<s>
Graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
protocol	O
or	O
law	O
,	O
adopted	O
in	O
several	O
countries	O
,	O
aimed	O
at	O
reducing	O
unlawful	O
file	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
online	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
,	O
the	O
creative	O
industries	O
,	O
who	O
are	O
reliant	O
on	O
copyright	O
,	O
advocate	O
a	O
"	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
"	O
that	O
sees	O
infringers	O
sent	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
notifications	O
,	O
warning	O
those	O
who	O
have	O
been	O
alleged	O
to	O
have	O
infringed	O
copyright	O
,	O
plus	O
additional	O
information	O
on	O
how	O
to	O
secure	O
their	O
Internet	O
connection	O
and	O
details	O
of	O
legal	O
alternatives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
industry	O
has	O
gained	O
the	O
co-operation	O
of	O
internet	O
service	O
providers	O
(	O
ISPs	O
)	O
,	O
asking	O
them	O
to	O
provide	O
subscriber	O
information	O
for	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
identified	O
by	O
third	O
parties	O
as	O
engaged	O
in	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
content	O
industry	O
's	O
proposal	O
for	O
internet	O
service	O
providers	O
to	O
throttle	O
,	O
temporarily	O
suspend	O
,	O
or	O
disconnect	O
Internet	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
subscriber	O
who	O
had	O
received	O
three	O
warning	O
letters	O
of	O
alleged	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
was	O
initially	O
known	O
as	O
"	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
"	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
baseball	O
rule	O
of	O
"	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
and	O
you	O
're	O
out	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
"	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
"	O
was	O
understood	O
to	O
refer	O
to	O
physical	O
assault	O
,	O
the	O
approach	O
was	O
later	O
termed	O
"	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
European	O
countries	O
early	O
attempts	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
have	O
led	O
to	O
court	O
cases	O
to	O
establish	O
under	O
which	O
circumstances	O
an	O
ISP	O
may	O
provide	O
subscriber	O
data	O
to	O
the	O
content	O
industry	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
users	O
are	O
often	O
only	O
identifiable	O
by	O
their	O
Internet	B-Protocol
Protocol	I-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
(	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
)	O
,	O
which	O
distinguishes	O
the	O
virtual	O
location	O
of	O
a	O
particular	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
ISPs	O
allocate	O
a	O
pool	O
of	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
as	O
needed	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
assigning	O
each	O
computer	O
a	O
never-changing	O
static	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Using	O
ISP	O
subscriber	O
information	O
the	O
content	O
industry	O
has	O
thought	O
to	O
remedy	O
copyright	O
infringement	O
,	O
assuming	O
that	O
the	O
ISPs	O
are	O
legally	O
responsible	O
for	O
end	O
user	O
activity	O
,	O
therefore	O
commuting	O
an	O
offence	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
the	O
end	O
user	O
is	O
responsible	O
for	O
all	O
illegal	O
activity	O
connected	O
to	O
their	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
a	O
Dutch	O
court	O
ordered	O
ISPs	O
in	O
the	O
Netherlands	O
to	O
not	O
divulge	O
subscriber	O
information	O
because	O
of	O
the	O
way	O
the	O
Dutch	O
content	O
industry	O
group	O
had	O
collected	O
the	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
(	O
Foundation	O
v	O
.	O
UPC	O
Netherlands	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Germany	O
court	O
specifically	O
considered	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
privacy	O
and	O
in	O
March	O
2008	O
the	O
German	O
Federal	O
Constitutional	O
Court	O
ruled	O
that	O
ISPs	O
could	O
only	O
give	O
out	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
subscription	O
information	O
in	O
case	O
of	O
a	O
"	O
serious	O
criminal	O
investigation	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Spain	O
the	O
Spanish	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
recently	O
ruled	O
that	O
personal	O
data	O
associated	O
with	O
an	O
IP	B-Protocol
address	I-Protocol
could	O
only	O
be	O
disclosed	O
in	O
the	O
course	O
of	O
a	O
criminal	O
investigation	O
or	O
for	O
public	O
safety	O
reasons	O
(	O
Productores	O
de	O
Música	O
de	O
España	O
v	O
.	O
Telefónica	O
de	O
España	O
SAU	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ruling	O
on	O
a	O
case	O
involving	O
a	O
copyright	O
holder	O
employed	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
to	O
collect	O
IP	B-Protocol
addresses	I-Protocol
of	O
suspected	O
copyright	O
infringers	O
,	O
the	O
Italian	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Authority	O
ruled	O
in	O
February	O
2008	O
that	O
the	O
systematic	O
monitoring	O
of	O
peer-to-peer	O
activities	O
for	O
the	O
purpose	O
of	O
detecting	O
copyright	O
infringers	O
and	O
suing	O
them	O
is	O
not	O
allowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
consumer	O
rights	O
groups	O
have	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
denies	O
consumers	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
a	O
fair	O
trial	O
and	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
privacy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
France	O
President	O
Nicolas	O
Sarkozy	O
backed	O
the	O
proposal	O
to	O
implement	O
a	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
law	O
and	O
the	O
French	O
government	O
passed	O
a	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
policy	O
in	O
the	O
HADOPI	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Similarly	O
,	O
album	O
sales	O
units	O
rose	O
by	O
42%	O
in	O
the	O
control	O
group	O
but	O
67%	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
indicating	O
that	O
HADOPI	O
increased	O
iTunes	O
album	O
sales	O
an	O
average	O
25%	O
per	O
week	O
in	O
France.Danaher	O
,	O
Brett	O
,	O
Smith	O
,	O
Michael	O
D.	O
,	O
Telang	O
,	O
Rahul	O
and	O
Chen	O
,	O
Siwen	O
,	O
The	O
Effect	O
of	O
Graduated	B-Application
Response	I-Application
Anti-Piracy	O
Laws	O
on	O
Music	O
Sales	O
:	O
Evidence	O
from	O
an	O
Event	O
Study	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
SSRN	O
,	O
January	O
21	O
,	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
New	O
Zealand	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
countries	O
to	O
enact	O
a	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
policy	O
,	O
but	O
its	O
implementation	O
was	O
delayed	O
for	O
a	O
month	O
pending	O
development	O
of	O
a	O
code	O
of	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
South	O
Korea	O
adopted	O
a	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
system	O
in	O
July	O
2009	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2009	O
the	O
British	O
government	O
announced	O
its	O
plans	O
to	O
legislate	O
a	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
system	O
through	O
the	O
Digital	O
Economy	O
Act	O
2010	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Attempts	O
in	O
Ireland	O
to	O
implement	O
three	B-Application
strikes	I-Application
for	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
ISPs	O
have	O
resulted	O
in	O
court	O
proceedings	O
,	O
the	O
latest	O
of	O
which	O
concerned	O
data	O
protection	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2011	O
,	O
a	O
consortium	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Copyright	O
Information	O
established	O
a	O
voluntary	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
scheme	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
Copyright	O
Alert	O
System	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
an	O
academic	O
research	O
paper	O
by	O
copyright	O
law	O
academic	O
Rebecca	O
Giblin	O
examined	O
the	O
evidence	O
about	O
whether	O
the	O
graduated	B-Application
response	I-Application
laws	O
in	O
France	O
,	O
New	O
Zealand	O
,	O
Taiwan	O
,	O
South	O
Korea	O
,	O
the	O
UK	O
,	O
Ireland	O
and	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
were	O
achieving	O
their	O
aims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
found	O
little	O
to	O
no	O
evidence	O
that	O
these	O
graduated	B-Application
responses	I-Application
were	O
either	O
successful	O
or	O
effective	O
.	O
</s>
