<s>
A	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
is	O
an	O
aircraft	O
cockpit	O
that	O
features	O
electronic	O
(	O
digital	O
)	O
flight	O
instrument	O
displays	O
,	O
typically	O
large	O
LCD	B-Device
screens	I-Device
,	O
rather	O
than	O
the	O
traditional	O
style	O
of	O
analog	O
dials	O
and	O
gauges	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
a	O
traditional	O
cockpit	O
relies	O
on	O
numerous	O
mechanical	O
gauges	O
(	O
nicknamed	O
"	O
steam	O
gauges	O
"	O
)	O
to	O
display	B-Device
information	O
,	O
a	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
uses	O
several	O
multi-function	B-Device
displays	I-Device
driven	O
by	O
flight	O
management	O
systems	O
,	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
adjusted	O
to	O
display	B-Device
flight	O
information	O
as	O
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Traditional	O
gyroscopic	B-Application
flight	O
instruments	O
have	O
been	O
replaced	O
by	O
electronic	O
attitude	B-Device
and	I-Device
heading	I-Device
reference	I-Device
systems	I-Device
(	O
AHRS	B-Device
)	O
and	O
air	O
data	O
computers	O
(	O
ADCs	O
)	O
,	O
improving	O
reliability	O
and	O
reducing	O
cost	O
and	O
maintenance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GPS	O
receivers	O
are	O
usually	O
integrated	O
into	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
,	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
McDonnell	O
Douglas	O
MD-80	O
,	O
Boeing	O
737	O
Classic	O
,	O
ATR	O
42	O
,	O
ATR	O
72	O
and	O
in	O
the	O
Airbus	O
A300-600	O
and	O
A310	O
,	O
used	O
electronic	B-Device
flight	I-Device
instrument	I-Device
systems	I-Device
(	O
EFIS	B-Device
)	O
to	O
display	B-Device
attitude	O
and	O
navigational	O
information	O
only	O
,	O
with	O
traditional	O
mechanical	O
gauges	O
retained	O
for	O
airspeed	O
,	O
altitude	O
,	O
vertical	O
speed	O
,	O
and	O
engine	O
performance	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
,	O
found	O
in	O
the	O
Boeing	O
737NG	O
,	O
747-400	O
,	O
767-400	O
,	O
777	O
,	O
Airbus	O
A320	O
,	O
later	O
Airbuses	O
,	O
Ilyushin	O
Il-96	O
and	O
Tupolev	O
Tu-204	O
have	O
completely	O
replaced	O
the	O
mechanical	O
gauges	O
and	O
warning	O
lights	O
in	O
previous	O
generations	O
of	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
glass	O
cockpit-equipped	O
aircraft	O
throughout	O
the	O
late	O
20th	O
century	O
still	O
retained	O
analog	O
altimeters	O
,	O
attitude	O
,	O
and	O
airspeed	O
indicators	O
as	O
standby	O
instruments	O
in	O
case	O
the	O
EFIS	B-Device
displays	O
failed	O
,	O
more	O
modern	O
aircraft	O
have	O
increasingly	O
been	O
using	O
digital	O
standby	O
instruments	O
as	O
well	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
integrated	O
standby	O
instrument	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
originated	O
in	O
military	O
aircraft	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1960s	O
and	O
early	O
1970s	O
;	O
an	O
early	O
example	O
is	O
the	O
Mark	O
II	O
avionics	O
of	O
the	O
F-111D	O
(	O
first	O
ordered	O
in	O
1967	O
,	O
delivered	O
from	O
1970	O
–	O
73	O
)	O
,	O
which	O
featured	O
a	O
multi-function	B-Device
display	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Boeing	O
2707	O
was	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
earliest	O
commercial	O
aircraft	O
designed	O
with	O
a	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
cockpit	O
instruments	O
were	O
still	O
analog	O
,	O
but	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tube	I-Device
(	O
CRT	O
)	O
displays	O
were	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
attitude	O
indicator	O
and	O
horizontal	O
situation	O
indicator	O
(	O
HSI	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
,	O
NASA	O
conducted	O
research	O
on	O
displays	O
that	O
could	O
process	O
the	O
raw	O
aircraft	O
system	O
and	O
flight	O
data	O
into	O
an	O
integrated	O
,	O
easily	O
understood	O
picture	O
of	O
the	O
flight	O
situation	O
,	O
culminating	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
flights	O
demonstrating	O
a	O
full	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
success	O
of	O
the	O
NASA-led	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
work	O
is	O
reflected	O
in	O
the	O
total	O
acceptance	O
of	O
electronic	O
flight	O
displays	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
