<s>
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
(	O
)	O
is	O
an	O
Internet	O
hosting	O
service	O
for	O
software	O
development	O
and	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
using	O
Git	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
provides	O
the	O
distributed	B-Protocol
version	I-Protocol
control	I-Protocol
of	O
Git	B-Application
plus	O
access	O
control	O
,	O
bug	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
,	O
software	B-Architecture
feature	I-Architecture
requests	O
,	O
task	O
management	O
,	O
continuous	O
integration	O
,	O
and	O
wikis	B-Protocol
for	O
every	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
commonly	O
used	O
to	O
host	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
software	O
development	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
January	O
2023	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
reported	O
having	O
over	O
100million	O
developers	B-Application
and	O
more	O
than	O
372million	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
including	O
at	O
least	O
28million	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Development	O
of	O
the	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
platform	O
began	O
on	O
October	O
19	O
,	O
2007	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
has	O
an	O
annual	O
keynote	B-Protocol
called	O
GitHub	B-Application
Universe	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
was	O
originally	O
a	O
flat	O
organization	O
with	O
no	O
middle	O
managers	O
;	O
in	O
other	O
words	O
,	O
"	O
everyone	O
is	O
a	O
manager	O
"	O
(	O
self-management	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2014	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
added	O
a	O
layer	O
of	O
middle	O
management	O
in	O
response	O
to	O
serious	O
harassment	O
allegations	O
made	O
against	O
its	O
senior	O
leadership	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub.com	B-Application
was	O
a	O
bootstrapped	O
start-up	O
business	O
,	O
which	O
in	O
its	O
first	O
years	O
provided	O
enough	O
revenue	O
to	O
be	O
funded	O
solely	O
by	O
its	O
three	O
founders	O
and	O
start	O
taking	O
on	O
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2015	O
GitHub	B-Application
raised	O
another	O
$250million	O
of	O
venture	O
capital	O
in	O
a	O
series	O
B	O
round	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
2023	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
was	O
estimated	O
to	O
be	O
generating	O
$1billion	O
in	O
Annual	O
Recurring	O
Revenue	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GitHub	B-Application
service	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Chris	O
Wanstrath	O
,	O
P	O
.	O
J	O
.	O
Hyett	O
,	O
Tom	O
Preston-Werner	O
,	O
and	O
Scott	O
Chacon	O
using	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
,	O
and	O
started	O
in	O
February	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
company	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Inc.	O
,	O
has	O
existed	O
since	O
2007	O
and	O
is	O
located	O
in	O
San	O
Francisco	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
24	O
,	O
2009	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
within	O
the	O
first	O
year	O
of	O
being	O
online	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
had	O
accumulated	O
over	O
46,000	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
17,000	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
formed	O
in	O
the	O
previous	O
month	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
that	O
time	O
,	O
about	O
6,200	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
had	O
been	O
forked	B-Application
at	O
least	O
once	O
and	O
4,600	O
had	O
been	O
merged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
That	O
same	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
site	O
was	O
used	O
by	O
over	O
100,000	O
users	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
and	O
had	O
grown	O
to	O
host	O
90,000	O
unique	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
12,000	O
having	O
been	O
forked	B-Application
at	O
least	O
once	O
,	O
for	O
a	O
total	O
of	O
135,000	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2010	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
was	O
hosting	O
1	O
million	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
ReadWriteWeb	O
reported	O
that	O
GitHub	B-Application
had	O
surpassed	O
SourceForge	B-Application
and	O
Google	B-Protocol
Code	I-Protocol
in	O
total	O
number	O
of	O
commits	O
for	O
the	O
period	O
of	O
January	O
to	O
May	O
2011	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
January	O
16	O
,	O
2013	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
passed	O
the	O
3	O
million	O
users	O
mark	O
and	O
was	O
then	O
hosting	O
more	O
than	O
5	O
million	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
year	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
was	O
twice	O
as	O
great	O
,	O
reaching	O
10	O
million	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2012	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
raised	O
$100	O
million	O
in	O
funding	O
from	O
Andreessen	O
Horowitz	O
with	O
a	O
$750	O
million	O
valuation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
29	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
stated	O
it	O
had	O
raised	O
$250	O
million	O
in	O
funding	O
in	O
a	O
round	O
led	O
by	O
Sequoia	O
Capital	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2015	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
opened	O
an	O
office	O
in	O
Japan	O
,	O
its	O
first	O
outside	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
was	O
ranked	O
No	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
