<s>
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
(	O
previously	O
known	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Book	I-Application
Search	I-Application
,	O
Google	B-Application
Print	I-Application
,	O
and	O
by	O
its	O
code-name	O
Project	B-Application
Ocean	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
service	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
that	O
searches	O
the	O
full	O
text	O
of	O
books	O
and	O
magazines	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
scanned	O
,	O
converted	O
to	O
text	O
using	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
stored	O
in	O
its	O
digital	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Books	O
are	O
provided	O
either	O
by	O
publishers	O
and	O
authors	O
through	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
Partner	O
Program	O
,	O
or	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
library	O
partners	O
through	O
the	O
Library	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additionally	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
partnered	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
magazine	O
publishers	O
to	O
digitize	O
their	O
archives	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Publisher	O
Program	O
was	O
first	O
known	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Print	I-Application
when	O
it	O
was	O
introduced	O
at	O
the	O
Frankfurt	O
Book	O
Fair	O
in	O
October	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
Library	O
Project	O
,	O
which	O
scans	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
collections	O
of	O
library	O
partners	O
and	O
adds	O
them	O
to	O
the	O
digital	O
inventory	O
,	O
was	O
announced	O
in	O
December	O
2004	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
initiative	O
has	O
been	O
hailed	O
for	O
its	O
potential	O
to	O
offer	O
unprecedented	O
access	O
to	O
what	O
may	O
become	O
the	O
largest	O
online	O
body	O
of	O
human	O
knowledge	O
and	O
promoting	O
the	O
democratization	O
of	O
knowledge	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
Google	B-Application
celebrated	O
15	O
years	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
and	O
provided	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
scanned	O
books	O
as	O
more	O
than	O
40	O
million	O
titles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
estimated	O
in	O
2010	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
about	O
130	O
million	O
distinct	O
titles	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
,	O
and	O
stated	O
that	O
it	O
intended	O
to	O
scan	O
all	O
of	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
Book	I-Application
's	O
scanning	O
efforts	O
have	O
been	O
subject	O
to	O
litigation	O
,	O
including	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
v	O
.	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
a	O
class-action	O
lawsuit	O
in	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
,	O
decided	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
favor	O
(	O
see	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Results	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
show	O
up	O
in	O
both	O
the	O
universal	O
Google	B-Application
Search	I-Application
and	O
in	O
the	O
dedicated	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
search	O
website	O
(	O
books.google.com	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
search	O
queries	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
allows	O
users	O
to	O
view	O
full	O
pages	O
from	O
books	O
in	O
which	O
the	O
search	O
terms	O
appear	O
if	O
the	O
book	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
copyright	O
or	O
if	O
the	O
copyright	O
owner	O
has	O
given	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
Google	B-Application
believes	O
the	O
book	O
is	O
still	O
under	O
copyright	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
sees	O
"	O
snippets	O
"	O
of	O
text	O
around	O
the	O
queried	O
search	O
terms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
four	O
access	O
levels	O
used	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
are	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Full	O
view	O
:	O
Books	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
"	O
full	O
view	O
"	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
downloaded	B-Application
for	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
are	O
restricted	O
from	O
copying	O
,	O
downloading	B-Application
or	O
printing	O
book	O
previews	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Snippet	B-Application
view	I-Application
:	O
A	O
"	O
snippet	B-Application
view	I-Application
"	O
–	O
two	O
to	O
three	O
lines	O
of	O
text	O
surrounding	O
the	O
queried	O
search	O
term	O
–	O
is	O
displayed	O
in	O
cases	O
where	O
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
have	O
permission	O
of	O
the	O
copyright	O
owner	O
to	O
display	O
a	O
preview	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
could	O
be	O
because	O
Google	B-Application
cannot	O
identify	O
the	O
owner	O
or	O
the	O
owner	O
declined	O
permission	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
search	O
term	O
appears	O
many	O
times	O
in	O
a	O
book	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
displays	O
no	O
more	O
than	O
three	O
snippets	O
,	O
thus	O
preventing	O
the	O
user	O
from	O
viewing	O
too	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
display	O
any	O
snippets	O
for	O
certain	O
reference	O
books	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
dictionaries	O
,	O
where	O
the	O
display	O
of	O
