<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
is	O
a	O
branch	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
started	O
in	O
2006	O
,	O
originally	O
designed	O
as	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
repository	O
of	O
health	O
records	O
and	O
data	O
(	O
personal	O
health	O
record	O
services	O
)	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
connect	O
doctors	O
,	O
hospitals	O
and	O
pharmacies	O
directly	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
restarted	O
in	O
2018	O
as	O
a	O
new	O
division	O
,	O
but	O
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
disbanded	O
in	O
2021	O
and	O
was	O
officially	O
called	O
an	O
“	O
effort	O
”	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
separate	O
division	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
the	O
name	O
given	O
to	O
a	O
2008	O
–	O
2012	O
version	O
of	O
a	O
service	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
Google	B-Application
users	O
to	O
volunteer	O
their	O
health	O
records	O
—	O
either	O
manually	O
or	O
by	O
logging	O
into	O
their	O
accounts	O
at	O
partnered	O
health	O
services	O
providers	O
—	O
into	O
the	B-Application
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
system	O
,	O
thereby	O
merging	O
potentially	O
separate	O
health	O
records	O
into	O
one	O
centralized	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
profile	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
entered	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
used	O
the	O
information	O
to	O
provide	O
the	O
user	O
with	O
a	O
merged	O
health	O
record	O
,	O
information	O
on	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
possible	O
interactions	O
between	O
drugs	O
,	O
conditions	O
,	O
and	O
allergies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
's	O
API	B-General_Concept
was	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
subset	O
of	O
the	O
Continuity	O
of	O
Care	O
Record	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
under	O
development	O
from	O
mid-2006	O
,	O
under	O
ex-chief	O
health	O
strategist	O
Dr.	O
Roni	O
Zeiger	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Starting	O
on	O
May	O
20	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
released	O
to	O
the	O
general	O
public	O
as	O
a	O
service	O
in	O
beta	O
test	O
stage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
September	O
15	O
,	O
2010	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
updated	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
with	O
a	O
new	O
look	O
and	O
feel	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
24	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
it	O
was	O
retiring	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
on	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
2012	O
;	O
data	O
was	O
available	O
for	O
download	O
through	O
January	O
1	O
,	O
2013	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
reason	O
Google	B-Application
gave	O
for	O
abandoning	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
the	O
lack	O
of	O
widespread	O
adoption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Roni	O
Zeiger	O
left	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
in	O
2018	O
was	O
the	O
name	O
given	O
to	O
a	O
team	O
working	O
within	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
rather	O
than	O
a	O
service	O
or	O
application	O
,	O
following	O
a	O
similarly	O
named	O
web	O
service	O
in	O
2008	O
–	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2018	O
,	O
during	O
a	O
process	O
codenamed	O
"	O
Tuscany	O
,	O
"	O
teams	O
across	O
the	O
company	O
combined	O
into	O
the	O
new	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
included	O
artificial-intelligence	B-Application
research	O
teams	O
Google	B-Application
Brain	I-Application
and	O
DeepMind	B-Application
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
health	O
teams	O
from	O
Nest	B-Application
Labs	I-Application
,	O
the	O
connected-home	O
company	O
Google	B-Application
bought	O
in	O
2014	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
they	O
wanted	O
more	O
searchable	O
medical	O
records	O
and	O
to	O
"	O
improve	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
health-focused	O
search	O
results	O
across	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
YouTube	O
"	O
.Google	O
Health	O
also	O
appeared	O
to	O
focus	O
on	O
health-related	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
research	I-Application
,	O
clinical	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
partnerships	O
for	O
other	O
healthcare	O
tools	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
reorganized	O
their	O
healthcare	O
efforts	O
,	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
DeepMind	B-Application
Health	O
became	O
part	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
was	O
headed	O
by	O
Dr.	O
David	O
Feinberg	O
,	O
hired	O
in	O
November	O
2018	O
and	O
his	O
oversight	O
included	O
Google	B-Device
Fit	I-Device
,	O
health-oriented	O
