<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
is	O
a	O
multilingual	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
service	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
translate	O
text	O
,	O
documents	O
and	O
websites	O
from	O
one	O
language	O
into	O
another	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
offers	O
a	O
website	B-Application
interface	I-Application
,	O
a	O
mobile	B-Application
app	I-Application
for	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
and	O
an	O
API	B-General_Concept
that	O
helps	O
developers	O
build	O
browser	B-Protocol
extensions	I-Protocol
and	O
software	B-Application
applications	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
supports	O
languages	O
at	O
various	O
levels	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
claimed	O
over	O
500	O
million	O
total	O
users	O
,	O
with	O
more	O
than	O
100	O
billion	O
words	O
translated	O
daily	O
,	O
after	O
the	O
company	O
stated	O
in	O
May	O
2013	O
that	O
it	O
served	O
over	O
200	O
million	O
people	O
daily	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Launched	O
in	O
April	O
2006	O
as	O
a	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
service	O
,	O
it	O
used	O
United	O
Nations	O
and	O
European	O
Parliament	O
documents	O
and	O
transcripts	O
to	O
gather	O
linguistic	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
would	O
switch	O
to	O
a	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
engine	O
–	O
Google	B-Algorithm
Neural	I-Algorithm
Machine	I-Algorithm
Translation	I-Algorithm
(	O
GNMT	B-Algorithm
)	O
–	O
which	O
translates	O
"	O
whole	O
sentences	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
piece	O
by	O
piece	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
is	O
a	O
web-based	B-Application
free-to-user	O
translation	O
service	O
developed	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
April	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Originally	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
was	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
initially	O
did	O
not	O
hire	O
experts	O
to	O
resolve	O
this	O
limitation	O
due	O
to	O
the	O
ever-evolving	O
nature	O
of	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
an	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
and	O
iOS	B-Application
version	O
in	O
February	O
2011	O
to	O
serve	O
as	O
a	O
portable	O
personal	O
interpreter	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
integrated	O
into	O
browsers	B-Application
such	O
as	O
Chrome	B-Application
and	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
pronounce	O
the	O
translated	O
text	O
,	O
automatically	O
recognize	O
words	O
in	O
a	O
picture	O
and	O
spot	O
unfamiliar	O
text	O
and	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
May	O
2014	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
acquired	O
Word	B-Application
Lens	I-Application
to	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
visual	O
and	O
voice	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
the	O
system	O
automatically	B-General_Concept
identifies	I-General_Concept
foreign	O
languages	O
and	O
translates	O
speech	O
without	O
requiring	O
individuals	O
to	O
tap	O
the	O
microphone	O
button	O
whenever	O
speech	O
translation	O
is	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
transitioned	O
its	O
translating	O
method	O
to	O
a	O
system	O
called	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
techniques	O
to	O
translate	O
whole	O
sentences	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
been	O
measured	O
to	O
be	O
more	O
accurate	O
between	O
English	O
and	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Spanish	O
,	O
and	O
Chinese	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
measurement	O
results	O
have	O
been	O
provided	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
researchers	O
for	O
GNMT	B-Algorithm
from	O
English	O
to	O
other	O
languages	O
,	O
other	O
languages	O
to	O
English	O
,	O
or	O
between	O
language	O
pairs	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
was	O
used	O
during	O
a	O
court	O
hearing	O
when	O
court	O
officials	O
at	O
Teesside	O
Magistrates	O
 '	O
Court	O
failed	O
to	O
book	O
an	O
interpreter	O
for	O
the	O
Chinese	O
defendant	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
September	O
2022	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
was	O
discontinued	O
in	O
mainland	O
China	O
,	O
which	O
Google	B-Application
said	O
was	O
due	O
to	O
"	O
low	O
usage	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
can	O
translate	O
multiple	O
forms	O
of	O
text	O
and	O
media	O
,	O
which	O
includes	O
text	O
,	O
speech	O
,	O
and	O
text	O
within	O
still	O
or	O
moving	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Website	B-Application
Translation	I-Application
:	O
a	O
function	O
that	O
translates	O
a	O
whole	O
webpage	O
to	O
selected	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mobile	B-Application
App	I-Application
Translation	O
:	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
its	O
new	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
feature	O
called	O
"	O
Tap	O
to	O
Translate	O
"	O
,	O
which	O
made	O
instant	O
translation	O
accessible	O