even	O
snippets	O
can	O
harm	O
the	O
market	O
for	O
the	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
maintains	O
that	O
no	O
permission	O
is	O
required	O
under	O
copyright	O
law	O
to	O
display	O
the	O
snippet	B-Application
view	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
No	O
preview	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
also	O
displays	O
search	O
results	O
for	O
books	O
that	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
digitized	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
these	O
books	O
have	O
not	O
been	O
scanned	O
,	O
their	O
text	O
is	O
not	O
searchable	O
and	O
only	O
the	O
metadata	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
title	O
,	O
author	O
,	O
publisher	O
,	O
number	O
of	O
pages	O
,	O
ISBN	B-Library
,	O
subject	O
and	O
copyright	O
information	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
table	O
of	O
contents	O
and	O
book	O
summary	O
is	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
effect	O
,	O
this	O
is	O
similar	O
to	O
an	O
online	O
library	B-Library
card	I-Library
catalog	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
to	O
criticism	O
from	O
groups	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
American	O
Association	O
of	O
Publishers	O
and	O
the	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
an	O
opt-out	O
policy	O
in	O
August	O
2005	O
,	O
through	O
which	O
copyright	O
owners	O
could	O
provide	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
titles	O
that	O
they	O
do	O
not	O
want	O
scanned	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
request	O
would	O
be	O
respected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
let	O
Google	B-Application
scan	O
the	O
book	O
under	O
the	O
Library	O
Project	O
and	O
display	O
snippets	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
user	O
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
can	O
opt	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
Library	O
Project	O
,	O
in	O
which	O
case	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
not	O
scan	O
the	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
book	O
has	O
already	O
been	O
scanned	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
reset	O
its	O
access	O
level	O
as	O
'	O
No	O
preview	O
 '	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
to	O
procuring	O
books	O
from	O
libraries	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
also	O
obtains	O
books	O
from	O
its	O
publisher	O
partners	O
,	O
through	O
the	O
"	O
Partner	O
Program	O
"	O
–	O
designed	O
to	O
help	O
publishers	O
and	O
authors	O
promote	O
their	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Publishers	O
and	O
authors	O
submit	O
either	O
a	O
digital	O
copy	O
of	O
their	O
book	O
in	O
EPUB	O
or	O
PDF	B-Application
format	I-Application
,	O
or	O
a	O
print	O
copy	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
which	O
is	O
made	O
available	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
for	O
preview	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
can	O
also	O
choose	O
to	O
make	O
the	O
book	O
fully	O
viewable	O
,	O
and	O
even	O
allow	O
users	O
to	O
download	B-Application
a	O
PDF	B-Application
copy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Books	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
sale	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
many	O
books	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
displays	O
the	O
original	O
page	O
numbers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
Tim	O
Parks	O
,	O
writing	O
in	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Review	O
of	O
Books	O
in	O
2014	O
,	O
noted	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
stopped	O
providing	O
page	O
numbers	O
for	O
many	O
recent	O
publications	O
(	O
likely	O
the	O
ones	O
acquired	O
through	O
the	O
Partner	O
Program	O
)	O
"	O
presumably	O
in	O
alliance	O
with	O
the	O
publishers	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
force	O
those	O
of	O
us	O
who	O
need	O
to	O
prepare	O
footnotes	O
to	O
buy	O
paper	O
editions.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
began	O
in	O
2002	O
under	O
the	O
codename	O
Project	B-Application
Ocean	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
co-founder	O
Larry	O
Page	O
had	O
always	O
had	O
an	O
interest	O
in	O
digitizing	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
established	O
designated	O
scanning	O
centers	O
to	O
which	O
books	O
were	O
transported	O
by	O
trucks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
no	O
need	O
to	O
flatten	O
the	O
pages	O
or	O
align	O
them	O
perfectly	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
system	O
not	O
only	O
reached	O
a	O
remarkable	O
efficiency	O
and	O
speed	O
but	O
also	O
helped	O
protect	O
the	O
fragile	O
collections	O
from	O
being	O
over-handled	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Then	O
,	O
optical	B-Application
character	I-Application
recognition	I-Application
(	O
OCR	O
)	O
software	O
transformed	O
the	O
raw	O
images	O
into	O
text	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
lastly	O
,	O
another	O
round	O
of	O
algorithms	O
extracted	O
page	O
numbers	O
,	O
footnotes	O
,	O
illustrations	O
and	O
diagrams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
the	O
books	O
are	O
scanned	O
using	O
a	O
customized	O
Elphel	B-Algorithm
323	O
camera	O
at	O
a	O
rate	O
of	O
1,000	O
pages	O
per	O
hour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
patent	O
awarded	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2009	O
