<s>
Grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
are	O
more	O
than	O
ordinary	O
research	O
questions	O
or	O
priorities	O
,	O
they	O
are	O
end	O
results	O
or	O
outcomes	O
that	O
are	O
global	O
in	O
scale	O
;	O
very	O
difficult	O
to	O
accomplish	O
,	O
yet	O
offer	O
hope	O
of	O
being	O
ultimately	O
tractable	O
;	O
demand	O
an	O
extensive	O
number	O
of	O
research	O
projects	O
across	O
many	O
technical	O
and	O
non-technical	O
disciplines	O
and	O
accompanied	O
by	O
well-defined	O
metrics	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lastly	O
,	O
Grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
"	O
require	O
coordinated	O
,	O
collaborative	O
,	O
and	O
collective	O
efforts	O
"	O
and	O
must	O
capture	O
"	O
the	O
popular	O
imagination	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
political	O
support.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
:	O
A	O
Strategic	O
Plan	O
for	O
Bridge	O
Engineering	O
,	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
Highway	O
Subcommittee	O
on	O
Bridges	O
and	O
Structures	O
(	O
HSCOBS	O
)	O
of	O
the	O
American	O
Association	O
of	O
State	O
Highway	O
and	O
Transportation	O
Officials	O
(	O
AASHTO	O
)	O
started	O
in	O
2000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
for	I-Device
Engineering	I-Device
,	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Academy	O
of	O
Engineering	O
(	O
NAE	O
)	O
for	O
engineering	O
problems	O
in	O
the	O
next	O
century	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Global	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
,	O
summit	O
meetings	O
sponsored	O
by	O
The	O
National	O
Academy	O
of	O
Engineering	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
The	O
Royal	O
Academy	O
of	O
Engineering	O
of	O
the	O
United	O
Kingdom	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Chinese	O
Academy	O
of	O
Engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ASCE	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenge	I-Device
for	O
Civil	O
Engineering	O
,	O
initiative	O
by	O
the	O
American	O
Society	O
of	O
Civil	O
Engineering	O
's	O
(	O
ASCE	O
)	O
to	O
enhance	O
significantly	O
the	O
performance	O
and	O
life-cycle	O
value	O
of	O
infrastructure	O
by	O
2025	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
for	O
Disaster	O
Reduction	O
,	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Council	O
,	O
Committee	O
on	O
Environment	O
and	O
Natural	O
Resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DARPA	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenge	I-Device
,	O
initiative	O
to	O
develop	O
technologies	O
needed	O
to	O
create	O
fully	O
autonomous	O
ground	O
vehicles	O
,	O
capable	O
of	O
completing	O
a	O
substantial	O
off-road	O
course	O
within	O
a	O
limited	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DARPA	O
Urban	O
Challenge	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
DARPA	O
's	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenge	I-Device
but	O
for	O
urban	O
areas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DARPA	O
Cyber	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenge	I-Device
,	O
initiative	O
to	O
create	O
automatic	O
defensive	O
systems	O
capable	O
of	O
reasoning	O
about	O
software	O
flaws	O
,	O
formulating	O
patches	O
and	O
deploying	O
them	O
on	O
a	O
network	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
High-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
the	O
Office	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Policy	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
and	O
Opportunities	O
in	O
Mathematics	O
Education	O
Research	O
,	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
National	O
Council	O
of	O
Teachers	O
of	O
Mathematics	O
(	O
NCTM	O
)	O
Research	O
Conference	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
in	O
Global	O
Health	O
,	O
research	O
initiative	O
launched	O
by	O
the	O
Bill	O
&	O
Melinda	O
Gates	O
Foundation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
Canada	O
,	O
initiative	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
Canadian	O
government	O
based	O
upon	O
the	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
in	O
Global	O
Health	O
to	O
develop	O
solutions	O
to	O
critical	O
health	O
and	O
development	O
challenges	O
in	O
the	O
developing	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
in	O
Continued	O