1990s	O
,	O
liquid-crystal	B-Device
display	I-Device
(	O
LCD	B-Device
)	O
panels	O
were	O
increasingly	O
favored	O
among	O
aircraft	O
manufacturers	O
because	O
of	O
their	O
efficiency	O
,	O
reliability	O
and	O
legibility	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Earlier	O
LCD	B-Device
panels	I-Device
suffered	O
from	O
poor	O
legibility	O
at	O
some	O
viewing	O
angles	O
and	O
poor	O
response	O
times	O
,	O
making	O
them	O
unsuitable	O
for	O
aviation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
aircraft	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Boeing	O
737	O
Next	O
Generation	O
,	O
777	O
,	O
717	O
,	O
747-400ER	O
,	O
747-8F	O
767-400ER	O
,	O
747-8	O
,	O
and	O
787	O
,	O
Airbus	O
A320	O
family	O
(	O
later	O
versions	O
)	O
,	O
A330	O
(	O
later	O
versions	O
)	O
,	O
A340-500/600	O
,	O
A340-300	O
(	O
later	O
versions	O
)	O
,	O
A380	O
and	O
A350	O
are	O
fitted	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
consisting	O
of	O
LCD	B-Device
units	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
has	O
become	O
standard	O
equipment	O
in	O
airliners	O
,	O
business	O
jets	O
,	O
and	O
military	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
century	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
began	O
appearing	O
in	O
general	O
aviation	O
aircraft	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2003	O
,	O
Cirrus	O
Design	O
's	O
SR20	O
and	O
SR22	O
became	O
the	O
first	O
light	O
aircraft	O
equipped	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
,	O
which	O
they	O
made	O
standard	O
on	O
all	O
Cirrus	O
aircraft	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
2005	O
,	O
even	O
basic	O
trainers	O
like	O
the	O
Piper	O
Cherokee	O
and	O
Cessna	O
172	O
were	O
shipping	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
as	O
options	O
(	O
which	O
nearly	O
all	O
customers	O
chose	O
)	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
many	O
modern	O
utility	O
aircraft	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Diamond	O
DA42	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Lockheed	O
Martin	O
F-35	O
Lightning	O
II	O
features	O
a	O
"	O
panoramic	O
cockpit	O
display	B-Device
"	O
touchscreen	O
that	O
replaces	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
switches	O
and	O
toggles	O
found	O
in	O
an	O
aircraft	O
cockpit	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
civilian	O
Cirrus	O
Vision	O
SF50	O
has	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
which	O
they	O
call	O
a	O
"	O
Perspective	O
Touch	O
"	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Unlike	O
the	O
previous	O
era	O
of	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
—	O
where	O
designers	O
merely	O
copied	O
the	O
look	O
and	O
feel	O
of	O
conventional	O
electromechanical	O
instruments	O
onto	O
cathode	B-Device
ray	I-Device
tubes	I-Device
—	O
the	O
new	O
displays	O
represent	O
a	O
true	O
departure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
the	O
manufacturers	O
involved	O
have	O
chosen	O
to	O
do	O
so	O
in	O
one	O
way	O
or	O
another	O
—	O
such	O
as	O
using	O
a	O
trackball	B-Device
,	O
thumb	O
pad	O
or	O
joystick	B-Device
as	O
a	O
pilot-input	O
device	O
in	O
a	O
computer-style	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modern	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
might	O
include	O
synthetic	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
SVS	O
)	O
or	O
enhanced	B-Device
flight	I-Device
vision	I-Device
systems	I-Device
(	O
EFVS	B-Device
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Synthetic	B-General_Concept
vision	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
display	B-Device
a	O
realistic	O
3D	O
depiction	O
of	O
the	O
outside	O
world	O
(	O
similar	O
to	O
a	O
flight	B-Application
simulator	I-Application
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
database	O
of	O
terrain	O
and	O
geophysical	O
features	O
in	O
conjunction	O
with	O
the	O
attitude	O
and	O
position	O
information	O
gathered	O
from	O
the	O
aircraft	O
navigational	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enhanced	B-Device
flight	I-Device
vision	I-Device
systems	I-Device
add	O
real-time	O
information	O
from	O
external	O
sensors	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
an	O