revealed	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
come	O
up	O
with	O
an	O
innovative	O
system	O
for	O
scanning	O
books	O
that	O
uses	O
two	O
cameras	O
and	O
infrared	O
light	O
to	O
automatically	O
correct	O
for	O
the	O
curvature	O
of	O
pages	O
in	O
a	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
constructing	O
a	O
3D	O
model	O
of	O
each	O
page	O
and	O
then	O
"	O
de-warping	O
"	O
it	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
is	O
able	O
to	O
present	O
flat-looking	O
pages	O
without	O
having	O
to	O
really	O
make	O
the	O
pages	O
flat	O
,	O
which	O
requires	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
destructive	O
methods	O
such	O
as	O
unbinding	O
or	O
glass	O
plates	O
to	O
individually	O
flatten	O
each	O
page	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
inefficient	O
for	O
large	O
scale	O
scanning	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
decided	O
to	O
omit	O
color	O
information	O
in	O
favour	O
of	O
better	O
spatial	O
resolution	O
,	O
as	O
most	O
out-of-copyright	O
books	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
did	O
not	O
contain	O
colors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
expended	O
considerable	O
resources	O
in	O
coming	O
up	O
with	O
optimal	O
compression	O
techniques	O
,	O
aiming	O
for	O
high	O
image	O
quality	O
while	O
keeping	O
the	O
file	O
sizes	O
minimal	O
to	O
enable	O
access	O
by	O
internet	O
users	O
with	O
low	O
bandwidth	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
each	O
work	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
automatically	O
generates	O
an	O
overview	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
content	O
,	O
moreover	O
,	O
offers	O
interactive	O
possibilities	O
for	O
users	O
signed	O
into	O
their	O
Google	B-Application
account	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
collects	O
these	O
more	O
interpretive	O
elements	O
from	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
sources	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
users	O
,	O
third-party	O
sites	O
like	O
Goodreads	B-Application
,	O
and	O
often	O
the	O
book	O
's	O
author	O
and	O
publisher	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
fact	O
,	O
to	O
encourage	O
authors	O
to	O
upload	O
their	O
own	O
books	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
added	O
several	O
functionalities	O
to	O
the	O
website	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
authors	O
can	O
allow	O
visitors	O
to	O
download	B-Application
their	O
ebook	O
for	O
free	O
,	O
or	O
they	O
can	O
set	O
their	O
own	O
purchase	O
price	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
if	O
a	O
book	O
's	O
author	O
chooses	O
to	O
add	O
an	O
ISBN	B-Library
,	O
LCCN	O
or	O
OCLC	O
record	O
number	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
will	O
update	O
the	O
book	O
's	O
url	O
to	O
include	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Ngram	O
Viewer	O
is	O
a	O
service	O
connected	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
that	O
graphs	O
the	O
frequency	O
of	O
word	O
usage	O
across	O
their	O
book	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
report	O
errors	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
scanned	O
books	O
at	O
support.google.com/books/partner/troubleshooter/2983879	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
this	O
issue	O
,	O
a	O
declaration	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
at	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
scanned	O
books	O
says	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2009	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
start	O
using	O
reCAPTCHA	O
to	O
help	O
fix	O
the	O
errors	O
found	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Book	I-Application
scans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scanning	O
errors	O
have	O
inspired	O
works	O
of	O
art	O
such	O
as	O
published	O
collections	O
of	O
anomalous	O
pages	O
and	O
a	O
Tumblr	B-Application
blog	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scholars	O
have	O
frequently	O
reported	O
rampant	O
errors	O
in	O
the	O
metadata	O
information	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
–	O
including	O
misattributed	O
authors	O
and	O
erroneous	O
dates	O
of	O
publication	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
responded	O
to	O
Nunberg	O
by	O
blaming	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
errors	O
on	O
the	O
outside	O
contractors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Metadata	O
errors	O
based	O
on	O
incorrect	O
scanned	O
dates	O
makes	O
research	O
using	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
Project	O
database	O
difficult	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
shown	O
only	O
limited	O
interest	O
in	O
cleaning	O
up	O
these	O
errors	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
European	O
politicians	O
and	O
intellectuals	O
have	O
criticized	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
effort	O
on	O
linguistic	O
imperialism	O
grounds	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
has	O
digitized	O
large	O
numbers	O
of	O
journal	O
back	O
issues	O
,	O
its	O
scans	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
the	O
metadata	O
required	O
for	O
identifying	O
specific	O
articles	O
in	O
specific	O
issues	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
has	O
led	O
the	O
makers	O
of	O
Google	B-Library
Scholar	I-Library
to	O
start	O
their	O
own	O
program	O
to	O
digitize	O
and	O
host	O
older	O
journal	O
articles	O
(	O
in	O
agreement	O
with	O
their	O
