toggles	O
for	O
each	O
installed	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
also	O
randomizes	O
MAC	O
address	O
per-connection	O
by	O
default	O
,	O
and	O
includes	O
a	O
PIN	O
scrambling	O
option	O
for	O
the	O
lock	O
screen	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Georg	O
Pichler	O
of	O
Der	O
Standard	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
news	O
sources	O
,	O
quoted	O
Edward	O
Snowden	O
saying	O
on	O
Twitter	O
,	O
"	O
If	O
I	O
were	O
configuring	O
a	O
smartphone	B-Application
today	O
,	O
I	O
'd	O
use	O
Daniel	O
Micay	O
's	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
the	O
base	O
operating	O
system.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
discussing	O
why	O
services	O
should	O
not	O
force	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
proprietary	O
apps	O
,	O
Lennart	O
Mühlenmeier	O
of	O
netzpolitik.org	O
suggested	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
to	O
Apple	O
or	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Svět	O
Mobilně	O
and	O
Webtekno	O
repeated	O
the	O
suggestions	O
that	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
good	O
security	O
-	O
and	O
privacy-oriented	O
replacement	O
for	O
standard	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
detailed	O
review	O
of	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
for	O
Golem.de,	O
Moritz	O
Tremmel	O
and	O
Sebastian	O
Grüner	O
said	O
they	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
use	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
similarly	O
to	O
other	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
but	O
enjoying	O
more	O
freedom	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
without	O
noticing	O
differences	O
from	O
"	O
additional	O
memory	O
protection	O
,	O
but	O
that	O
's	O
the	O
way	O
it	O
should	O
be.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
concluded	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
cannot	O
change	O
how	O
"	O
Android	B-Application
devices	O
become	O
garbage	O
after	O
three	O
years	O
at	O
the	O
latest	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
"	O
it	O
can	O
better	O
secure	O
the	O
devices	O
during	O
their	O
remaining	O
life	O
while	O
protecting	O
privacy.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
reviews	O
of	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
,	O
KaiOS	B-Device
,	O
AliOS	B-Protocol
,	O
and	O
Tizen	B-Application
OS	I-Application
,	O
were	O
published	O
in	O
Cellular	O
News	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
review	O
of	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
called	O
it	O
"	O
arguably	O
the	O
best	O
mobile	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
in	O
terms	O
of	O
privacy	O
and	O
security.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
they	O
criticized	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
for	O
its	O
inconvenience	O
to	O
users	O
,	O
saying	O
"	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
is	O
completely	O
de-Googled	O
and	O
will	O
stay	O
that	O
way	O
forever	O
—	O
at	O
least	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
developers.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2022	O
,	O
writing	O
for	O
How-To	O
Geek	O
Joe	O
Fedewa	O
said	O
,	O
unlike	O
standard	O
versions	O
of	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
apps	I-Application
were	O
not	O
included	O
due	O
to	O
concerns	O
over	O
privacy	O
,	O
and	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
also	O
did	O
not	O
include	O
a	O
default	O
app	B-Application
store	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
Fedewa	O
suggested	O
,	O
F-Droid	B-Application
could	O
be	O
used	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
review	O
of	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
installed	O
on	O
a	O
Pixel	B-Device
3	I-Device
,	O
after	O
a	O
week	O
of	O
use	O
,	O
Jonathan	O
Lamont	O
of	O
MobileSyrup	O
opined	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
demonstrated	O
Android	B-Application
's	O
reliance	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
He	O
called	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
install	O
process	O
"	O
straightforward	O
"	O
and	O
concluded	O
to	O
like	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
overall	O
,	O
but	O
criticized	O
the	O
post-install	O
as	O
"	O
often	O
not	O
a	O
seamless	O
experience	O
like	O
using	O
an	O
unmodified	O
Pixel	B-Device
or	O
an	O
iPhone	B-Device
"	O
,	O
attributing	O
his	O
experience	O
to	O
his	O
"	O
over-reliance	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
apps	I-Application
"	O
and	O
the	O
absence	O
of	O
some	O
"	O
smart	O
"	O
features	O
in	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
default	O
keyboard	O
and	O
camera	O
apps	O
,	O
in	O
comparison	O
to	O
software	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
initial	O
impressions	O
post	O
a	O
week	O
prior	O
,	O
Lamont	O
said	O
after	O
an	O
easy	O
install	O
there	O
were	O
issues	O
with	O
permissions	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Messages	B-Protocol
app	O
,	O
and	O
difficulty	O
importing	O
contacts	O
;	O
Lamont	O
then	O
concluded	O
,	O
"	O
Anyone	O
looking	O
for	O
a	O
straightforward	O
experience	O
may	O
want	O
to	O
avoid	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
or	O
other	O
privacy-oriented	O
Android	B-Application
experiences	O
since	O
the	O
privacy	O
gains	O
often	O
come	O
at	O
the	O
expense	O
of	O
convenience	O
and	O
ease	O
of	O
use.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2022	O
,	O
Charlie	O
Osborne	O
of	O
ZDNet	O
suggested	O
that	O
individuals	O
who	O
suspect	O
a	O
Pegasus	B-Application
infection	O
use	O
a	O
secondary	O
device	O
with	O
GrapheneOS	B-Operating_System
for	O
secure	O
communication	O
.	O
</s>
