<s>
This	O
page	O
is	O
a	O
glossary	O
of	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
terminology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
access	O
token	O
:	O
In	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
operating	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
an	O
access	O
token	O
contains	O
the	O
security	O
credentials	O
for	O
a	O
login	B-Operating_System
session	I-Operating_System
and	O
identifies	O
the	O
user	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
groups	O
,	O
the	O
user	O
's	O
privileges	O
,	O
and	O
,	O
in	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
particular	O
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
binary	B-Operating_System
semaphore	I-Operating_System
:	O
See	O
semaphore	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
booting	B-Operating_System
:	O
In	O
computing	O
,	O
booting	B-Operating_System
(	O
also	O
known	O
as	O
booting	B-Operating_System
up	I-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
the	O
initial	O
set	O
of	O
operations	O
that	O
a	O
computer	O
performs	O
after	O
electrical	O
power	O
is	O
switched	O
on	O
or	O
when	O
the	O
computer	O
is	O
reset	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
can	O
take	O
tens	O
of	O
seconds	O
and	O
typically	O
involves	O
performing	O
a	O
power-on	B-Device
self-test	I-Device
,	O
locating	O
and	O
initializing	O
peripheral	O
devices	O
,	O
and	O
then	O
finding	O
,	O
loading	O
and	O
starting	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
cache	B-General_Concept
:	O
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
cache	B-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
component	O
that	O
transparently	O
stores	O
data	O
so	O
that	O
future	O
requests	O
for	O
that	O
data	O
can	O
be	O
served	O
faster	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
data	O
that	O
is	O
stored	O
within	O
a	O
cache	B-General_Concept
might	O
be	O
values	O
that	O
have	O
been	O
computed	O
earlier	O
or	O
duplicates	O
of	O
original	O
values	O
that	O
are	O
stored	O
elsewhere	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
cloud	B-Architecture
:	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
are	O
recent	O
,	O
and	O
were	O
not	O
mentioned	O
in	O
Gagne	O
's	O
8th	O
Edition	O
(	O
2009	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
contrast	O
,	O
by	O
Gagne	O
's	O
9th	O
(	O
2012	O
)	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
o/s	O
received	O
3	O
pages	O
of	O
coverage	O
(	O
41	O
,	O
42	O
,	O
716	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Doeppner	O
(	O
2011	O
)	O
mentions	O
them	O
(	O
p.3	O
)	O
,	O
but	O
only	O
to	O
prove	O
that	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
"	O
are	O
not	O
a	O
solved	O
problem	O
"	O
and	O
that	O
even	O
if	O
the	O
day	O
of	O
the	O
dedicated	O
PC	O
is	O
waning	O
,	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
has	O
created	O
an	O
entirely	O
new	O
opportunity	O
for	O
o/s	O
development	O
ala	O
sharing	O
,	O
networks	O
,	O
memory	O
,	O
parallelism	B-Operating_System
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gagne	O
(	O
2012	O
)	O
adds	O
that	O
in	O
addition	O
to	O
numerous	O
traditional	O
o/s	O
'	O
s	O
at	O
cloud	B-Architecture
warehouses	O
,	O
Virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
o/s	O
(	O
VMMs	O
)	O
,	O
Eucalyptus	B-General_Concept
,	O
Vware	O
,	O
vCloud	B-General_Concept
Director	O
and	O
others	O
are	O
being	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
cloud	B-Architecture
management	O
with	O
numerous	O
traditional	O
o/s	O
features	O
(	O
security	O
,	O
threads	B-Operating_System
,	O
file	O
and	O
memory	O
management	O
,	O
guis	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	O
's	O
investment	O
in	O
cloud	B-Architecture
aspects	O
of	O
o/s	O
tend	O
to	O
support	O
that	O
argument	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
daemon	B-Operating_System
:	O
Operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
often	O
start	O
daemons	B-Operating_System
at	O
boot	B-Operating_System
time	I-Operating_System
and	O
serve	O
the	O
function	O
of	O
responding	O
to	O
network	O
requests	O
,	O
hardware	O
activity	O
,	O
or	O
other	O
programs	O
by	O
performing	O
some	O
task	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Daemons	B-Operating_System
can	O
also	O
configure	O
hardware	O
(	O
like	O
udevd	B-Application
on	O
some	O
Linux	B-Application
systems	O
)	O
,	O
run	O
scheduled	O
tasks	O
(	O
like	O