publishers	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
Library	O
Project	O
is	O
aimed	O
at	O
scanning	O
and	O
making	O
searchable	O
the	O
collections	O
of	O
several	O
major	O
research	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
a	O
book	O
is	O
out	O
of	O
copyright	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
the	O
book	O
is	O
fully	O
available	O
to	O
read	O
or	O
download	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In-copyright	O
books	O
scanned	O
through	O
the	O
Library	O
Project	O
are	O
made	O
available	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
for	O
snippet	B-Application
view	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Regarding	O
the	O
quality	O
of	O
scans	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
acknowledges	O
that	O
they	O
are	O
"	O
not	O
always	O
of	O
sufficiently	O
high	O
quality	O
"	O
to	O
be	O
offered	O
for	O
sale	O
on	O
Google	B-Application
Play	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
because	O
of	O
supposed	O
technical	O
constraints	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
does	O
not	O
replace	O
scans	O
with	O
higher	O
quality	O
versions	O
that	O
may	O
be	O
provided	O
by	O
the	O
publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
project	O
is	O
the	O
subject	O
of	O
the	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
v	O
.	O
Google	B-Application
lawsuit	O
,	O
filed	O
in	O
2005	O
and	O
ruled	O
in	O
favor	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2013	O
,	O
and	O
again	O
,	O
on	O
appeal	O
,	O
in	O
2015	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyright	O
owners	O
can	O
claim	O
the	O
rights	O
for	O
a	O
scanned	O
book	O
and	O
make	O
it	O
available	O
for	O
preview	O
or	O
full	O
view	O
(	O
by	O
"	O
transferring	O
"	O
it	O
to	O
their	O
Partner	O
Program	O
account	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
request	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
prevent	O
the	O
book	O
text	O
from	O
being	O
searched	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Harvard	O
University	O
Library	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
conducted	O
a	O
pilot	O
throughout	O
2005	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
physical	O
access	O
to	O
Harvard	O
's	O
library	O
materials	O
is	O
generally	O
restricted	O
to	O
current	O
Harvard	O
students	O
,	O
faculty	O
,	O
and	O
researchers	O
,	O
or	O
to	O
scholars	O
who	O
can	O
come	O
to	O
Cambridge	O
,	O
the	O
Harvard-Google	O
Project	O
has	O
been	O
designed	O
to	O
enable	O
both	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
Harvard	O
community	O
and	O
users	O
everywhere	O
to	O
discover	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
Harvard	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
pilot	O
program	O
,	O
NYPL	O
is	O
working	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
offer	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
its	O
public	O
domain	O
books	O
,	O
which	O
will	O
be	O
scanned	O
in	O
their	O
entirety	O
and	O
made	O
available	O
for	O
free	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	O
scanning	O
process	O
is	O
complete	O
,	O
the	O
books	O
may	O
be	O
accessed	O
from	O
both	O
The	O
New	O
York	O
Public	O
Library	O
's	O
website	O
and	O
from	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
search	O
engine	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2002	O
:	O
A	O
group	O
of	O
team	O
members	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
officially	O
launch	O
the	O
"	O
secret	O
'	O
books	O
 '	O
project.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
founders	O
Sergey	O
Brin	O
and	O
Larry	O
Page	O
came	O
up	O
with	O
the	O
idea	O
that	O
later	O
became	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
while	O
still	O
graduate	O
students	O
at	O
Stanford	O
in	O
1996	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
history	O
page	O
on	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
website	O
describes	O
their	O
initial	O
vision	O
for	O
this	O
project	O
:	O
"	O
in	O
a	O
future	O
world	O
in	O
which	O
vast	O
collections	O
of	O
books	O
are	O
digitized	O
,	O
people	O
would	O
use	O
a	O
'	O
web	B-Application
crawler	I-Application
 '	O
to	O
index	O
the	O
books	O
 '	O
content	O
and	O
analyze	O
the	O
connections	O
between	O
them	O
,	O
determining	O
any	O
given	O
book	O
's	O
relevance	O
and	O
usefulness	O
by	O
tracking	O
the	O
number	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
citations	O
from	O
other	O
books.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
conversation	O
with	O
the	O
at	O
that	O
time	O
University	O
President	O
Mary	O
Sue	O
Coleman	O
,	O
when	O
Page	O
found	O
out	O
that	O
the	O
university	O
's	O
current	O
estimate	O
for	O
scanning	O
all	O
the	O
library	O
's	O
volumes	O
was	O
1,000	O
years	O
,	O
Page	O
reportedly	O
told	O
Coleman	O
that	O
he	O
"	O
believes	O
Google	B-Application
can	O
help	O
make	O
it	O
happen	O
in	O
six.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
2004	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
signaled	O
an	O
extension	O
to	O
its	O
Google	B-Application
Print	I-Application
initiative	O
known	O
as	O
the	B-Application
Google	B-Application
Print	I-Application
Library	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
announced	O
partnerships	O
with	O
several	O
high-profile	O
university	O
and	O
public	O
libraries	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Michigan	O
,	O
Harvard	O
(	O
Harvard	O
University	O
Library	O
)	O
,	O
Stanford	O
(	O
Green	O
Library	O
)	O
,	O
Oxford	O
(	O
Bodleian	O
Library	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Public	O
