<s>
Government	B-Application
by	I-Application
algorithm	I-Application
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
algorithmic	O
regulation	O
,	O
regulation	B-Application
by	I-Application
algorithms	I-Application
,	O
algorithmic	B-Application
governance	I-Application
,	O
algocratic	O
governance	O
,	O
algorithmic	O
legal	O
order	O
or	O
algocracy	B-Application
)	O
is	O
an	O
alternative	O
form	O
of	O
government	O
or	O
social	O
ordering	O
where	O
the	O
usage	O
of	O
computer	O
algorithms	O
,	O
especially	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
blockchain	B-Application
,	O
is	O
applied	O
to	O
regulations	O
,	O
law	O
enforcement	O
,	O
and	O
generally	O
any	O
aspect	O
of	O
everyday	O
life	O
such	O
as	O
transportation	O
or	O
land	O
registration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
"	O
government	B-Application
by	I-Application
algorithm	I-Application
"	O
appeared	O
in	O
academic	O
literature	O
as	O
an	O
alternative	O
for	O
"	O
algorithmic	B-Application
governance	I-Application
"	O
in	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
context	O
of	O
blockchain	B-Application
,	O
it	O
is	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
blockchain	B-Application
governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Government	B-Application
by	I-Application
algorithm	I-Application
raises	O
new	O
challenges	O
that	O
are	O
not	O
captured	O
in	O
the	O
e-government	O
literature	O
and	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
public	O
administration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
sources	O
equate	O
cyberocracy	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
hypothetical	O
form	O
of	O
government	O
that	O
rules	O
by	O
the	O
effective	O
use	O
of	O
information	O
,	O
with	O
algorithmic	B-Application
governance	I-Application
,	O
although	O
algorithms	O
are	O
not	O
the	O
only	O
means	O
of	O
processing	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nello	O
Cristianini	O
and	O
Teresa	O
Scantamburlo	O
argued	O
that	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
a	O
human	O
society	O
and	O
certain	O
regulation	O
algorithms	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
reputation-based	O
scoring	O
)	O
forms	O
a	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
he	O
proposed	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
network	O
like	O
the	O
modern	O
Internet	O
for	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
algorithmic	B-Application
governance	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Between	O
1971	O
and	O
1973	O
,	O
the	O
Chilean	O
government	O
carried	O
out	O
Project	B-Architecture
Cybersyn	I-Architecture
during	O
the	O
presidency	O
of	O
Salvador	O
Allende	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
project	O
was	O
aimed	O
at	O
constructing	O
a	O
distributed	O
decision	B-Application
support	I-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
improve	O
the	O
management	O
of	O
the	O
national	O
economy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
in	O
the	O
1960s	O
and	O
1970s	O
,	O
Herbert	O
A	O
.	O
Simon	O
championed	O
expert	B-Application
systems	I-Application
as	O
tools	O
for	O
rationalization	O
and	O
evaluation	O
of	O
administrative	O
behavior	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Honourable	O
Justice	O
Michael	O
Kirby	O
published	O
a	O
paper	O
in	O
1998	O
,	O
where	O
he	O
expressed	O
optimism	O
that	O
the	O
then-available	O
computer	O
technologies	O
such	O
as	O
legal	B-Application
expert	I-Application
system	I-Application
could	O
evolve	O
to	O
computer	O
systems	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
strongly	O
affect	O
the	O
practice	O
of	O
courts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
his	O
2006	O
's	O
book	O
Virtual	O
Migration	O
,	O
A	O
.	O
Aneesh	O
developed	O
the	O
concept	O
of	O
algocracy	B-Application
—	O
information	O
technologies	O
constrain	O
human	O
participation	O
in	O
public	O
decision	O
making	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
 [ ... ] 	O
It	O
's	O
time	O
for	O
government	O
to	O
enter	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Ukraine	O
's	O
Ministry	O
of	O
Justice	O
ran	O
experimental	O
government	O
auctions	O
using	O
blockchain	B-Application
technology	I-Application
to	O
ensure	O
transparency	O
and	O
hinder	O
corruption	O
in	O
governmental	O
transactions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Government	B-Application
by	I-Application
Algorithm	I-Application
?	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
is	O
an	O
urban	O
area	O
where	O
collected	O
surveillance	O
data	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
improve	O
various	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Increase	O
in	O
computational	O
power	O
allows	O
more	O
automated	O
decision	O
making	O
and	O