inside	O
any	O
app	O
without	O
exiting	O
or	O
switching	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Handwritten	O
Translation	O
:	O
a	O
function	O
that	O
translates	O
language	O
that	O
are	O
handwritten	O
on	O
the	O
phone	O
screen	O
or	O
drawn	O
on	O
a	O
virtual	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
without	O
the	O
support	O
of	O
a	O
keyboard	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
most	O
of	O
its	O
features	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
provides	O
the	O
pronunciation	O
,	O
dictionary	O
,	O
and	O
listening	O
to	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
has	O
introduced	O
its	O
own	O
Translate	O
app	O
,	O
so	O
translation	O
is	O
available	O
with	O
a	O
mobile	O
phone	O
in	O
offline	O
mode	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
produces	O
approximations	O
across	O
languages	O
of	O
multiple	O
forms	O
of	O
text	O
and	O
media	O
,	O
including	O
text	O
,	O
speech	O
,	O
websites	O
,	O
or	O
text	O
on	O
display	O
in	O
still	O
or	O
live	O
video	O
images	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
languages	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
can	O
synthesize	B-Application
speech	I-Application
from	O
text	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
certain	O
pairs	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
highlight	O
specific	O
corresponding	O
words	O
and	O
phrases	O
between	O
the	O
source	O
and	O
target	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
user	O
enters	O
a	O
URL	O
in	O
the	O
source	O
text	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
will	O
produce	O
a	O
hyperlink	O
to	O
a	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
of	O
the	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
languages	O
,	O
text	O
can	O
be	O
entered	O
via	O
an	O
on-screen	B-Device
keyboard	I-Device
,	O
through	O
handwriting	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
or	O
speech	B-Application
recognition	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
browser	B-Application
version	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
provides	O
the	O
option	O
to	O
show	O
phonetic	O
equivalents	O
of	O
text	O
translated	O
from	O
Japanese	O
to	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
option	O
is	O
not	O
available	O
on	O
the	O
paid	O
API	B-General_Concept
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
more	O
popular	O
languages	O
have	O
a	O
"	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
"	O
audio	O
function	O
that	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
back	O
a	O
text	O
in	O
that	O
language	O
,	O
up	O
to	O
a	O
few	O
dozen	O
words	O
or	O
so	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Until	O
March	O
2023	O
,	O
some	O
less	O
widely	O
spoken	O
languages	O
used	O
the	O
open-source	O
eSpeak	B-Language
synthesizer	O
for	O
their	O
speech	O
;	O
producing	O
a	O
robotic	O
,	O
awkward	O
voice	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
difficult	O
to	O
understand	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
is	O
available	O
in	O
some	O
web	B-Application
browsers	I-Application
as	O
an	O
optional	O
downloadable	O
extension	B-Protocol
that	O
can	O
run	O
the	O
translation	B-Application
engine	I-Application
,	O
which	O
allow	O
right-click	O
command	O
access	O
to	O
the	O
translation	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
was	O
integrated	O
into	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Chrome	B-Application
browser	I-Application
by	O
default	O
,	O
for	O
optional	O
automatic	O
webpage	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Translate	O
app	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
and	O
iOS	B-Application
supports	O
languages	O
and	O
can	O
propose	O
translations	O
for	O
37	O
languages	O
via	O
photo	O
,	O
32	O
via	O
voice	O
in	O
"	O
conversation	O
mode	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
27	O
via	O
live	O
video	O
imagery	O
in	O
"	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
mode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
and	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
on	O
February	O
8	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
after	O
an	O
HTML5	B-Application
web	B-Application
application	I-Application
was	O
released	O
for	O
iOS	B-Application
users	O
in	O
August	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Android	B-Application
app	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
devices	O
running	O
at	O
least	O
Android	B-Application
2.1	O
,	O
while	O
the	O
iOS	B-Application
app	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
iPod	B-Device
Touches	I-Device
,	O
iPads	B-Device
,	O
and	O
iPhones	B-Device
updated	O
to	O
iOS	B-Application
7.0	O
+	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
January	O
2011	O
Android	B-Application
version	O
experimented	O
with	O
a	O
"	O
Conversation	O
Mode	O
"	O
that	O
aims	O
to	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
communicate	O
fluidly	O
with	O
a	O
nearby	O
person	O
in	O
another	O
language	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
recognises	O
the	O
text	O
from	O
the	O
image	O
using	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