Library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
press	O
releases	O
and	O
university	O
librarians	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
planned	O
to	O
digitize	O
and	O
make	O
available	O
through	O
its	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
service	O
approximately	O
15million	O
volumes	O
within	O
a	O
decade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
announcement	O
soon	O
triggered	O
controversy	O
,	O
as	O
publisher	O
and	O
author	O
associations	O
challenged	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
plans	O
to	O
digitize	O
,	O
not	O
just	O
books	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
titles	O
still	O
under	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
–	O
October	O
2005	O
:	O
Two	O
lawsuits	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
charge	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
has	O
not	O
respected	O
copyrights	O
and	O
has	O
failed	O
to	O
properly	O
compensate	O
authors	O
and	O
publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
is	O
a	O
class	O
action	O
suit	O
on	O
behalf	O
of	O
authors	O
(	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
v	O
.	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
September	O
20	O
,	O
2005	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
other	O
is	O
a	O
civil	O
lawsuit	O
brought	O
by	O
five	O
large	O
publishers	O
and	O
the	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2005	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
changed	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
this	O
service	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Print	I-Application
to	O
Google	B-Application
Book	I-Application
Search	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
program	O
enabling	O
publishers	O
and	O
authors	O
to	O
include	O
their	O
books	O
in	O
the	O
service	O
was	O
renamed	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Partner	O
Program	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
partnership	O
with	O
libraries	O
became	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
Library	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
added	O
a	O
"	O
download	B-Application
a	O
pdf	B-Application
"	O
button	O
to	O
all	O
its	O
out-of-copyright	O
,	O
public	O
domain	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2006	O
:	O
The	O
Complutense	O
University	O
of	O
Madrid	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
Spanish-language	O
library	O
to	O
join	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
Library	O
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
2007	O
:	O
The	O
Bavarian	O
State	O
Library	O
announced	O
a	O
partnership	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
scan	O
more	O
than	O
a	O
million	O
public	O
domain	O
and	O
out-of-print	O
works	O
in	O
German	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
English	O
,	O
French	O
,	O
Italian	O
,	O
Latin	O
,	O
and	O
Spanish	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2007	O
:	O
A	O
book	O
digitizing	O
project	O
partnership	O
was	O
announced	O
jointly	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
the	O
Cantonal	O
and	O
University	O
Library	O
of	O
Lausanne	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2007	O
:	O
The	O
Boekentoren	O
Library	O
of	O
Ghent	O
University	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
participate	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
digitizing	O
and	O
making	O
digitized	O
versions	O
of	O
19th	O
century	O
books	O
in	O
the	O
French	O
and	O
Dutch	O
languages	O
available	O
online	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2007	O
:	O
Mysore	O
University	O
announces	O
Google	B-Application
will	O
digitize	O
over	O
800,000	O
books	O
and	O
manuscripts	O
–	O
including	O
around	O
100,000	O
manuscripts	O
written	O
in	O
Sanskrit	O
or	O
Kannada	O
on	O
both	O
paper	O
and	O
palm	O
leaves	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
July	O
2007	O
:	O
Keio	O
University	O
became	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
first	O
library	O
partner	O
in	O
Japan	O
with	O
the	O
announcement	O
that	O
they	O
would	O
digitize	O
at	O
least	O
120,000	O
public	O
domain	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
2007	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
digitize	O
up	O
to	O
500,000	O
both	O
copyrighted	O
and	O
public	O
domain	O
items	O
from	O
Cornell	O
University	O
Library	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
would	O
also	O
provide	O
a	O
digital	O
copy	O
of	O
all	O
works	O
scanned	O
to	O
be	O
incorporated	O
into	O
the	O
university	O
's	O
own	O
library	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2007	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
added	O
a	O
feature	O
that	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
share	O
snippets	O
of	O
books	O
that	O
are	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
September	O
2007	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
debuted	O
a	O
new	O
feature	O
called	O
"	O
My	O
Library	O
"	O
which	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
create	O
personal	O
customized	O
libraries	O
,	O
selections	O
of	O
books	O
that	O
they	O
can	O
label	O
,	O
review	O
,	O
rate	O
,	O
or	O
full-text	O
search	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2008	O
:	O
Microsoft	O
tapered	O
off	O
and	O
planned	O
to	O
end	O
its	B-Application
scanning	I-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
which	O
had	O
reached	O
750,000	O
books	O
and	O