replacement	O
of	O
public	O
agencies	O
by	O
algorithmic	B-Application
governance	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
particular	O
,	O
the	O
combined	O
use	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
blockchains	B-Application
for	O
IoT	B-Operating_System
may	O
lead	O
to	O
the	O
creation	O
of	O
sustainable	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
ecosystems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intelligent	O
street	O
lighting	O
in	O
Glasgow	O
is	O
an	O
example	O
of	O
successful	O
government	O
application	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
algorithms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
study	O
of	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
initiatives	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
shows	O
that	O
it	O
requires	O
public	O
sector	O
as	O
a	O
main	O
organizer	O
and	O
coordinator	O
,	O
the	O
private	O
sector	O
as	O
a	O
technology	O
and	O
infrastructure	O
provider	O
,	O
and	O
universities	O
as	O
expertise	O
contributors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Berns	O
bought	O
67,000	O
acres	O
(	O
271	O
km²	O
)	O
in	O
Nevada	O
's	O
rural	O
Storey	O
County	O
(	O
population	O
4,104	O
)	O
for	O
$	O
170,000,000	O
( £	O
121,000,000	O
)	O
in	O
2018	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
develop	O
a	O
smart	B-Device
city	I-Device
with	O
more	O
than	O
36,000	O
residents	O
that	O
could	O
generate	O
an	O
annual	O
output	O
of	O
$	O
4,600,000,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Blockchains	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
"	O
Innovation	O
Zone	O
"	O
was	O
canceled	O
in	O
September	O
2021	O
after	O
it	O
failed	O
to	O
secure	O
enough	O
water	O
for	O
the	O
planned	O
36,000	O
residents	O
,	O
through	O
water	O
imports	O
from	O
a	O
site	O
located	O
100	O
miles	O
away	O
in	O
the	O
neighboring	O
Washoe	O
County	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Saudi	O
Arabia	O
,	O
the	O
planners	O
of	O
The	O
Line	O
assert	O
that	O
it	O
will	O
be	O
monitored	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
to	O
improve	O
life	O
by	O
using	O
data	O
and	O
predictive	O
modeling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
connections	O
are	O
explored	O
by	O
Nello	O
Cristianini	O
and	O
Teresa	O
Scantamburlo	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
reputation-credit	O
scoring	O
system	O
is	O
modeled	O
as	O
an	O
incentive	O
given	O
to	O
the	O
citizens	O
and	O
computed	O
by	O
a	O
social	B-Algorithm
machine	I-Algorithm
,	O
so	O
that	O
rational	O
agents	O
would	O
be	O
motivated	O
to	O
increase	O
their	O
score	O
by	O
adapting	O
their	O
behaviour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
China	O
's	O
Social	B-Application
Credit	I-Application
System	I-Application
was	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
mass	O
surveillance	O
effort	O
with	O
a	O
centralized	O
numerical	O
score	O
for	O
each	O
citizen	O
given	O
for	O
their	O
actions	O
,	O
though	O
newer	O
reports	O
say	O
that	O
this	O
is	O
a	O
widespread	O
misconception	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Application
Contracts	I-Application
,	O
cryptocurrencies	O
,	O
and	O
Decentralized	B-Operating_System
Autonomous	I-Operating_System
Organization	I-Operating_System
are	O
mentioned	O
as	O
means	O
to	O
replace	O
traditional	O
ways	O
of	O
governance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
are	O
self-executable	O
contracts	O
,	O
whose	O
objectives	O
are	O
the	O
reduction	O
of	O
need	O
in	O
trusted	O
governmental	O
intermediators	O
,	O
arbitrations	O
and	O
enforcement	O
costs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
decentralized	B-Operating_System
autonomous	I-Operating_System
organization	I-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
organization	O
represented	O
by	O
smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
that	O
is	O
transparent	O
,	O
controlled	O
by	O
shareholders	O
and	O
not	O
influenced	O
by	O
a	O
central	O
government	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Smart	B-Application
contracts	I-Application
have	O
been	O
discussed	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
such	O
applications	O
as	O
use	O
in	O
(	O
temporary	O
)	O
employment	O
contracts	O
and	O
automatic	O
transfership	O
of	O
funds	O
and	O
property	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
inheritance	B-Language
,	O
upon	O
registration	O
of	O
a	O
death	O
certificate	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
countries	O
such	O
as	O
Georgia	O
and	O
Sweden	O
have	O
already	O
launched	O
blockchain	B-Application
programs	O
focusing	O
on	O
property	O
(	O
land	O
titles	O
and	O
real	O
estate	O
ownership	O
)	O
Ukraine	O
is	O
also	O
looking	O
at	O
other	O
areas	O
too	O
such	O
as	O
state	O
