<s>
A	O
government	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
or	O
political	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
is	O
a	O
game	O
that	O
attempts	O
to	O
simulate	O
the	O
government	O
and	O
politics	O
of	O
all	O
or	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
nation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
differ	O
from	O
the	O
genre	O
of	O
classical	O
wargames	B-Application
due	O
to	O
their	O
discouragement	O
or	O
abstraction	O
of	O
military	O
or	O
action	O
elements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1954	O
,	O
the	O
board	O
game	O
Diplomacy	O
was	O
created	O
,	O
which	O
differs	O
from	O
other	O
wargames	B-Application
in	O
that	O
it	O
features	O
a	O
"	O
negotiation	O
"	O
phase	O
during	O
which	O
players	O
reach	O
agreements	O
with	O
other	O
players	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
execute	O
military	O
moves	O
simultaneously	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
titles	O
in	O
this	O
genre	O
was	O
Balance	B-Application
of	I-Application
Power	I-Application
,	O
designed	O
by	O
Chris	O
Crawford	O
and	O
published	O
in	O
1985	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
game	O
features	O
conflict	O
at	O
the	O
height	O
of	O
the	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
,	O
using	O
political	O
and	O
policy	O
decisions	O
to	O
shape	O
outcomes	O
rather	O
than	O
warfare	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Balance	B-Application
of	I-Application
Power	I-Application
,	O
any	O
armed	O
conflict	O
between	O
the	O
player	O
and	O
the	O
opponent	O
superpower	B-Application
results	O
in	O
a	O
nuclear	O
war	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
considered	O
a	O
loss	O
condition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
Cold	B-Application
War	I-Application
era	O
games	O
included	O
Conflict	B-Application
:	I-Application
Middle	I-Application
East	I-Application
Political	I-Application
Simulator	I-Application
created	O
by	O
Virgin	O
Interactive	O
,	O
Spectrum	O
Holobyte	O
's	O
Crisis	B-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
Kremlin	I-Application
and	O
Hidden	B-Application
Agenda	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Crisis	B-Application
in	I-Application
the	I-Application
Kremlin	I-Application
,	O
the	O
user	O
could	O
play	O
as	O
the	O
protege	O
of	O
any	O
of	O
the	O
following	O
Soviet	O
politicians	O
:	O
Mikhail	O
Gorbachev	O
of	O
the	O
reformist	O
faction	O
;	O
Yegor	O
Ligachev	O
,	O
leader	O
of	O
the	O
hard-line	O
faction	O
;	O
and	O
Boris	O
Yeltsin	O
,	O
who	O
was	O
the	O
prevalent	O
figure	O
of	O
the	O
nationalist	O
faction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Hidden	B-Application
Agenda	I-Application
the	O
user	O
takes	O
the	O
role	O
of	O
the	O
president	O
of	O
Chimerica	O
,	O
a	O
post-revolutionary	O
Central	O
American	O
country	O
,	O
trying	O
to	O
juggle	O
international	O
relations	O
and	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
citizens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
political	B-Application
simulation	I-Application
games	I-Application
were	O
intended	O
more	O
for	O
education	O
than	O
entertainment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1987	O
,	O
On	B-Application
the	I-Application
Campaign	I-Application
Trail	I-Application
was	O
developed	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
at	O
Kent	O
State	O
University	O
's	O
political	O
campaign	O
management	O
program	O
,	O
and	O
engaged	O
students	O
in	O
decision-making	O
regarding	O
the	O
campaigns	O
for	O
United	O
States	O
Senate	O
elections	O
between	O
1970	O
and	O
1986	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1992	O
game	O
Power	B-Application
Politics	I-Application
(	O
and	O
,	O
before	O
it	O
,	O
1981	O
's	O
President	B-Application
Elect	I-Application
)	O
focused	O
on	O
domestic	O
United	O
States	O
political	O
campaigns	O
(	O
but	O
not	O
the	O
running	O
of	O
the	O
country	O
upon	O
election	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1996	O
,	O
this	O
was	O
adapted	O
to	O
the	O
Doonesbury	O
Election	O
Game	O
,	O
designed	O
by	O
Randy	O
Chase	O
(	O
who	O
also	O
did	O
Power	B-Application
Politics	I-Application
)	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
Mindscape	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
players	O
conducted	O
a	O
campaign	O
with	O
the	O
assistance	O
of	O
a	O
pool	O
of	O
advisors	O
selected	O
from	O
characters	O
in	O
the	O
Doonesbury	O
comic	O
strip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
successor	O
entitled	O
Power	B-Application
Politics	I-Application
III	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2006	O
,	O
TheorySpark	O
released	O
President	B-Application
Forever	I-Application
2008	I-Application
+	I-Application
Primaries	I-Application
,	O
an	O
election	O
simulation	O
game	O
that	O
allows	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
realistically	O
control	O
an	O
entire	O
election	O
campaign	O
through	O
both	O
the	O
Primaries	O
and	O
General	O
Election	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
such	O
game	O
is	O
Democracy	B-Application
,	O
published	O
in	O
2005	O