Vector	O
Research	O
by	O
the	O
Foundation	O
for	O
the	O
National	O
Institutes	O
of	O
Health	O
combatting	O
mosquito-borne	O
disease	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
and	O
Great	O
Opportunities	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
American	O
Association	O
for	O
the	O
Advancement	O
of	O
Science	O
for	O
the	O
special	O
125th	O
anniversary	O
issue	O
of	O
Science	O
on	O
“	O
What	O
Do	O
n’t	O
We	O
Know	O
?	O
”	O
(	O
2006	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
for	O
GIScience	O
,	O
initiative	O
sponsored	O
by	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Geographers	O
(	O
AAG	O
)	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
University	O
Consortium	O
for	O
Geographic	O
Information	O
Science	O
(	O
UCGIS	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Environmental	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
,	O
initiative	O
by	O
the	O
National	O
Research	O
Council	O
(	O
NRC	O
)	O
about	O
the	O
most	O
important	O
and	O
challenging	O
scientific	O
questions	O
in	O
the	O
environmental	O
sciences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
for	O
Social	O
Work	O
,	O
initiative	O
spearheaded	O
by	O
the	O
American	O
Academy	O
of	O
Social	O
Work	O
and	O
Social	O
Welfare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
,	O
Global	O
Health	O
,	O
Sustainable	O
Cities	O
,	O
Intercultural	O
Interaction	O
and	O
Human	O
Well-being	O
,	O
initiative	O
by	O
University	O
College	O
London	O
to	O
develop	O
cross-disciplinary	O
collaborations	O
related	O
to	O
matters	O
of	O
pressing	O
societal	O
concern	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
management	O
and	O
organization	O
studies	O
,	O
an	O
important	O
research	O
agenda	O
has	O
evolved	O
around	O
Grand	B-Device
Challenges	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
presidential	O
Office	O
of	O
Science	O
and	O
Technology	O
Policy	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
set	O
a	O
first	O
list	O
of	O
grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
in	O
the	O
late	O
1980s	O
,	O
to	O
direct	O
research	O
funding	O
for	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
grand	B-Device
challenge	I-Device
is	O
a	O
fundamental	O
problem	O
in	O
science	O
or	O
engineering	O
,	O
with	O
broad	O
applications	O
,	O
whose	O
solution	O
would	O
be	O
enabled	O
by	O
the	O
application	O
of	O
high	B-Architecture
performance	I-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
resources	O
that	O
could	O
become	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
near	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Examples	O
of	O
these	O
grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
were	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
partially	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
the	O
Japanese	B-Device
5th	I-Device
Generation	I-Device
(	O
or	O
Next	O
Generation	O
)	O
10-year	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
list	O
envisioned	O
using	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
to	O
improve	O
understanding	O
and	O
solve	O
problems	O
in	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Science	O
Foundation	O
updated	O
its	O
list	O
of	O
grand	B-Device
challenges	I-Device
,	O
removing	O
largely	O
completed	O
challenges	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Human	O
Genome	O
Project	O
,	O
and	O
adding	O
new	O
challenges	O
such	O
as	O
better	O
prediction	O
of	O
climate	O
change	O
,	O
carbon	O
dioxide	O
sequestration	O
,	O
tree	O
of	O
life	O
genetics	O
,	O
understanding	O
biological	O
systems	O
,	O
virtual	O
product	O
design	O
,	O
cancer	O
detection	O
and	O
therapy	O
,	O
and	O
modeling	O
of	O
hazards	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
hurricanes	O
,	O
tornadoes	O
,	O
earthquakes	O
,	O
wildfires	O
,	O
and	O
chemical	O
accidents	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
gamma	O
ray	O
bursts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
funding	O
high-performance	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
NSF	O
proposed	O
to	O
fund	O
research	O
on	O
computational	O
algorithms	O
and	O
methods	O
,	O
software	O
development	O
methods	O
,	O
data	B-Application
visualization	I-Application
,	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
workforce	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