technology	O
and	O
gives	O
the	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2015	O
,	O
the	O
apps	O
gained	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
propose	O
translations	O
of	O
physical	O
signs	O
in	O
real	O
time	O
using	O
the	O
device	O
's	O
camera	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
acquisition	O
of	O
the	O
Word	B-Application
Lens	I-Application
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
January	O
launch	O
only	O
supported	O
seven	O
languages	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
July	O
update	O
added	O
support	O
for	O
20	O
new	O
languages	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
a	O
new	O
implementation	O
that	O
utilizes	O
convolutional	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
networks	I-Architecture
,	O
and	O
also	O
enhanced	O
the	O
speed	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
Conversation	O
Mode	O
translations	O
(	O
augmented	B-General_Concept
reality	I-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technology	O
underlying	O
Instant	O
Camera	O
combines	O
image	O
processing	O
and	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
,	O
then	O
attempts	O
to	O
produce	O
cross-language	O
equivalents	O
using	O
standard	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
estimations	O
for	O
the	O
text	O
as	O
it	O
is	O
perceived	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
11	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
Tap	O
to	O
Translate	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
for	O
Android	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
May	O
26	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Translate	O
API	B-General_Concept
for	O
software	O
developers	O
had	O
been	O
deprecated	O
and	O
would	O
cease	O
functioning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Translate	O
API	B-General_Concept
page	O
stated	O
the	O
reason	O
as	O
"	O
substantial	O
economic	O
burden	O
caused	O
by	O
extensive	O
abuse	O
"	O
with	O
an	O
end	O
date	O
set	O
for	O
December	O
1	O
,	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
public	O
pressure	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
in	O
June	O
2011	O
that	O
the	O
API	B-General_Concept
would	O
continue	O
to	O
be	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
paid	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
API	B-General_Concept
was	O
used	O
in	O
numerous	O
third-party	O
websites	O
and	O
apps	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
decision	O
to	O
deprecate	O
it	O
led	O
some	O
developers	O
to	O
criticize	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
question	O
the	O
viability	O
of	O
using	O
Google	B-Application
APIs	I-Application
in	O
their	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
also	O
provides	O
translations	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
Assistant	I-Application
and	O
the	O
devices	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Assistant	I-Application
runs	O
on	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Device
Nest	I-Device
and	O
Pixel	B-Device
Buds	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
,	O
the	O
following	O
133	O
languages	O
are	O
supported	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
text	O
can	O
now	O
be	O
read	O
by	O
a	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
program	O
in	O
English	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
and	O
Italian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
some	O
languages	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
replaced	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
synthesizers	O
from	O
eSpeak	B-Language
's	O
robot	O
voice	O
to	O
native	O
speaker	O
's	O
nature	O
voice	O
technologies	O
made	O
by	O
SVOX	O
(	O
Chinese	O
,	O
Czech	O
,	O
Danish	O
,	O
Dutch	O
,	O
Finnish	O
,	O
Greek	O
,	O
Hungarian	O
,	O
Norwegian	O
,	O
Polish	O
,	O
Portuguese	O
,	O
Russian	O
,	O
Swedish	O
and	O
Turkish	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
also	O
the	O
old	O
versions	O
of	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Italian	O
and	O
Spanish	O
;	O
Latin	O
uses	O
the	O
same	O
synthesizer	O
as	O
Italian	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dutch	O
male	O
voice	B-Application
synthesizer	I-Application
replaced	O
with	O
female	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Elena	O
by	O
SVOX	O
replaced	O
the	O
Slovak	O
eSpeak	B-Language
voice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	O
program	O
launched	O
in	O
Afrikaans	O
,	O
Bulgarian	O
,	O
Catalan	O
,	O
Icelandic	O
,	O
Latvian	O
,	O
and	O
Serbian	O
(	O
changed	O
from	O
eSpeak	B-Language
to	O
a	O
natural	O
voice	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
eSpeak	B-Language
voice	B-Application
synthesizer	I-Application
removed	O
from	O
Armenian	O
,	O
Esperanto	O
,	O
Macedonian	O
and	O
Welsh	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	O
program	O
launched	O
in	O
Albanian	O
,	O
Bosnian	O
and	O
Swahili	O
(	O
changed	O
from	O
eSpeak	B-Language
to	O
natural	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	O
program	O
launched	O
in	O
Croatian	O
(	O
changed	O
from	O
eSpeak	B-Language
to	O
