<s>
The	O
glass	B-Algorithm
battery	I-Algorithm
is	O
a	O
type	O
of	O
solid-state	B-Architecture
battery	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
uses	O
a	O
glass	O
electrolyte	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
or	O
sodium	O
metal	O
electrodes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
was	O
invented	O
by	O
John	O
B	O
.	O
Goodenough	O
,	O
inventor	O
of	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
cobalt	O
oxide	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
iron	O
phosphate	O
electrode	O
materials	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
lithium-ion	O
battery	O
(	O
Li-ion	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
Maria	O
H	O
.	O
Braga	O
,	O
an	O
associate	O
professor	O
at	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Porto	O
and	O
a	O
senior	O
research	O
fellow	O
at	O
Cockrell	O
School	O
of	O
Engineering	O
at	O
The	O
University	O
of	O
Texas	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2016	O
Iowa	O
State	O
University	O
was	O
granted	O
U.S.	O
$1.6	O
million	O
to	O
develop	O
new	O
lithium-ion-conducting	O
glassy	O
solid	O
electrolytes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
August	O
2019	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
announced	O
that	O
GM	O
was	O
awarded	O
U.S.	O
$2	O
million	O
by	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Department	O
of	O
Energy	O
for	O
research	O
into	O
the	O
"	O
fundamental	O
understanding	O
of	O
interfacial	O
phenomena	O
in	O
solid-state	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
"	O
and	O
"	O
hot	O
pressing	O
of	O
reinforced	O
all-solid-state	O
batteries	O
with	O
sulfide	O
glass	O
electrolyte.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
initial	O
publication	O
in	O
December	O
2016	O
was	O
met	O
with	O
considerable	O
skepticism	O
by	O
other	O
researchers	O
in	O
battery	O
technology	O
,	O
with	O
several	O
noting	O
that	O
it	O
is	O
unclear	O
how	O
a	O
battery	O
voltage	O
is	O
obtained	O
given	O
that	O
pure	O
metallic	O
lithium	B-Language
or	O
sodium	O
exists	O
on	O
both	O
electrodes	O
,	O
which	O
should	O
not	O
produce	O
a	O
difference	O
in	O
electrochemical	O
potential	O
,	O
and	O
therefore	O
give	O
no	O
cell	O
voltage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Goodenough	O
responded	O
to	O
the	O
skepticism	O
,	O
stating	O
:	O
"	O
The	O
answer	O
is	O
that	O
if	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
plated	O
on	O
the	O
cathode	O
current	O
collector	O
is	O
thin	O
enough	O
for	O
its	O
reaction	O
with	O
the	O
current	O
collector	O
to	O
have	O
its	O
Fermi	O
energy	O
lowered	O
to	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
current	O
collector	O
,	O
the	O
Fermi	O
energy	O
of	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
anode	O
is	O
higher	O
than	O
that	O
of	O
the	O
thin	O
lithium	B-Language
plated	O
on	O
the	O
cathode	O
current	O
collector.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Goodenough	O
went	O
on	O
to	O
say	O
in	O
a	O
later	O
interview	O
with	O
Slashdot	O
that	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
plated	O
on	O
the	O
cathode	O
is	O
on	O
the	O
"	O
order	O
of	O
a	O
micron	O
thick	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Lacey	O
also	O
notes	O
that	O
the	O
original	O
publication	O
does	O
not	O
mention	O
a	O
limit	O
to	O
the	O
thickness	O
of	O
the	O
lithium	B-Language
plated	O
on	O
the	O
cathode	O
,	O
but	O
instead	O
states	O
the	O
opposite	O
:	O
that	O
the	O
capacity	O
of	O
the	O
cell	O
is	O
"	O
determined	O
by	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
alkali	O
metal	O
used	O
as	O
the	O
anode	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
,	O
as	O
reported	O
in	O
the	O
original	O
publication	O
,	O
is	O
constructed	O
using	O
an	O
alkali	O
metal	O
(	O
lithium	B-Language
or	O
sodium	O
foil	O
)	O
as	O
the	O
negative	O
electrode	O
(	O
anode	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
mixture	O
of	O
carbon	O
and	O
a	O
redox	O
active	O
component	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
positive	O
electrode	O
(	O
cathode	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
electrolyte	O
is	O
a	O
highly	O
conductive	O
glass	O
formed	O
from	O
lithium	B-Language
hydroxide	O
and	O
lithium	B-Language
chloride	O
and	O
doped	O
with	O
barium	O
,	O
allowing	O
fast	O
charging	O
of	O
the	O
battery	O
without	O
the	O
formation	O
of	O
metal	O
dendrites	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Braga	O
says	O
the	O
new	O
battery	O
has	O
twice	O
the	O
energy	O
density	O
of	O
conventional	O
lithium	B-Language
ion	O
batteries	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
recharged	O
23,000	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Braga	O
and	O
Goodenough	O
stated	O
they	O
expect	O
the	O
battery	O
to	O
have	O
an	O
energy	O
density	O
many	O
times	O
higher	O
than	O
current	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
an	O
operating	O
temperature	O
range	O
down	O
to	O
;	O
much	O
lower	O
than	O
current	O
solid-state	B-Architecture
batteries	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
's	O
design	O
is	O
safer	O
than	O
lithium-ion	O
batteries	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
flammable	O
liquid	O
electrolyte	O
is	O
avoided	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
battery	O
can	O
also	O
be	O
made	O
using	O
low-cost	O
sodium	O
instead	O
of	O
lithium	B-Language
.	O
</s>