by	O
Positech	O
Games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Democracy	B-Application
,	O
players	O
make	O
decisions	O
during	O
each	O
turn	O
regarding	O
which	O
policies	O
to	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
examples	O
are	O
the	O
Geo-Political-Simulator	B-Application
series	O
,	O
produced	O
by	O
Eversim	O
,	O
boasting	O
an	O
array	O
of	O
choices	O
for	O
domestic	O
policy	O
and	O
decisions	O
based	O
around	O
current	O
geopolitical	O
issues	O
,	O
and	O
Tropico	B-Application
series	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
found	O
games	O
that	O
puts	O
the	O
player	O
in	O
the	O
seat	O
of	O
a	O
state	O
leader	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
SuperPower	B-Application
,	O
and	O
its	O
sequel	O
,	O
SuperPower	B-Application
2	I-Application
and	O
SuperPower	B-Application
3	I-Application
,	O
whose	O
goals	O
are	O
to	O
produce	O
economic	O
stability	O
and	O
prosperity	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
game	O
mainly	O
revolves	O
around	O
foreign	O
policies	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
abilities	O
to	O
interact	O
with	O
other	O
countries	O
in	O
many	O
ways	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
video	O
game	O
series	O
such	O
as	O
Crusader	B-Application
Kings	I-Application
aim	O
to	O
show	O
the	O
political	O
situations	O
of	O
medieval	O
governments	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-based	O
games	O
such	O
as	O
NationStates	B-Protocol
allow	O
players	O
to	O
manage	O
the	O
day-to-day	O
decisions	O
of	O
individual	O
governments	O
,	O
and	O
compete	O
against	O
rival	O
nations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Less	O
formally	O
structured	O
games	O
are	O
also	O
played	O
out	O
in	O
internet	B-Application
forums	I-Application
,	O
where	O
players	O
manage	O
governments	O
and	O
nations	O
according	O
to	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
agreed	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
construction	B-Application
and	I-Application
management	I-Application
simulations	I-Application
require	O
government	O
management	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
city-building	B-Application
games	I-Application
such	O
as	O
the	O
SimCity	B-Application
series	O
of	O
games	O
developed	O
and	O
published	O
by	O
Maxis	O
simulates	O
the	O
experience	O
of	O
being	O
a	O
mayor	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SimCity	B-Application
features	O
a	O
real-time	O
environment	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
player	O
can	O
create	O
zones	O
for	O
city	O
development	O
,	O
build	O
roads	O
,	O
power	O
and	O
water	O
utilities	O
,	O
and	O
watch	O
as	O
their	O
city	O
develops	O
based	O
on	O
their	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strategy	B-Application
games	I-Application
frequently	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
government	O
management	O
challenges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
4X	B-Application
games	I-Application
require	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
a	O
government	O
,	O
be	O
it	O
tribal	O
or	O
interstellar	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galactic	B-Application
Civilizations	I-Application
II	I-Application
requires	O
players	O
to	O
manage	O
their	O
approval	O
rating	O
to	O
keep	O
their	O
political	O
party	O
in	O
power	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
example	O
,	O
the	O
Civilization	B-Application
series	O
gives	O
players	O
control	O
over	O
resources	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
building	O
of	O
an	O
empire	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
strategy	B-Application
games	I-Application
focus	O
on	O
government	O
management	O
to	O
varying	O
degrees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
instance	O
,	O
in	O
the	O
Hearts	B-Application
of	I-Application
Iron	I-Application
games	O
(	O
set	O
in	O
World	O
War	O
II	O
)	O
the	O
civilian	O
population	O
is	O
only	O
a	O
factor	O
with	O
partisans	O
and	O
manpower	O
,	O
whereas	O
in	O
Victoria	B-Application
a	O
player	O
must	O
not	O
only	O
conquer	O
,	O
but	O
implement	O
the	O
Second	O
Industrial	O
Revolution	O
while	O
warding	O
off	O
(	O
or	O
ushering	O
in	O
)	O
political	O
revolutions	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
upheavals	O
of	O
1848	O
and	O
communist	O
revolt	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	B-Application
Mind	I-Application
Forever	I-Application
Voyaging	I-Application
,	O
published	O
by	O
Infocom	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
was	O
an	O
interactive	O
fiction	O
game	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
player	O
controlled	O
a	O
sentient	O
computer	O
capable	O
of	O
experimenting	O
with	O
potential	O
future	O
scenarios	O
based	O
on	O
varying	O
public	O
policy	O
decisions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
2008	O
game	O
Spore	B-Application
features	O
a	O
"	O
Civilization	B-Application
"	O
stage	O
where	O
the	O
player	O
controls	O
vehicles	O
and	O
interacts	O
with	O
other	O
cities	O
until	O
they	O
have	O
control	O
of	O
all	O
12	O
cities	O
.	O
</s>