features	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Search	I-Application
,	O
G	B-Application
Suite	I-Application
for	O
healthcare	O
businesses	O
,	O
AI-based	B-Application
health	O
research	O
offerings	O
,	O
and	O
Alphabet	O
subsidiaries	O
DeepMind	B-Application
Health	O
,	O
Verily	O
,	O
and	O
Calico	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
2019	O
HLTH	O
health	O
care	O
conference	O
,	O
Feinberg	O
announced	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
is	O
working	O
on	O
improvements	O
with	O
the	O
search	O
functions	O
in	O
electronic	B-Application
health	I-Application
records	I-Application
(	O
EHR	O
)	O
and	O
to	O
improve	O
health-related	O
search	O
results	O
across	O
their	O
platforms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
group	O
was	O
formally	O
moved	O
out	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
and	O
parceled	O
into	O
the	O
Search	O
division	O
and	O
FitBit	B-Application
division	O
in	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2021	O
,	O
the	O
imaging	O
,	O
diagnostics	O
and	O
research	O
groups	O
appeared	O
to	O
be	O
consolidated	O
as	O
the	O
Health	O
AI	B-Application
group	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
reportedly	O
struck	O
up	O
deals	O
to	O
work	O
with	O
large	O
health	O
systems	O
such	O
as	O
Ascension	O
and	O
Stanford	O
Medicine	O
,	O
but	O
talks	O
with	O
other	O
major	O
health	O
companies	O
and	O
organizations	O
including	O
CVS	O
Health	O
and	O
the	O
Gates	O
Foundation	O
had	O
“	O
fallen	O
apart	O
along	O
the	O
way	O
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2021	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
reorganized	O
the	O
health	O
projects	O
and	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
plans	O
to	O
acquire	O
Fitbit	B-Application
,	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
adding	O
that	O
“	O
Fitbit	B-Application
health	O
and	O
wellness	O
data	O
will	O
not	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
ads.	O
”	O
The	O
European	O
Data	O
Protection	O
Board	O
voiced	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
in	O
February	O
2020	O
about	O
mass	O
aggregation	O
of	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
in	O
2021	O
,	O
a	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
consumer	O
health	O
efforts	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
were	O
formally	O
moved	O
into	O
the	O
FitBit	B-Application
division	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
A	O
quarter	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
's	O
life	O
has	O
been	O
spent	O
during	O
the	O
coronavirus	O
pandemic	O
,	O
and	O
it	O
's	O
helped	O
focus	O
its	O
search	O
ambitions	O
,	O
partnerships	O
with	O
health	O
officials	O
,	O
and	O
collaboration	O
across	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
"	O
chief	O
health	O
officer	O
Dr.	O
Karen	O
DeSalvo	O
said	O
in	O
August	O
2020	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
She	O
described	O
YouTube	O
,	O
Maps	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Assistant	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
search	I-Application
wanting	O
to	O
guide	O
consumers	O
on	O
their	O
healthcare	O
experience	O
,	O
called	O
the	O
"	O
Discovery	O
to	O
Action	O
Pathway	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2020	O
,	O
Julie	O
Black	O
,	O
Director	O
of	O
Product	O
Management	O
for	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
,	O
announced	O
virtual	O
care	O
entries	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Maps	O
for	O
medical	O
businesses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
an	O
partnership	O
with	O
and	O
investment	O
in	O
AmWell	O
,	O
a	O
telemedicine	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
two	O
companies	O
aim	O
to	O
use	O
their	O
technology	O
capabilities	O
for	O
TeleHealthcare	O
including	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
and	O
collaboration	O
tools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Cloud	O
will	O
also	O
invest	O
$100	O
million	O
in	O
Amwell	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
changes	O
to	O
their	O
operating	O
systems	O
that	O
would	O
enable	O
exposure	O
notification	O
for	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2022	O
,	O
adoption	O
of	O
apps	O
using	O
Apple	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
’s	O
exposure	O
notification	O
system	O
had	O
never	O
gone	O
above	O
single	O
digits	O
for	O
most	O
states	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
countries	O
had	O
elected	O
not	O
to	O
use	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
framework	O
has	O
opted	O
for	O
location	O
tracking	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
late	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
introduced	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
Studies	O
app	O
for	O
Android	B-Application
phones	I-Application
,	O
appearing	O
to	O
rival	O
Apple	O
’s	O
ResearchKit	O
and	O
Research	O