February	O
28	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
fell	O
victim	O
to	O
the	O
third-largest	O
distributed	O
denial-of-service	O
(	O
DDoS	O
)	O
attack	O
in	O
history	O
,	O
with	O
incoming	O
traffic	O
reaching	O
a	O
peak	O
of	O
about	O
1.35	O
terabits	O
per	O
second	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
19	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
expanded	O
its	O
GitHub	B-Application
Education	O
by	O
offering	O
free	O
education	O
bundles	O
to	O
all	O
schools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
2012	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
became	O
a	O
significant	O
user	O
of	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
using	O
it	O
to	O
host	O
open-source	B-License
projects	O
and	O
development	O
tools	O
such	O
as	O
.NET	B-Application
Core	I-Application
,	O
Chakra	B-Language
Core	I-Language
,	O
MSBuild	B-Application
,	O
PowerShell	B-Application
,	O
PowerToys	B-Application
,	O
Visual	B-Language
Studio	I-Language
Code	I-Language
,	O
Windows	B-Application
Calculator	I-Application
,	O
Windows	B-Language
Terminal	I-Language
and	O
the	O
bulk	O
of	O
its	O
product	O
documentation	O
(	O
now	O
to	O
be	O
found	O
on	O
Microsoft	O
Docs	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
June	O
4	O
,	O
2018	O
,	O
Microsoft	O
announced	O
its	O
intent	O
to	O
acquire	O
GitHub	B-Application
for	O
US	O
$7.5	O
billion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
continued	O
to	O
operate	O
independently	O
as	O
a	O
community	O
,	O
platform	O
and	O
business	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Under	O
Microsoft	O
,	O
the	O
service	O
was	O
led	O
by	O
Xamarin	B-Application
's	O
Nat	O
Friedman	O
,	O
reporting	O
to	O
Scott	O
Guthrie	O
,	O
executive	O
vice	O
president	O
of	O
Microsoft	O
Cloud	O
and	O
AI	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
CEO	O
,	O
Chris	O
Wanstrath	O
,	O
was	O
retained	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
technical	O
fellow	O
,	O
"	O
also	O
reporting	O
to	O
Guthrie	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
have	O
been	O
concerns	O
from	O
developers	B-Application
Kyle	O
Simpson	O
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
trainer	O
and	O
author	O
,	O
and	O
Rafael	O
Laguna	O
,	O
CEO	O
at	O
Open-Xchange	B-Protocol
over	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
purchase	O
,	O
citing	O
uneasiness	O
over	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
handling	O
of	O
previous	O
acquisitions	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Nokia	O
's	O
mobile	O
business	O
and	O
Skype	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
acquisition	O
was	O
in	O
line	O
with	O
Microsoft	O
's	O
business	O
strategy	O
under	O
CEO	O
Satya	O
Nadella	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
seen	O
a	O
larger	O
focus	O
on	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
services	O
,	O
alongside	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
and	O
contributions	O
to	O
open-source	B-License
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Harvard	O
Business	O
Review	O
argued	O
that	O
Microsoft	O
was	O
intending	O
to	O
acquire	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
get	O
access	O
to	O
its	O
user	O
base	O
,	O
so	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
loss	O
leader	O
to	O
encourage	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
its	O
other	O
development	O
products	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Concerns	O
over	O
the	O
sale	O
bolstered	O
interest	O
in	O
competitors	O
:	O
Bitbucket	B-Protocol
(	O
owned	O
by	O
Atlassian	O
)	O
,	O
GitLab	B-Application
and	O
SourceForge	B-Application
(	O
owned	O
by	O
BIZX	O
,	O
LLC	O
)	O
reported	O
that	O
they	O
had	O
seen	O
spikes	O
in	O
new	O
users	O
intending	O
to	O
migrate	O
projects	O
from	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
their	O
respective	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
September	O
2019	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
acquired	O
Semmle	O
,	O
a	O
code	O
analysis	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
February	O
2020	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
launched	O
in	O
India	O
under	O
the	O
name	O
GitHub	B-Application
India	O
Private	O
Limited	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2020	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
that	O
they	O
were	O
acquiring	O
npm	B-Language
,	O
a	O
JavaScript	B-Language
packaging	O
vendor	O
,	O
for	O
an	O
undisclosed	O
sum	O
of	O
money	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
early	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
Archive	O
Program	O
was	O
established	O
,	O
to	O
archive	O
its	O
open-source	B-License
code	O
in	O
perpetuity	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
mascot	B-Application
is	O
an	O
anthropomorphized	O
"	O
octocat	O
"	O
with	O
five	O
octopus-like	O
arms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
character	O
was	O
created	O
by	O
graphic	O
designer	O
Simon	O
Oxley	O
as	O
clip	O
art	O
to	O
sell	O
on	O
iStock	O
,	O
a	O
website	O
that	O
enables	O
designers	O
to	O
market	O
royalty-free	O
digital	B-Algorithm
images	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
became	O
interested	O
in	O
Oxley	O
's	O
work	O
after	O
Twitter	B-Application
selected	O
a	O
bird	O
that	O
he	O
designed	O
for	O
their	O
own	O
logo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
illustration	O
GitHub	B-Application
chose	O
was	O
a	O
character	O
that	O
Oxley	O
had	O
named	O
Octopuss	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
GitHub	B-Application
wanted	O