cron	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
and	O
perform	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
other	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
kernel	B-Operating_System
:	O
In	O
computing	O
,	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
computer	B-Application
program	I-Application
that	O
manages	O
input/output	B-General_Concept
requests	O
from	O
software	O
and	O
translates	O
them	O
into	O
data	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
instructions	O
for	O
the	O
central	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
unit	I-General_Concept
and	O
other	O
electronic	O
components	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
fundamental	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
modern	O
computer	O
's	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
lock	B-Operating_System
:	O
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
lock	B-Operating_System
or	O
mutex	B-Operating_System
(	O
from	O
mutual	B-Operating_System
exclusion	I-Operating_System
)	O
is	O
a	O
synchronization	O
mechanism	O
for	O
enforcing	O
limits	O
on	O
access	O
to	O
a	O
resource	O
in	O
an	O
environment	O
where	O
there	O
are	O
many	O
threads	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
execution	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
lock	B-Operating_System
is	O
designed	O
to	O
enforce	O
a	O
mutual	B-Operating_System
exclusion	I-Operating_System
concurrency	B-Operating_System
control	I-Operating_System
policy	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
mutual	B-Operating_System
exclusion	I-Operating_System
:	O
Mutual	B-Operating_System
exclusion	I-Operating_System
is	O
to	O
allow	O
only	O
one	O
process	B-Operating_System
at	O
a	O
time	O
to	O
access	O
the	O
same	O
critical	O
section	O
(	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
code	O
which	O
accesses	O
the	O
critical	O
resource	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
helps	O
prevent	O
race	B-Operating_System
conditions	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
mutex	B-Operating_System
:	O
See	O
lock	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
paging	O
daemon	B-Operating_System
:	O
See	O
daemon	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
semaphore	B-Operating_System
:	O
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
particularly	O
in	O
operating	B-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
semaphore	B-Operating_System
is	O
a	O
variable	O
or	O
abstract	O
data	O
type	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
for	O
controlling	O
access	O
,	O
by	O
multiple	O
processes	B-Operating_System
,	O
to	O
a	O
common	O
resource	O
in	O
a	O
parallel	B-Operating_System
programming	I-Operating_System
or	O
a	O
multi	B-Operating_System
user	I-Operating_System
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
thread	B-Operating_System
:	O
In	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
a	O
thread	B-Operating_System
of	I-Operating_System
execution	I-Operating_System
is	O
the	O
smallest	O
sequence	O
of	O
programmed	O
instructions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
managed	O
independently	O
by	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
scheduler	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
scheduler	O
itself	O
is	O
a	O
light-weight	B-Operating_System
process	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
implementation	O
of	O
threads	B-Operating_System
and	O
processes	B-Operating_System
differs	O
from	O
one	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
to	O
another	O
,	O
but	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
thread	B-Operating_System
is	O
contained	O
inside	O
a	O
process	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
templating	O
:	O
In	O
an	O
o/s	O
context	O
,	O
templating	O
refers	O
to	O
creating	O
a	O
single	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machine	I-Architecture
image	O
as	O
a	O
guest	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
then	O
saving	O
it	O
as	O
a	O
tool	O
for	O
multiple	O
running	O
virtual	B-Architecture
machines	I-Architecture
(	O
Gagne	O
,	O
2012	O
,	O
p.716	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
technique	O
is	O
used	O
both	O
in	O
virtualization	O
and	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
management	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
common	O
in	O
large	O
server	O
warehouses	O
.	O
</s>