App	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
deployed	O
federated	B-Operating_System
learning	I-Operating_System
in	O
an	O
effort	O
to	O
improve	O
privacy	O
and	O
security	O
in	O
its	O
Health	O
Studies	O
app	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Health	O
Studies	O
app	O
was	O
introduced	O
amidst	O
news	O
that	O
a	O
competing	O
Apple	O
Research	O
app	O
had	O
inadvertently	O
collected	O
more	O
health	O
data	O
than	O
requested	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
continues	O
to	O
operate	O
today	O
as	O
a	O
“	O
company-wide	O
effort	O
”	O
led	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Chief	O
Health	O
Officer	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Karen	O
DeSalvo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
company	O
,	O
“	O
there	O
is	O
no	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
Healthcare	O
"	O
division	O
or	O
platform	O
within	O
Google	B-Application
today	O
,	O
”	O
although	O
it	O
is	O
unclear	O
why	O
the	O
company	O
is	O
remarking	O
on	O
“	O
Healthcare	O
”	O
versus	O
“	O
Health	O
”	O
as	O
an	O
effort	O
,	O
brand	O
,	O
product	O
,	O
or	O
organization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
initiative	O
officially	O
described	O
as	O
“	O
company-wide	O
efforts	O
”	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
News	O
Initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
as	O
of	O
2023	O
,	O
there	O
have	O
been	O
reports	O
of	O
a	O
platform	O
offering	O
that	O
non-company	O
partners	O
have	O
referred	O
to	O
publicly	O
as	O
“	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
”	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
April	O
2023	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
(	O
the	O
company-wide	O
effort	O
)	O
officially	O
names	O
several	O
individuals	O
on	O
the	O
company	O
web	O
site	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
as	O
a	O
division	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
's	O
leadership	O
team	O
included	O
the	O
following	O
people	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
had	O
more	O
than	O
500	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Shortly	O
thereafter	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
he	O
would	O
be	O
leaving	O
Geisinger	O
to	O
lead	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
's	O
current	O
partners	O
include	O
Apollo	O
Hospitals	O
,	O
Aravind	O
Eye	O
Hospital	O
,	O
Ascension	O
,	O
CIDRZ	O
,	O
Mayo	O
Clinic	O
,	O
Northwestern	O
Medicine	O
,	O
Rajavithi	O
Hospital	O
,	O
Sankara	O
Nethralaya	O
,	O
and	O
Stanford	O
Medicine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
(	O
2008	O
–	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
like	O
many	O
other	O
Google	B-Application
products	O
,	O
was	O
free	O
to	O
use	O
for	O
consumers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
other	O
Google	B-Application
services	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
Health	O
contained	O
no	O
advertising	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
did	O
not	O
reveal	O
how	O
it	O
planned	O
to	O
make	O
money	O
with	O
the	O
service	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
Wall	O
Street	O
Journal	O
article	O
said	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
"	O
has	O
n't	O
ruled	O
 [ advertising ] 	O
out	O
for	O
the	O
future.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
filed	O
in	O
2007	O
,	O
U.S.	O
Patent	O
Application	O
#20070282632	O
,	O
"	O
Method	O
and	O
apparatus	O
for	O
serving	O
advertisements	O
in	O
an	O
electronic	B-Application
medical	I-Application
record	I-Application
system	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
(	O
from	O
2008	O
to	O
2012	O
)	O
imported	O
medical	O
and/or	O
drug	O
prescription	O
information	O
from	O
the	O
following	O
partners	O
:	O
Allscripts	O
,	O
Anvita	O
Health	O
,	O
The	O
Beth	O
Israel	O
Deaconess	O
Medical	O
Center	O
,	O
Blue	O
Cross	O
Blue	O
Shield	O
of	O
Massachusetts	O
,	O
The	O
Cleveland	O
Clinic	O
,	O
CVS	O
Caremark	O
,	O
Drugs.com,	O
Healthgrades	O
,	O
Longs	O
Drugs	O
,	O
Medco	O
Health	O
Solutions	O
,	O
Quest	O
Diagnostics	O
,	O
RxAmerica	O
,	O
and	O
Walgreens	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2010	O
,	O
the	O
Withings	B-Application
WiFi	O
Body	O
scale	O
enables	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
users	O
to	O
seamlessly	O
update	O
their	O
weight	O
and	O
other	O
data	O
to	O
their	O
online	O
profiles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
whose	O
health	O
records	O
reside	O
with	O
other	O
providers	O
had	O
to	O
either	O
manually	O
enter	O
their	O
data	O
or	O
pay	O
to	O
have	O
a	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
partner	O
perform	O
the	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
demand	O
for	O
added	O
convenience	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
began	O
establishing	O
relationships	O
with	O
tele-health	O
providers	O
that	O
will	O
allow	O
their	O
users	O
to	O
sync	O
the	O
data	O
shared	O