80million	O
journal	O
articles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
2008	O
:	O
A	O
settlement	O
was	O
reached	O
between	O
the	O
publishing	O
industry	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
after	O
two	O
years	O
of	O
negotiation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
agreed	O
to	O
compensate	O
authors	O
and	O
publishers	O
in	O
exchange	O
for	O
the	O
right	O
to	O
make	O
millions	O
of	O
books	O
available	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
2008	O
:	O
The	O
HathiTrust	O
"	O
Shared	O
Digital	O
Repository	O
"	O
(	O
later	O
known	O
as	O
the	O
HathiTrust	O
Digital	O
Library	O
)	O
is	O
launched	O
jointly	O
by	O
the	O
Committee	O
on	O
Institutional	O
Cooperation	O
and	O
the	O
11	O
university	O
libraries	O
in	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
California	O
system	O
,	O
all	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
Google	B-Application
partner	O
libraries	O
,	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
archive	O
and	O
provide	O
academic	O
access	O
to	O
books	O
from	O
their	O
collections	O
scanned	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2008	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
reached	O
the	O
7million	O
book	O
mark	O
for	O
items	O
scanned	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
by	O
their	O
publishing	O
partners	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
1million	O
were	O
in	O
full	O
preview	O
mode	O
and	O
1million	O
were	O
fully	O
viewable	O
and	O
downloadable	B-Application
public	O
domain	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
2008	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
inclusion	O
of	O
magazines	O
in	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
February	O
2009	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
mobile	O
version	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
Book	I-Application
Search	I-Application
,	O
allowing	O
iPhone	O
and	O
Android	O
phone	O
users	O
to	O
read	O
over	O
1.5	O
million	O
public	O
domain	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
(	O
and	O
over	O
500,000	O
outside	O
the	O
US	O
)	O
using	O
a	O
mobile	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2009	O
:	O
At	O
the	O
annual	O
BookExpo	O
convention	O
in	O
New	O
York	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
signaled	O
its	O
intent	O
to	O
introduce	O
a	O
program	O
that	O
would	O
enable	O
publishers	O
to	O
sell	O
digital	O
versions	O
of	O
their	O
newest	O
books	O
direct	O
to	O
consumers	O
through	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
April	O
2010	O
:	O
Visual	O
artists	O
were	O
not	O
included	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
lawsuit	O
and	O
settlement	O
,	O
are	O
the	O
plaintiff	O
groups	O
in	O
another	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
and	O
say	O
they	O
intend	O
to	O
bring	O
more	O
than	O
just	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
under	O
scrutiny	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
The	O
new	O
class	O
action	O
,	O
"	O
read	O
the	O
statement	O
,	O
"	O
goes	O
beyond	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
Library	O
Project	O
,	O
and	O
includes	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
other	O
systematic	O
and	O
pervasive	O
infringements	O
of	O
the	O
rights	O
of	O
photographers	O
,	O
illustrators	O
and	O
other	O
visual	O
artists.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
May	O
2010	O
:	O
It	O
was	O
reported	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
would	O
launch	O
a	O
digital	O
book	O
store	O
called	O
Google	B-Operating_System
Editions	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
would	O
compete	O
with	O
Amazon	B-Application
,	O
Barnes	O
&	O
Noble	O
,	O
Apple	O
and	O
other	O
electronic	O
book	O
retailers	O
with	O
its	O
own	O
e-book	O
store	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
others	O
,	O
Google	B-Operating_System
Editions	I-Operating_System
would	O
be	O
completely	O
online	O
and	O
would	O
not	O
require	O
a	O
specific	O
device	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
kindle	O
,	O
Nook	O
,	O
or	O
iPad	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
June	O
2010	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
passed	O
12	O
million	O
books	O
scanned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
August	O
2010	O
:	O
It	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
intends	O
to	O
scan	O
all	O
known	O
existing	O
129,864,880	O
books	O
within	O
a	O
decade	O
,	O
amounting	O
to	O
over	O
4	O
billion	O
digital	O
pages	O
and	O
2	O
trillion	O
words	O
in	O
total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
2010	O
:	O
Google	B-Operating_System
eBooks	I-Operating_System
(	O
Google	B-Operating_System
Editions	I-Operating_System
)	O
was	O
launched	O
in	O
the	O
US	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
December	O
2010	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
launched	O
the	O
Ngram	O
Viewer	O
,	O
which	O
collects	O
and	O
graphs	O
data	O
on	O
word	O
usage	O
across	O
its	O
book	O
collection	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
2011	O
:	O
A	O
federal	O
judge	O
rejected	O
the	O
settlement	O
reached	O
between	O
the	O
publishing	O
industry	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
March	O
2012	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
passed	O
20	O
million	O
books	O
scanned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
March	O
2012	O
:	O
Google	B-Application
reached	O
a	O
settlement	O
with	O