natural	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speech	O
program	O
launched	O
in	O
Welsh	O
(	O
changed	O
from	O
eSpeak	B-Language
to	O
natural	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
languages	O
are	O
not	O
yet	O
supported	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
,	O
but	O
are	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
Translate	O
Community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
is	O
currently	O
a	O
petition	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
add	O
Cree	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
,	O
but	O
as	O
of	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
not	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
languages	O
in	O
development	O
yet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2006	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
launched	O
with	O
a	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
does	O
not	O
apply	O
grammatical	O
rules	O
,	O
since	O
its	O
algorithms	O
are	O
based	O
on	O
statistical	O
or	O
pattern	O
analysis	O
rather	O
than	O
traditional	O
rule-based	B-General_Concept
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
system	O
's	O
original	O
creator	O
,	O
Franz	O
Josef	O
Och	O
,	O
has	O
criticized	O
the	O
effectiveness	O
of	O
rule-based	B-General_Concept
algorithms	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
statistical	O
approaches	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Original	O
versions	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
were	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
method	O
called	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
more	O
specifically	O
,	O
on	O
research	O
by	O
Och	O
who	O
won	O
the	O
DARPA	O
contest	O
for	O
speed	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
in	O
2003	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Och	O
was	O
the	O
head	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
machine	I-Application
translation	I-Application
group	O
until	O
leaving	O
to	O
join	O
Human	O
Longevity	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
in	O
July	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
does	O
not	O
translate	O
from	O
one	O
language	O
to	O
another	O
(	O
L1	O
→	O
L2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
Google	B-Application
were	O
using	O
an	O
unambiguous	O
,	O
artificial	O
language	O
as	O
the	O
intermediary	O
,	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
→	O
you	O
→	O
OR	O
→	O
thou	O
→	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
languages	O
do	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
direct	O
Google	B-Application
translation	I-Application
to	O
or	O
from	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Och	O
,	O
a	O
solid	O
base	O
for	O
developing	O
a	O
usable	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
system	O
for	O
a	O
new	O
pair	O
of	O
languages	O
from	O
scratch	O
would	O
consist	O
of	O
a	O
bilingual	O
text	O
corpus	O
(	O
or	O
parallel	O
collection	O
)	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
150-200	O
million	O
words	O
,	O
and	O
two	O
monolingual	O
corpora	O
each	O
of	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
billion	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
acquire	O
this	O
huge	O
amount	O
of	O
linguistic	O
data	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
used	O
United	O
Nations	O
and	O
European	O
Parliament	O
documents	O
and	O
transcripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
representatives	O
have	O
been	O
involved	O
with	O
domestic	O
conferences	O
in	O
Japan	O
where	O
it	O
has	O
solicited	O
bilingual	O
data	O
from	O
researchers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
generates	O
a	O
translation	O
proposal	O
,	O
it	O
looks	O
for	O
patterns	O
in	O
hundreds	O
of	O
millions	O
of	O
documents	O
to	O
help	O
decide	O
on	O
the	O
best	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
detecting	O
patterns	O
in	O
documents	O
that	O
have	O
already	O
been	O
translated	O
by	O
human	O
translators	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
makes	O
informed	O
guesses	O
(	O
AI	B-Application
)	O
as	O
to	O
what	O
an	O
appropriate	O
translation	O
should	O
be	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Before	O
October	O
2007	O
,	O
for	O
languages	O
other	O
than	O
Arabic	O
,	O
Chinese	O
and	O
Russian	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
was	O
based	O
on	O
SYSTRAN	B-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
software	O
engine	O
which	O
is	O
still	O
used	O
by	O
several	O
other	O
online	O
translation	O
services	O
such	O
as	O
Babel	B-Application
Fish	I-Application
(	O
now	O
defunct	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
October	O
2007	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
used	O
proprietary	O
,	O
in-house	O
technology	O
based	O
on	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
instead	O
,	O
before	O
transitioning	O
to	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
crowdsourcing	O
features	O
for	O
volunteers	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
"	O
Translate	O
Community	O
"	O
,	O
intended	O
to	O
help	O
