<s>
In	O
probability	O
theory	O
and	O
statistics	O
,	O
Goodman	B-General_Concept
&	I-General_Concept
Kruskal	I-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
lambda	I-General_Concept
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
measure	O
of	O
proportional	O
reduction	O
in	O
error	O
in	O
cross	B-Application
tabulation	I-Application
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
Goodman	B-General_Concept
and	I-General_Concept
Kruskal	I-General_Concept
's	I-General_Concept
lambda	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
simple	O
way	O
to	O
assess	O
the	O
association	O
between	O
variables	O
,	O
it	O
yields	O
a	O
value	O
of	O
0	O
(	O
no	O
association	O
)	O
whenever	O
two	O
variables	O
are	O
in	O
accord	O
—	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
when	O
the	O
modal	O
category	O
is	O
the	O
same	O
for	O
all	O
values	O
of	O
the	O
independent	O
variable	O
,	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
modal	O
frequencies	O
or	O
percentages	O
vary	O
.	O
</s>