during	O
tele-health	O
consultations	O
with	O
their	O
online	O
health	O
records	O
partnerships	O
have	O
been	O
formed	O
with	O
the	O
following	O
companies	O
:	O
MDLiveCare	O
and	O
Hello	O
Health	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
an	O
opt-in	O
service	O
,	O
meaning	O
it	O
could	O
only	O
access	O
medical	O
information	O
volunteered	O
by	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
its	O
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
is	O
not	O
considered	O
a	O
"	O
covered	O
entity	O
"	O
under	O
the	O
Health	O
Insurance	O
Portability	O
and	O
Accountability	O
Act	O
of	O
1996	O
;	O
thus	O
,	O
HIPAA	O
privacy	O
laws	O
do	O
not	O
apply	O
to	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
2008	O
article	O
covering	O
the	O
original	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
's	O
launch	O
,	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
discussed	O
privacy	O
issues	O
and	O
said	O
that	O
"	O
patients	O
apparently	O
did	O
not	O
shun	O
the	B-Application
Google	B-Application
health	I-Application
records	O
because	O
of	O
qualms	O
that	O
their	O
personal	O
health	O
information	O
might	O
not	O
be	O
secure	O
if	O
held	O
by	O
a	O
large	O
technology	O
company.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Others	O
contend	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
may	O
be	O
more	O
private	O
than	O
the	O
current	O
"	O
paper	O
"	O
health	B-Application
record	I-Application
system	I-Application
because	O
of	O
reduced	O
human	O
interaction	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
DeepMind	B-Application
Health	O
(	O
later	O
a	O
division	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
)	O
was	O
found	O
to	O
have	O
not	O
complied	O
with	O
UK	O
data	O
protection	O
laws	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
UK	O
Information	O
Commissioner	O
’s	O
Office	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
health	O
unit	O
of	O
DeepMind	B-Application
had	O
been	O
formed	O
in	O
early	O
2016	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
DeepMind	B-Application
acquired	O
a	O
task	O
management	O
app	O
called	O
Hark	O
developed	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Dominic	O
King	O
and	O
Dr.	O
Lord	O
Ara	O
Darzi	O
at	O
Imperial	O
College	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Deepmind	B-Application
Health	O
was	O
also	O
developing	O
an	O
app	O
with	O
the	O
NHS	O
Royal	O
Free	O
Hospital	O
called	O
Streams	O
that	O
helped	O
monitor	O
patients	O
with	O
acute	O
kidney	O
injury	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
DeepMind	B-Application
Health	O
team	O
noted	O
the	O
appointment	O
of	O
Dr.	O
David	O
Feinberg	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
November	O
2018	O
,	O
and	O
later	O
officially	O
joined	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
in	O
late	O
2019	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2019	O
,	O
University	O
of	O
Chicago	O
,	O
its	O
medical	O
center	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
were	O
sued	O
in	O
a	O
potential	O
class-action	O
lawsuit	O
about	O
patient	O
record	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ascension	O
health	O
system	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
described	O
the	O
partnership	O
including	O
infrastructure	O
modernization	O
,	O
transitioning	O
to	O
productivity	O
and	O
collaboration	O
tools	O
,	O
and	O
exploring	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
/	O
machine	O
learning	O
applications	O
and	O
tools	O
for	O
doctors	O
and	O
nurses	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
engineers	O
were	O
reported	O
to	O
have	O
had	O
access	O
to	O
medical	O
records	O
held	O
by	O
Ascension	O
as	O
they	O
were	O
building	O
products	O
and	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
the	O
US	O
government	O
opened	O
up	O
an	O
investigation	O
on	O
the	O
partnership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Legal	O
observers	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
had	O
noted	O
that	O
there	O
had	O
probably	O
not	O
actually	O
been	O
any	O
HIPAA	O
federal	O
privacy	O
law	O
violations	O
,	O
citing	O
a	O
business	O
associate	O
agreement	O
between	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
Ascension	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
what	O
HIPAA	O
allowed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
media	O
coverage	O
noted	O
that	O
while	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
done	O
nothing	O
illegal	O
,	O
questions	O
remained	O
on	O
what	O
other	O
uses	O
Google	B-Application
intended	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
stated	O
commitment	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
not	O
combine	O
data	O
stood	O
in	O
contrast	O
to	O
the	O
health	O
records	O
activities	O
by	O
Facebook	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
While	O
Google	B-Application
noted	O
they	O
would	O
not	O
combine	O
health	O
data	O
with	O
consumer	O