infrared	O
camera	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
new	O
airliners	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Airbus	O
A380	O
,	O
Boeing	O
787	O
and	O
private	O
jets	O
such	O
as	O
Bombardier	O
Global	O
Express	O
and	O
Learjet	O
use	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
modern	O
general	O
aviation	O
aircraft	O
are	O
available	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
are	O
also	O
popular	O
as	O
a	O
retrofit	O
for	O
older	O
private	O
jets	O
and	O
turboprops	O
such	O
as	O
Dassault	O
Falcons	O
,	O
Raytheon	O
Hawkers	O
,	O
Bombardier	O
Challengers	O
,	O
Cessna	O
Citations	O
,	O
Gulfstreams	O
,	O
King	O
Airs	O
,	O
Learjets	O
,	O
Astras	O
,	O
and	O
many	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
demonstrate	O
how	O
the	O
"	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
"	O
idea	O
is	O
being	O
applied	O
to	O
consumer	O
devices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Applications	O
include	O
toy-grade	O
UAVs	O
which	O
use	O
the	O
display	B-Device
and	O
touch	O
screen	O
of	O
a	O
tablet	O
or	O
smartphone	O
to	O
employ	O
every	O
aspect	O
of	O
the	O
"	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
"	O
for	O
instrument	O
display	B-Device
,	O
and	O
fly-by-wire	O
for	O
aircraft	O
control	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
idea	O
made	O
news	O
in	O
1980s	O
trade	O
magazines	O
,	O
like	O
Aviation	O
Week	O
&	O
Space	O
Technology	O
,	O
when	O
NASA	O
announced	O
that	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
replacing	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
electro-mechanical	O
flight	O
instruments	O
in	O
the	O
space	O
shuttles	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
components	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
articles	O
mentioned	O
how	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
components	O
had	O
the	O
added	O
benefit	O
of	O
being	O
a	O
few	O
hundred	O
pounds	O
lighter	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
flight	O
instruments	O
and	O
support	O
systems	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
Space	O
Shuttles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
was	O
the	O
first	O
orbiter	O
to	O
be	O
retrofitted	O
with	O
a	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
in	O
2000	O
with	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
STS-101	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Columbia	O
was	O
the	O
second	O
orbiter	O
with	O
a	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
on	O
STS-109	O
in	O
2002	O
,	O
followed	O
by	O
Discovery	O
in	O
2005	O
with	O
STS-114	O
,	O
and	O
Endeavour	O
in	O
2007	O
with	O
STS-118	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
NASA	O
's	O
Orion	O
spacecraft	O
will	O
use	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
derived	O
from	O
Boeing	O
787	O
Dreamliner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
aircraft	O
operation	O
depends	O
on	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
systems	O
,	O
flight	O
crews	O
must	O
be	O
trained	O
to	O
deal	O
with	O
failures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
25	O
January	O
2008	O
United	O
Airlines	O
Flight	O
731	O
experienced	O
a	O
serious	O
glass-cockpit	B-Device
blackout	O
,	O
losing	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
Electronic	O
Centralised	O
Aircraft	O
Monitor	O
(	O
ECAM	O
)	O
displays	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
all	O
radios	O
,	O
transponders	O
,	O
Traffic	O
Collision	O
Avoidance	O
System	O
(	O
TCAS	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
attitude	O
indicators	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Due	O
to	O
the	O
possibility	O
of	O
a	O
blackout	O
,	O
glass	B-Device
cockpit	I-Device
aircraft	O
also	O
have	O
an	O
integrated	O
standby	O
instrument	O
system	O
that	O
includes	O
(	O
at	O
a	O
minimum	O
)	O
an	O
artificial	O
horizon	O
,	O
altimeter	O
and	O
airspeed	O
indicator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
study	O
found	O
that	O
,	O
although	O
aircraft	O
equipped	O
with	O
glass	B-Device
cockpits	I-Device
had	O
a	O
lower	O
overall	O
accident	O
rate	O
,	O
they	O
also	O
had	O
a	O
larger	O
chance	O
of	O
being	O
involved	O
in	O
a	O
fatal	O
accident	O
.	O
</s>