improve	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
's	O
accuracy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
Crowdsource	I-Application
app	O
was	O
released	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
users	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
translation	O
tasks	O
are	O
offered	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
First	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
show	O
a	O
phrase	O
that	O
one	O
should	O
type	O
in	O
the	O
translated	O
version	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
show	O
a	O
proposed	O
translation	O
for	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
agree	O
,	O
disagree	O
,	O
or	O
skip	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third	O
,	O
users	O
can	O
suggest	O
translations	O
for	O
phrases	O
where	O
they	O
think	O
they	O
can	O
improve	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
results	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Google	B-Application
deployed	O
a	O
new	O
system	O
called	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
for	O
better	O
quality	O
translation	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
languages	O
that	O
still	O
use	O
the	O
traditional	O
translation	O
method	O
called	O
statistical	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
a	O
rule-based	B-General_Concept
translation	O
method	O
that	O
utilizes	O
predictive	O
algorithms	O
to	O
guess	O
ways	O
to	O
translate	O
texts	O
in	O
foreign	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
,	O
a	O
research	O
team	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Neural	B-General_Concept
Machine	I-General_Concept
Translation	I-General_Concept
system	O
(	O
GNMT	B-Algorithm
)	O
to	O
increase	O
fluency	O
and	O
accuracy	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
and	O
in	O
November	O
announced	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
would	O
switch	O
to	O
GNMT	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
's	O
neural	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
system	O
uses	O
a	O
large	O
end-to-end	B-Application
artificial	B-Architecture
neural	I-Architecture
network	I-Architecture
that	O
attempts	O
to	O
perform	O
deep	B-Algorithm
learning	I-Algorithm
,	O
in	O
particular	O
,	O
long	B-Algorithm
short-term	I-Algorithm
memory	I-Algorithm
networks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNMT	B-Algorithm
improves	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
translation	O
over	O
SMT	O
in	O
some	O
instances	O
because	O
it	O
uses	O
an	O
example-based	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
(	O
EBMT	B-General_Concept
)	O
method	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
system	O
"	O
learns	O
from	O
millions	O
of	O
examples.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
researchers	O
,	O
it	O
translates	O
"	O
whole	O
sentences	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
,	O
rather	O
than	O
just	O
piece	O
by	O
piece	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNMT	B-Algorithm
's	O
"	O
proposed	O
architecture	O
"	O
of	O
"	O
system	O
learning	O
"	O
has	O
been	O
implemented	O
on	O
over	O
a	O
hundred	O
languages	O
supported	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
end-to-end	B-Application
framework	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
states	O
but	O
does	O
not	O
demonstrate	O
for	O
most	O
languages	O
that	O
"	O
the	O
system	O
learns	O
over	O
time	O
to	O
create	O
better	O
,	O
more	O
natural	O
translations.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNMT	B-Algorithm
network	O
attempts	O
interlingual	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translation	I-General_Concept
,	O
which	O
encodes	O
the	O
"	O
semantics	O
of	O
the	O
sentence	O
rather	O
than	O
simply	O
memorizing	O
phrase-to-phrase	O
translations	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
system	O
did	O
not	O
invent	O
its	O
own	O
universal	O
language	O
,	O
but	O
uses	O
"	O
the	O
commonality	O
found	O
in	O
between	O
many	O
languages	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNMT	B-Algorithm
was	O
first	O
enabled	O
for	O
eight	O
languages	O
:	O
to	O
and	O
from	O
English	O
and	O
Chinese	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
Japanese	O
,	O
Korean	O
,	O
Portuguese	O
,	O
Spanish	O
and	O
Turkish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
is	O
not	O
as	O
reliable	O
as	O
human	O
translation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
few	O
studies	O
have	O
evaluated	O
Chinese	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
German	O
,	O
and	O
Spanish	O
to	O
English	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
systematic	O
human	O
evaluation	O
has	O
been	O
conducted	O
from	O
most	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
languages	O
to	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Speculative	O
language-to-language	O
scores	O
extrapolated	O
from	O
English-to-other	O
measurements	O
indicate	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
will	O
produce	O
translation	O
results	O
that	O
convey	O
the	O
gist	O
of	O
a	O
text	O
from	O
one	O
language	O
to	O
another	O
more	O
than	O
half	O
the	O
time	O
in	O
about	O
1%	O
of	O
