<s>
Gnuspeech	B-Operating_System
is	O
an	O
extensible	O
text-to-speech	B-Application
computer	O
software	B-Application
package	I-Application
that	O
produces	O
artificial	O
speech	O
output	O
based	O
on	O
real-time	O
articulatory	B-Application
speech	B-Application
synthesis	I-Application
by	O
rules	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
is	O
,	O
it	O
converts	O
text	O
strings	O
into	O
phonetic	O
descriptions	O
,	O
aided	O
by	O
a	O
pronouncing	O
dictionary	O
,	O
letter-to-sound	O
rules	O
,	O
and	O
rhythm	O
and	O
intonation	O
models	O
;	O
transforms	O
the	O
phonetic	O
descriptions	O
into	O
parameters	O
for	O
a	O
low-level	O
articulatory	B-Application
speech	B-Application
synthesizer	I-Application
;	O
uses	O
these	O
to	O
drive	O
an	O
articulatory	B-Application
model	O
of	O
the	O
human	O
vocal	O
tract	O
producing	O
an	O
output	O
suitable	O
for	O
the	O
normal	O
sound	O
output	O
devices	O
used	O
by	O
various	O
computer	B-General_Concept
operating	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
;	O
and	O
does	O
this	O
at	O
the	O
same	O
or	O
faster	O
rate	O
than	O
the	O
speech	O
is	O
spoken	O
for	O
adult	O
speech	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gnuspeech	B-Operating_System
was	O
originally	O
commercial	O
software	O
produced	O
by	O
the	O
now-defunct	O
Trillium	O
Sound	O
Research	O
for	O
the	O
NeXT	O
computer	O
as	O
various	O
grades	O
of	O
"	O
TextToSpeech	O
"	O
kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
version	O
in	O
1992	O
used	O
a	O
formant-based	O
speech	B-Application
synthesiser	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
NeXT	O
ceased	O
manufacturing	O
hardware	O
,	O
the	O
synthesizer	O
software	O
was	O
completely	O
re-written	O
and	O
also	O
ported	O
to	O
NSFIP	O
(	O
NextStep	B-Application
For	O
Intel	O
Processors	O
)	O
using	O
the	O
waveguide	O
approach	O
to	O
acoustic	O
tube	O
modeling	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
research	O
at	O
the	O
Center	O
for	O
Computer	O
Research	O
in	O
Music	O
and	O
Acoustics	O
(	O
CCRMA	O
)	O
at	O
Stanford	O
University	O
,	O
especially	O
the	O
Music	O
Kit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Previous	B-Application
emulator	I-Application
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
can	O
emulate	O
the	O
DSP	O
in	O
NeXT	O
computers	O
,	O
</s>
<s>
Trillium	O
ceased	O
trading	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
and	O
the	O
Gnuspeech	B-Operating_System
project	O
was	O
first	O
entered	O
into	O
the	O
GNU	B-Protocol
Savannah	I-Protocol
repository	O
under	O
the	O
terms	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
in	O
2002	O
,	O
as	O
an	O
official	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
its	O
free	B-License
and	I-License
open	I-License
source	I-License
license	O
,	O
which	O
allows	O
customization	O
of	O
the	O
code	O
,	O
Gnuspeech	B-Operating_System
has	O
been	O
utilized	O
in	O
academic	O
research	O
.	O
</s>