publishers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
January	O
2013	O
:	O
The	O
documentary	O
Google	B-Application
and	O
the	O
World	O
Brain	O
was	O
shown	O
at	O
the	O
Sundance	O
Film	O
Festival	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
November	O
2013	O
:	O
Ruling	O
in	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
v	O
.	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
US	O
District	O
Judge	O
Denny	O
Chin	O
sides	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
citing	O
fair	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
2015	O
:	O
The	O
appeals	O
court	O
sided	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
declaring	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
not	O
violate	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
scanned	O
more	O
than	O
25	O
million	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
April	O
2016	O
:	O
The	O
US	O
Supreme	O
Court	O
declined	O
to	O
hear	O
the	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
's	O
appeal	O
,	O
which	O
means	O
the	O
lower	O
court	O
's	O
decision	O
stood	O
,	O
and	O
Google	B-Application
would	O
be	O
allowed	O
to	O
scan	O
library	O
books	O
and	O
display	O
snippets	O
in	O
search	O
results	O
without	O
violating	O
the	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
has	O
been	O
quite	O
secretive	O
regarding	O
its	O
plans	O
on	O
the	O
future	O
of	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Books	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Scanning	O
operations	O
had	O
been	O
slowing	O
down	O
since	O
at	O
least	O
2012	O
,	O
as	O
confirmed	O
by	O
the	O
librarians	O
at	O
several	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
partner	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
's	O
own	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
timeline	O
page	O
did	O
not	O
mention	O
anything	O
after	O
2007	O
even	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
and	O
the	B-Application
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
blog	O
was	O
merged	O
into	O
the	B-Application
Google	I-Application
Search	O
blog	O
in	O
2012	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
winning	O
the	O
decade-long	O
litigation	O
in	O
2017	O
,	O
The	O
Atlantic	O
has	O
said	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
"	O
all	O
but	O
shut	O
down	O
its	O
scanning	O
operation.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2017	O
,	O
Wired	O
reported	O
that	O
there	O
were	O
only	O
a	O
few	O
Google	B-Application
employees	O
working	O
on	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
and	O
new	O
books	O
were	O
still	O
being	O
scanned	O
,	O
but	O
at	O
a	O
significantly	O
lower	O
rate	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
commented	O
that	O
the	O
decade-long	O
legal	O
battle	O
had	O
caused	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
lose	O
its	O
ambition	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
project	O
,	O
library	O
books	O
were	O
being	O
digitized	O
somewhat	O
indiscriminately	O
regardless	O
of	O
copyright	O
status	O
,	O
which	O
led	O
to	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
lawsuits	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
2008	O
,	O
Google	B-Application
had	O
reportedly	O
digitized	O
over	O
seven	O
million	O
books	O
,	O
of	O
which	O
only	O
about	O
one	O
million	O
were	O
works	O
in	O
the	O
public	O
domain	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2005	O
,	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
authors	O
and	O
publishers	O
brought	O
a	O
major	O
class-action	O
lawsuit	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
infringement	O
on	O
the	O
copyrighted	O
works	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
argued	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
preserving	O
"	O
orphaned	O
works	O
"	O
–	O
books	O
still	O
under	O
copyright	O
,	O
but	O
whose	O
copyright	O
holders	O
could	O
not	O
be	O
located	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
and	O
Association	O
of	O
American	O
Publishers	O
separately	O
sued	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
2005	O
for	O
its	O
book	O
project	O
,	O
citing	O
"	O
massive	O
copyright	O
infringement.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
countered	O
that	O
its	O
project	O
represented	O
a	O
fair	O
use	O
and	O
is	O
the	O
digital	O
age	O
equivalent	O
of	O
a	O
card	B-Library
catalog	I-Library
with	O
every	O
word	O
in	O
the	O
publication	O
indexed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
settlement	O
was	O
eventually	O
rejected	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
publishers	O
settled	O
with	O
Google	B-Application
soon	O
after	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
appealed	O
that	O
decision	O
,	O
with	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
amici	O
asserting	O
the	O
inadequacy	O
of	O
the	O
class	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Second	O
Circuit	O
rejected	O
the	O
class	O
certification	O
in	O
July	O
2013	O
,	O
remanding	O
the	O
case	O
to	O
the	O
District	O
Court	O
for	O
consideration	O
of	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
fair	O
use	O
defense	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
Authors	O
Guild	O
filed	O
another	O
appeal	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
be	O
considered	O
by	O
the	O
2nd	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
won	O
the	O
case	O
unanimously	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
argument	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
not	O
