<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
is	O
a	O
cloud-based	O
artificial	B-Application
intelligence	I-Application
tool	O
developed	O
by	O
GitHub	B-Application
and	O
OpenAI	O
to	O
assist	O
users	O
of	O
Visual	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
Code	I-Language
,	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
,	O
Neovim	O
,	O
and	O
JetBrains	O
integrated	B-Application
development	I-Application
environments	I-Application
(	O
IDEs	O
)	O
by	O
autocompleting	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Currently	O
available	O
by	O
subscription	O
to	O
individual	O
developers	O
,	O
the	O
tool	O
was	O
first	O
announced	O
by	O
GitHub	B-Application
on	O
29	O
June	O
2021	O
,	O
and	O
works	O
best	O
for	O
users	O
coding	O
in	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
TypeScript	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Go	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
29	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
for	O
technical	O
preview	O
in	O
the	O
Visual	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
Code	I-Language
development	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
was	O
released	O
as	O
a	O
plugin	B-Application
on	O
the	O
JetBrains	O
marketplace	O
on	O
October	O
29	O
,	O
2021	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
October	O
27	O
,	O
2021	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
released	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
Neovim	O
plugin	B-Application
as	O
a	O
public	O
repository	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
Copilot	O
's	O
availability	O
for	O
the	O
Visual	B-Application
Studio	I-Application
2022	O
IDE	O
on	O
March	O
29	O
,	O
2022	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
21	O
,	O
2022	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
Copilot	O
was	O
out	O
of	O
"	O
technical	O
preview	O
"	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
subscription-based	O
service	O
for	O
individual	O
developers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
its	O
website	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
includes	O
assistive	O
features	O
for	O
programmers	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
conversion	O
of	O
code	O
comments	O
to	O
runnable	O
code	O
and	O
autocomplete	O
for	O
chunks	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
repetitive	O
sections	O
of	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
entire	O
methods	B-Language
and/or	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
reports	O
that	O
Copilot	O
’s	O
autocomplete	O
feature	O
is	O
accurate	O
roughly	O
half	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
;	O
with	O
some	O
Python	B-Language
function	O
header	O
code	O
,	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
Copilot	O
correctly	O
autocompleted	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
the	O
function	O
body	O
code	O
43%	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
on	O
the	O
first	O
try	O
and	O
57%	O
of	O
the	O
time	O
after	O
ten	O
attempts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
states	O
that	O
Copilot	O
’s	O
features	O
allow	O
programmers	O
to	O
navigate	O
unfamiliar	O
coding	O
frameworks	B-Architecture
and	O
languages	O
by	O
reducing	O
the	O
amount	O
of	O
time	O
users	O
spend	O
reading	O
documentation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
is	O
powered	O
by	O
the	O
OpenAI	O
Codex	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
a	O
modified	O
,	O
production	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Generative	B-General_Concept
Pre-trained	I-General_Concept
Transformer	I-General_Concept
3	I-General_Concept
(	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
a	O
language	O
model	O
using	O
deep-learning	B-Algorithm
to	O
produce	O
human-like	O
text	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copilot	O
’s	O
OpenAI	O
Codex	O
is	O
trained	O
on	O
a	O
selection	O
of	O
the	O
English	O
language	O
,	O
public	O
GitHub	B-Application
repositories	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
publicly	O
available	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
a	O
filtered	O
dataset	O
of	O
159	O
gigabytes	O
of	O
Python	B-Language
code	I-Language
sourced	O
from	O
54	O
million	O
public	O
GitHub	B-Application
repositories	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
AI	B-Application
’s	O
GPT-3	B-General_Concept
is	O
licensed	O
exclusively	O
to	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
’s	O
parent	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
lawsuit	O
from	O
Joseph	O
Saveri	O
Law	O
Firm	O
,	O
LLP	O
challenges	O
the	O
legality	O
of	O
Copilot	O
on	O
several	O
claims	O
,	O
ranging	O
from	O
breach	O
of	O
contract	O
with	O
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
users	O
,	O
to	O
breach	O
of	O
privacy	O
under	O
the	O
CCPA	O
for	O
sharing	O
PII	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
admits	O
that	O
a	O
small	O
proportion	O
of	O
the	O
tool	O
's	O
output	O
may	O
be	O
copied	O
verbatim	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
led	O
to	O
fears	O
that	O
the	O
output	O
code	O
is	O
insufficiently	O
transformative	O
to	O
be	O
classified	O
as	O
fair	O
use	O
and	O
may	O
infringe	O
on	O
the	O
copyright	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
owner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
June	O
2022	O
,	O
the	O
Software	O
Freedom	O
Conservancy	O
announced	O
it	O
would	O
end	O
all	O
uses	O
of	O
GitHub	B-Application
in	O
its	O
own	O
projects	O
,	O
accusing	O
Copilot	O
of	O
ignoring	O
code	B-License
licenses	I-License
used	O
in	O
training	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
customer-support	O
message	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
stated	O
that	O
"	O
training	O
machine	O
learning	O
models	O
on	O
publicly	O
available	O
data	O
is	O
considered	O
fair	O
use	O
across	O
the	O
machine	O
learning	O
community	O
"	O
,	O
but	O
the	O
class	O
action	O
lawsuit	O
called	O
this	O
"	O
false	O
"	O
and	O
additionally	O
noted	O
that	O
"	O
regardless	O
of	O
this	O
concept	O
's	O
level	O
of	O
acceptance	O
in	O
'	O
the	O
machine	O
learning	O
community	O
,	O
'	O
under	O
Federal	O
law	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
illegal	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
28	O
2021	O
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
(	O
FSF	O
)	O
published	O
a	O
funded	O
call	O
for	O
white	O
papers	O
on	O
philosophical	O
and	O
legal	O
questions	O
around	O
Copilot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Copilot	O
service	O
is	O
cloud-based	O
and	O
requires	O
continuous	O
communication	O
with	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
done	O
along	O
the	O
axes	O
of	O
diversity	O
of	O
weaknesses	O
(	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
scenarios	O
that	O
may	O
lead	O
to	O
various	O
code	O
weaknesses	O
)	O
,	O
diversity	O
of	O
prompts	O
(	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
respond	O
to	O
the	O
same	O
code	O
weakness	O
with	O
subtle	O
variation	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
diversity	O
of	O
domains	O
(	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
generate	O
register	O
transfer	O
level	O
hardware	O
specifications	O
in	O
Verilog	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
February	O
2022	O
paper	O
released	O
by	O
the	O
Association	O
for	O
Computing	O
Machinery	O
evaluates	O
the	O
impact	O
Codex	O
,	O
the	O
technology	O
used	O
by	O
Github	B-Application
Copilot	I-Application
,	O
may	O
have	O
on	O
the	O
education	O
of	O
novice	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Researchers	O
found	O
that	O
Codex	O
,	O
on	O
average	O
,	O
performed	O
better	O
than	O
most	O
students	O
;	O
however	O
,	O
its	O
performance	O
decreased	O
on	O
questions	O
that	O
limited	O
what	O
features	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
the	O
solution	O
(	O
e.g.	O
,	O
conditionals	B-Language
,	O
collections	B-Application
,	O
and	O
loops	B-Language
)	O
.	O
</s>