language	O
pairs	O
,	O
where	O
neither	O
language	O
is	O
English	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Research	O
conducted	O
in	O
2011	O
showed	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
got	O
a	O
slightly	O
higher	O
score	O
than	O
the	O
UCLA	O
minimum	O
score	O
for	O
the	O
English	O
Proficiency	O
Exam	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
carried	O
out	O
a	O
test	O
that	O
required	O
native	O
speakers	O
of	O
each	O
language	O
to	O
rate	O
the	O
translation	O
on	O
a	O
scale	O
between	O
0	O
and	O
6	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
scored	O
5.43	O
on	O
average	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
dictionary	O
to	O
translate	O
single	O
words	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
is	O
highly	O
inaccurate	O
because	O
it	O
must	O
guess	O
between	O
polysemic	O
words	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
makes	O
statistical	O
guesses	O
that	O
raise	O
the	O
likelihood	O
of	O
producing	O
the	O
most	O
frequent	O
sense	O
of	O
a	O
word	O
,	O
with	O
the	O
consequence	O
that	O
an	O
accurate	O
translation	O
will	O
be	O
unobtainable	O
in	O
cases	O
that	O
do	O
not	O
match	O
the	O
majority	O
or	O
plurality	O
corpus	O
occurrence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
does	O
not	O
have	O
a	O
word	O
in	O
its	O
vocabulary	O
,	O
it	O
makes	O
up	O
a	O
result	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
its	O
algorithm	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
,	O
like	O
other	O
automatic	B-Application
translation	I-Application
tools	O
,	O
has	O
its	O
limitations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Grammatically	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
struggles	O
to	O
differentiate	O
between	O
imperfect	O
and	O
perfect	O
aspects	O
in	O
Romance	O
languages	O
so	O
habitual	O
and	O
continuous	O
acts	O
in	O
the	O
past	O
often	O
become	O
single	O
historical	O
events	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
differences	O
between	O
languages	O
in	O
investment	O
,	O
research	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
extent	O
of	O
digital	O
resources	O
,	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
varies	O
greatly	O
among	O
languages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
languages	O
indigenous	O
to	O
Australia	O
are	O
included	O
within	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
if	O
the	O
source	O
text	O
is	O
shorter	O
,	O
rule-based	B-General_Concept
machine	I-General_Concept
translations	I-General_Concept
often	O
perform	O
better	O
;	O
this	O
effect	O
is	O
particularly	O
evident	O
in	O
Chinese	O
to	O
English	O
translations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Formerly	O
one	O
would	O
use	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
to	O
make	O
a	O
draft	O
and	O
then	O
use	O
a	O
dictionary	O
and	O
common	O
sense	O
to	O
correct	O
the	O
numerous	O
mistakes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
quality	O
of	O
Translate	O
can	O
be	O
checked	O
by	O
adding	O
it	O
as	O
an	O
extension	B-Protocol
to	O
Chrome	B-Application
or	O
Firefox	O
and	O
applying	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
left	O
language	O
links	O
of	O
any	O
Wikipedia	O
article	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
can	O
translate	O
from	O
a	O
book	O
by	O
using	O
a	O
scanner	O
and	O
an	O
OCR	O
like	O
Google	B-Application
Drive	O
,	O
but	O
this	O
takes	O
about	O
five	O
minutes	O
per	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Moreover	O
,	O
like	O
all	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
programs	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
struggles	O
with	O
polysemy	O
(	O
the	O
multiple	O
meanings	O
a	O
word	O
may	O
have	O
)	O
and	O
multiword	O
expressions	O
(	O
terms	O
that	O
have	O
meanings	O
that	O
cannot	O
be	O
understood	O
or	O
translated	O
by	O
analyzing	O
the	O
individual	O
word	O
units	O
that	O
compose	O
them	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
grammatical	O
errors	O
remain	O
a	O
major	O
limitation	O
to	O
the	O
accuracy	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
after	O
launching	O
the	O
translation	O
service	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
won	O
an	O
international	O
competition	O
for	O
English	O
–	O
Arabic	O
and	O
English	O
–	O
Chinese	O
machine	B-Application
translation	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
Google	B-Application
Translate	I-Application
used	O
statistical	O
matching	O
to	O
translate	O
,	O
translated	O
text	O
can	O
often	O
include	O
apparently	O
nonsensical	O
and	O
obvious	O
errors	O
,	O
often	O
swapping	O
common	O
terms	O
for	O
similar	O
but	O
nonequivalent	O
common	O
terms	O
in	O
the	O
other	O
language	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
inverting	O
sentence	O
meaning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Novelty	O
websites	O
like	O
Bad	O
Translator	O
and	O
Translation	O
Party	O
have	O
utilized	O
the	O
service	O
to	O
produce	O
humorous	O
text	O
by	O
translating	O
back	O
and	O
forth	O
between	O
multiple	O
languages	O
,	O
similar	O
to	O
the	O
children	O
's	O
game	O
telephone	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