registers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
study	O
of	O
Stanford	O
University	O
,	O
45%	O
of	O
the	O
studied	O
US	O
federal	O
agencies	O
have	O
experimented	O
with	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
related	O
machine	O
learning	O
(	O
ML	O
)	O
tools	O
up	O
to	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
US	O
federal	O
agencies	O
counted	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
applications	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
listed	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
Palantir	O
's	O
Gotham	O
software	O
,	O
other	O
similar	O
(	O
numerical	O
analysis	O
software	O
)	O
used	O
by	O
police	O
agencies	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
NCRIC	O
)	O
include	O
SAS	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
fight	O
against	O
money	O
laundering	O
,	O
FinCEN	O
employs	O
the	O
FinCEN	O
Artificial	B-Application
Intelligence	I-Application
System	O
(	O
FAIS	O
)	O
since	O
1995	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
US	O
Department	O
of	O
Homeland	O
Security	O
has	O
employed	O
the	O
software	O
ATLAS	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
Cloud	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Estonia	O
,	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
is	O
used	O
in	O
its	O
e-government	O
to	O
make	O
it	O
more	O
automated	O
and	O
seamless	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
government	O
services	O
use	O
issue	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
system	I-Application
to	O
keep	O
track	O
of	O
ongoing	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Judges	O
 '	O
decisions	O
in	O
Australia	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
the	O
"	B-Algorithm
Split	I-Algorithm
Up	I-Algorithm
"	I-Algorithm
software	I-Algorithm
in	O
case	O
of	O
determining	O
the	O
percentage	O
of	O
a	O
split	O
after	O
a	O
divorce	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
COMPAS	B-Algorithm
software	O
is	O
used	O
in	O
USA	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
risk	O
of	O
recidivism	O
in	O
courts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Chinese	O
AI	B-Application
judge	O
is	O
a	O
virtual	O
recreation	O
of	O
an	O
actual	O
female	O
judge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
Estonia	O
plans	O
to	O
employ	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
to	O
decide	O
small-claim	O
cases	O
of	O
less	O
than	O
€	O
7,000	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lawbots	B-Operating_System
can	O
perform	O
tasks	O
that	O
are	O
typically	O
done	O
by	O
paralegals	O
or	O
young	O
associates	O
at	O
law	O
firms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
legal	O
technology	O
chatbot	B-Application
application	O
is	O
DoNotPay	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
use	O
in	O
grading	O
,	O
software	O
systems	O
and	O
AI	B-Application
are	O
also	O
optimizing	O
coursework	O
and	O
are	O
used	O
in	O
preparation	O
for	O
college	O
entrance	O
exams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
AI	B-Application
teaching	O
assistants	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
and	O
used	O
for	O
education	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
Georgia	O
Tech	O
's	O
Jill	O
Watson	O
)	O
and	O
there	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
ongoing	O
debate	O
on	O
whether	O
perhaps	O
teachers	O
can	O
be	O
entirely	O
replaced	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
in	O
homeschooling	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
an	O
activist	O
named	O
Michihito	O
Matsuda	O
ran	O
for	O
mayor	O
in	O
the	O
Tama	O
city	O
area	O
of	O
Tokyo	O
as	O
a	O
human	O
proxy	O
for	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
program	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
election	O
posters	O
and	O
campaign	O
material	O
used	O
the	O
term	O
robot	O
,	O
and	O
displayed	O
stock	O
images	O
of	O
a	O
feminine	O
android	O
,	O
the	O
"	O
AI	B-Application
mayor	O
"	O
was	O
in	O
fact	O
a	O
machine	O
learning	O
algorithm	O
trained	O
using	O
Tama	O
city	O
datasets	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
backed	O
by	O
high-profile	O
executives	O
Tetsuzo	O
Matsumoto	O
of	O
Softbank	O
and	O
Norio	O
Murakami	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Organisers	O
claimed	O
that	O
the	O
'	O
AI	B-Application
mayor	O
 '	O
was	O
programmed	O
to	O
analyze	O
citizen	B-Application
petitions	I-Application
put	O
forward	O
to	O
the	O
city	O
council	O
in	O
a	O
more	O
'	O
fair	O
and	O
balanced	O
 '	O
way	O
than	O
human	O
politicians	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
AI-powered	O
messenger	O
chatbot	B-Application
SAM	O
participated	O
in	O
the	O
discussions	O
on	O
social	O
media	O
connected	O
to	O
an	O
electoral	O
race	O
in	O
New	O