data	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
had	O
reportedly	O
sought	O
to	O
combine	O
hashed	O
electronic	B-Application
health	I-Application
record	I-Application
data	O
with	O
consumer	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2020	O
,	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
began	O
acquisition	O
of	O
FitBit	B-Application
,	O
the	O
European	O
Commission	O
began	O
investigating	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
potential	O
uses	O
of	O
data	O
collected	O
from	O
Fitbit	B-Application
's	O
health	O
tracking	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Commission	O
expressed	O
concerns	O
about	O
competition	O
,	O
the	O
effects	O
of	O
combining	O
data	O
from	O
FitBit	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
the	O
digital	O
healthcare	O
sector	O
,	O
and	O
potential	O
effects	O
of	O
interoperability	O
of	O
rivals	O
 '	O
wearables	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Android	I-Application
operating	O
system	O
for	O
smartphones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
parent	O
company	O
Alphabet	O
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
has	O
also	O
been	O
active	O
in	O
the	O
healthcare	O
industry	O
with	O
the	O
companies	O
Verily	O
,	O
Calico	O
,	O
and	O
DeepMind	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
7	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
MediConnect	O
Global	O
announced	O
a	O
similar	O
capability	O
that	O
allows	O
displaced	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
users	O
to	O
transfer	O
their	O
personal	O
health	O
records	O
to	O
a	O
MyMediConnect	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
was	O
a	O
personal	O
health	O
record	O
(	O
PHR	O
)	O
service	O
with	O
numerous	O
competitors	O
,	O
including	O
other	O
proprietary	O
PHR	O
systems	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
such	O
as	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
HealthVault	B-Application
,	O
Dossia	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
open-source	B-Application
Indivo	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
hospital	O
market	O
for	O
electronic	B-Application
health	I-Application
records	I-Application
(	O
EHR	O
)	O
in	O
2018	O
,	O
Epic	O
,	O
Cerner	O
,	O
MEDITECH	O
,	O
and	O
CSPI	O
(	O
Evident	O
Thrive	O
)	O
had	O
the	O
top	O
market	O
share	O
at	O
28%	O
,	O
26%	O
,	O
9%	O
,	O
and	O
6%	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
18	O
,	O
2011	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
released	O
a	O
tool	O
that	O
lets	O
Google	B-Application
Health	I-Application
customers	O
transfer	O
their	O
personal	O
health	O
information	O
to	O
a	O
web-based	O
Microsoft	B-Application
HealthVault	I-Application
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HealthVault	B-Application
had	O
partnered	O
with	O
American	O
Heart	O
Association	O
,	O
Johnson	O
&	O
Johnson	O
,	O
and	O
Allscripts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2019	O
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
HealthVault	I-Application
was	O
shut	O
down	O
and	O
it	O
was	O
suggested	O
users	O
migrate	O
their	O
records	O
to	O
Get	O
Real	O
Health	O
and	O
FollowMyHealth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HealthKit	O
is	O
the	O
accompanying	O
developer	O
application	O
programming	O
interface	O
(	O
API	B-General_Concept
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2019	O
,	O
Dr.	O
Roni	O
Zeiger	O
announced	O
he	O
would	O
be	O
joining	O
Facebook	B-Application
as	O
the	O
Head	O
of	O
Health	O
Strategy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
same	O
year	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
announced	O
its	O
project	O
called	O
Preventive	O
Health	O
,	O
a	O
digital	O
tool	O
to	O
connect	O
patients	O
with	O
healthcare	O
providers	O
and	O
sends	O
reminders	O
for	O
health	O
concerns	O
based	O
on	O
age	O
and	O
gender	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2017	O
,	O
Facebook	B-Application
had	O
been	O
working	O
on	O
a	O
"	O
top-secret	O
"	O
project	O
headed	O
by	O
Dr.	O
Freddy	O
Abnousi	O
to	O
take	O
anonymous	O
medical	O
data	O
and	O
using	O
a	O
common	O
computer	O
science	O
cryptographic	B-Algorithm
technique	O
called	O
“	O
hashing	B-Error_Name
”	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
match	O
individuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2020	O
,	O
privacy	O
issues	O
surfaced	O
for	O
Facebook	B-Application
Groups	O
health	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Breast	O
cancer	O
advocate	O
Andrea	O
Downing	O
raised	O
privacy	O
concerns	O
about	O
Facebook	B-Application
’s	O
closed	O
health	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
cybersecurity	O
researcher	O
found	O
that	O
developers	O
,	O
marketers	O
and	O
others	O
could	O
download	O
the	O
membership	O
lists	O
of	O
Facebook	B-Application
groups	O
for	O
thousands	O
of	O
diseases	O
and	O
conditions	O
,	O
from	O
Alcoholics	O
Anonymous	O
to	O
survivors	O
of	O
sexual	O
assault	O
.	O
</s>