showing	O
people	O
the	O
full	O
texts	O
but	O
instead	O
snippets	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
are	O
not	O
allowing	O
people	O
to	O
illegally	O
read	O
the	O
book	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
case	O
was	O
rejected	O
,	O
leaving	O
the	O
Second	O
Circuit	O
's	O
decision	O
on	O
the	O
case	O
intact	O
,	O
meaning	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
did	O
not	O
violate	O
copyright	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Such	O
clarification	O
affects	O
other	O
scanning	O
projects	O
similar	O
to	O
Google	B-Application
.	I-Application
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2006	O
,	O
Hervé	O
de	O
la	O
Martinière	O
,	O
a	O
French	O
publisher	O
known	O
as	O
La	O
Martinière	O
and	O
Éditions	O
du	O
Seuil	O
,	O
announced	O
its	O
intention	O
to	O
sue	O
Google	B-Application
France	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2009	O
,	O
the	O
Paris	O
Civil	O
Court	O
awarded	O
300,000	O
EUR	O
(	O
approximately	O
430,000	O
USD	O
)	O
in	O
damages	O
and	O
interest	O
and	O
ordered	O
Google	B-Application
to	O
pay	O
10,000	O
EUR	O
a	O
day	O
until	O
it	O
removes	O
the	O
publisher	O
's	O
books	O
from	O
its	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
court	O
wrote	O
,	O
"	O
Google	B-Application
violated	O
author	O
copyright	O
laws	O
by	O
fully	O
reproducing	O
and	O
making	O
accessible	O
"	O
books	O
that	O
Seuil	O
owns	O
without	O
its	O
permission	O
and	O
that	O
Google	B-Application
"	O
committed	O
acts	O
of	O
breach	O
of	O
copyright	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
of	O
harm	O
to	O
the	O
publishers	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
said	O
it	O
will	O
appeal	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Syndicat	O
National	O
de	O
l'Edition	O
,	O
which	O
joined	O
the	O
lawsuit	O
,	O
said	O
Google	B-Application
has	O
scanned	O
about	O
100,000	O
French	O
works	O
under	O
copyright	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
December	O
2009	O
,	O
Chinese	O
author	O
Mian	O
Mian	O
filed	O
a	O
civil	O
lawsuit	O
for	O
$	O
8,900	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
for	O
scanning	O
her	O
novel	O
,	O
Acid	O
Lovers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
is	O
the	O
first	O
such	O
lawsuit	O
to	O
be	O
filed	O
against	O
Google	B-Application
in	O
China	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Also	O
,	O
in	O
November	O
that	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
China	O
Written	O
Works	O
Copyright	O
Society	O
(	O
CWWCS	O
)	O
accused	O
Google	B-Application
of	O
scanning	O
18,000	O
books	O
by	O
570	O
Chinese	O
writers	O
without	O
authorization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
agreed	O
on	O
Nov	O
20	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
Chinese	O
books	O
it	O
had	O
scanned	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
company	O
refused	O
to	O
admit	O
having	O
"	O
infringed	O
"	O
copyright	O
laws	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2007	O
,	O
Thomas	O
Rubin	O
,	O
associate	O
general	O
counsel	O
for	O
copyright	O
,	O
trademark	O
,	O
and	O
trade	O
secrets	O
at	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
accused	O
Google	B-Application
of	O
violating	O
copyright	O
law	O
with	O
their	O
book	O
search	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rubin	O
specifically	O
criticized	O
Google	B-Application
's	I-Application
policy	O
of	O
freely	O
copying	O
any	O
work	O
until	O
notified	O
by	O
the	O
copyright	O
holder	O
to	O
stop	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Google	B-Application
licensing	O
of	O
public	O
domain	O
works	O
is	O
also	O
an	O
area	O
of	O
concern	O
due	O
to	O
using	O
of	O
digital	O
watermarking	O
techniques	O
with	O
the	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Internet	O
Archive	O
is	O
a	O
non-profit	O
which	O
digitizes	O
over	O
1000	O
books	O
a	O
day	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
mirrors	O
books	O
from	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
and	O
other	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
,	O
it	O
hosted	O
over	O
2.8	O
million	O
public	O
domain	O
books	O
,	O
greater	O
than	O
the	O
approximate	O
1	O
million	O
public	O
domain	O
books	O
at	O
Google	B-Application
Books	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	B-Library
Library	I-Library
,	O
a	O
sister	O
project	O
of	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
,	O
lends	O
80,000	O
scanned	O
and	O
purchased	O
commercial	O
ebooks	O
to	O
the	O
visitors	O
of	O
150	O
libraries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
HathiTrust	O
maintains	O
HathiTrust	O
Digital	O
Library	O
since	O
October	O
13	O
,	O
2008	O
,	O
which	O
preserves	O
and	O
provides	O
access	O
to	O
material	O
scanned	O
by	O
Google	B-Application
,	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
Internet	O
Archive	O
books	O
,	O
and	O
some	O
scanned	O
locally	O
by	O
partner	O
institutions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
funded	O
the	O
scanning	O
of	O
300,000	O
books	O
to	O
create	O
Live	B-Application
Search	I-Application
Books	I-Application
in	O
late	O
2006	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Europeana	B-Application
links	O
to	O
roughly	O
10	O
million	O
digital	O
objects	O
,	O
including	O
video	O
,	O
photos	O
,	O
paintings	O
,	O
audio	O
,	O
maps	O
,	O
manuscripts	O
,	O
printed	O
books	O
,	O
and	O
newspapers	O
from	O
the	O
past	O
2,000	O
years	O
of	O
European	O
history	O
from	O
over	O
1,000	O
archives	O
in	O
the	O
European	O
Union	O
.	O
</s>