Zealand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
chatbot	B-Application
"	O
Leader	O
Lars	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
Leder	O
Lars	O
"	O
was	O
nominated	O
for	O
The	O
Synthetic	O
Party	O
to	O
run	O
in	O
the	O
2022	O
Danish	O
parliamentary	O
election	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
built	O
by	O
the	O
artist	O
collective	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
chatbot	B-Application
engaged	O
in	O
critical	O
discussions	O
on	O
politics	O
with	O
users	O
from	O
around	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
China	O
launched	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
to	O
deal	O
with	O
the	O
Coronavirus	O
outbreak	O
called	O
"	O
close-contact-detector	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
make	O
this	O
inquiry	O
users	O
scan	O
a	O
Quick	O
Response	O
(	O
QR	O
)	O
code	O
on	O
their	O
smartphones	O
using	O
apps	O
like	O
Alipay	O
or	O
WeChat	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
close	O
contact	O
detector	O
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
via	O
popular	O
mobile	B-Application
apps	I-Application
including	O
Alipay	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tsunamis	B-Application
can	O
be	O
detected	O
by	O
Tsunami	B-Application
warning	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
make	O
use	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Floodings	B-Protocol
can	O
also	O
be	O
detected	O
using	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wildfires	O
can	O
be	O
predicted	O
using	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Wildfire	O
detection	O
is	O
possible	O
by	O
AI	B-Application
systems	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
Earthquake	O
detection	O
systems	O
are	O
now	O
improving	O
alongside	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
AI	B-Application
technology	O
through	O
measuring	O
seismic	O
data	O
and	O
implementing	O
complex	O
algorithms	O
to	O
improve	O
detection	O
and	O
prediction	O
rates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earthquake	O
monitoring	O
,	O
phase	O
picking	O
,	O
and	O
seismic	O
signal	O
detection	O
have	O
developed	O
through	O
AI	B-Application
algorithms	O
of	O
deep-learning	B-Algorithm
,	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
computational	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
a	O
2016	O
's	O
book	O
Weapons	O
of	O
Math	O
Destruction	O
,	O
algorithms	O
and	O
big	B-Application
data	I-Application
are	O
suspected	O
to	O
increase	O
inequality	O
due	O
to	O
opacity	O
,	O
scale	O
and	O
damage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
also	O
a	O
serious	O
concern	O
that	O
gaming	O
by	O
the	O
regulated	O
parties	O
might	O
occur	O
,	O
once	O
more	O
transparency	B-Algorithm
is	I-Algorithm
brought	I-Algorithm
into	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
decision	I-Algorithm
making	I-Algorithm
by	I-Algorithm
algorithmic	I-Algorithm
governance	I-Algorithm
,	O
regulated	O
parties	O
might	O
try	O
to	O
manipulate	O
their	O
outcome	O
in	O
own	O
favor	O
and	O
even	O
use	O
adversarial	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
learning	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Harari	O
,	O
the	O
conflict	O
between	O
democracy	O
and	O
dictatorship	O
is	O
seen	O
as	O
a	O
conflict	O
of	O
two	O
different	O
data-processing	O
systems	O
—	O
AI	B-Application
and	O
algorithms	O
may	O
swing	O
the	O
advantage	O
toward	O
the	O
latter	O
by	O
processing	O
enormous	O
amounts	O
of	O
information	O
centrally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
contributors	O
of	O
the	O
2019	O
documentary	O
iHuman	O
expressed	O
apprehension	O
of	O
"	O
infinitely	O
stable	O
dictatorships	O
"	O
created	O
by	O
government	O
AI	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
government	O
software	O
ATLAS	O
,	O
which	O
run	O
on	O
Amazon	B-Application
Cloud	I-Application
,	O
sparked	O
uproar	O
from	O
activists	O
and	O
Amazon	O
's	O
own	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
initial	O
approach	O
towards	O
transparency	O
included	O
the	O
open-sourcing	B-Application
of	I-Application
algorithms	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
2019	O
poll	O
conducted	O
by	O
IE	O
University	O
's	O
Center	O
for	O
the	O
Governance	O
of	O
Change	O
in	O
Spain	O
found	O
that	O
25%	O
of	O
citizens	O
from	O
selected	O
European	O
countries	O
were	O
somewhat	O
or	O
totally	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
letting	O
an	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
make	O
important	O
decisions	O
about	O
how	O
their	O
country	O
is	O
run	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
novels	O
Daemon	O
and	O
Freedom™	B-Application
by	O
Daniel	O
Suarez	O
describe	O
a	O
fictional	O
scenario	O
of	O
global	O
algorithmic	O
regulation	O
.	O
</s>