Octopuss	O
for	O
their	O
logo	O
(	O
a	O
use	O
that	O
the	O
iStock	O
license	O
disallows	O
)	O
,	O
they	O
negotiated	O
with	O
Oxley	O
to	O
buy	O
exclusive	O
rights	O
to	O
the	O
image	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
renamed	O
Octopuss	O
to	O
Octocat	O
,	O
and	O
trademarked	O
the	O
character	O
along	O
with	O
the	O
new	O
name	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
hired	O
illustrator	O
Cameron	O
McEfee	O
to	O
adapt	O
Octocat	O
for	O
different	O
purposes	O
on	O
the	O
website	O
and	O
promotional	O
materials	O
;	O
McEfee	O
and	O
various	O
GitHub	B-Application
users	O
have	O
since	O
created	O
hundreds	O
of	O
variations	O
of	O
the	O
character	O
,	O
which	O
are	O
available	O
on	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Projects	O
on	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
can	O
be	O
accessed	O
and	O
managed	O
using	O
the	O
standard	O
Git	B-Application
command-line	O
interface	O
;	O
all	O
standard	O
Git	B-Application
commands	O
work	O
with	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub.com	B-Application
also	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
browse	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
on	O
the	O
site	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Multiple	O
desktop	O
clients	O
and	O
Git	B-Application
plugins	B-Application
are	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
site	O
provides	O
social	O
networking-like	O
functions	O
such	O
as	O
feeds	O
,	O
followers	O
,	O
wikis	B-Protocol
(	O
using	O
wiki	B-Protocol
software	I-Protocol
called	O
Gollum	B-Application
)	O
and	O
a	O
social	O
network	O
graph	O
to	O
display	O
how	O
developers	B-Application
work	O
on	O
their	O
versions	O
(	O
"	O
forks	B-Application
"	O
)	O
of	O
a	O
repository	B-General_Concept
and	O
what	O
fork	B-Application
(	O
and	O
branch	O
within	O
that	O
fork	B-Application
)	O
is	O
newest	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Anyone	O
can	O
browse	O
and	O
download	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
but	O
only	O
registered	O
users	O
can	O
contribute	O
content	O
to	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
a	O
registered	O
user	O
account	O
,	O
users	O
are	O
able	O
to	O
have	O
discussions	O
,	O
manage	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
submit	O
contributions	O
to	O
others	O
 '	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
review	O
changes	O
to	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub.com	B-Application
began	O
offering	O
limited	O
private	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
at	O
no	O
cost	O
in	O
January	O
2019	O
(	O
limited	O
to	O
three	O
contributors	O
per	O
project	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Previously	O
,	O
only	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
were	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
14	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
made	O
"	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
core	O
GitHub	B-Application
features	O
"	O
free	O
for	O
everyone	O
,	O
including	O
"	O
private	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
with	O
unlimited	O
collaborators.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
fundamental	O
software	O
that	O
underpins	O
GitHub	B-Application
is	O
Git	B-Application
itself	O
,	O
written	O
by	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
creator	O
of	O
Linux	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
additional	O
software	O
that	O
provides	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
user	O
interface	O
was	O
written	O
using	O
Ruby	B-Application
on	I-Application
Rails	I-Application
and	O
Erlang	B-Operating_System
by	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
Inc	O
.	O
developers	B-Application
Wanstrath	O
,	O
Hyett	O
,	O
and	O
Preston-Werner	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
purpose	O
of	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
is	O
to	O
facilitate	O
the	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
and	O
issue	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
aspects	O
of	O
software	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Labels	O
,	O
milestones	O
,	O
responsibility	O
assignment	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
search	O
engine	O
are	O
available	O
for	O
issue	B-Application
tracking	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
,	O
Git	B-Application
(	O
and	O
by	O
extension	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
)	O
allows	O
pull	O
requests	O
to	O
propose	O
changes	O
to	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Git	B-Application
terminology	O
,	O
this	O
action	O
is	O
called	O
"	O
committing	O
"	O
and	O
one	O
instance	O
of	O
it	O
is	O
a	O
"	O
commit.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
supports	O
the	O
following	O
formats	O
and	O
features	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Option	O
to	O
subscribe	O
someone	O
to	O
notifications	O
by	O
@	B-Application
mentioning	I-Application
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
viewer	O
is	O
powered	O
by	O
WebGL	B-Library
and	O
Three.js	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
Terms	O
of	O
Service	O
do	O
not	O
require	O
public	O
software	O
projects	O
hosted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
meet	O
the	B-License
Open	I-License
Source	I-License
Definition	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
terms	O
of	O
service	O
state	O
,	O
"	O
By	O
setting	O
your	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
viewed	O
publicly	O
,	O
you	O
agree	O
to	O
allow	O
others	O
to	O
view	O
and	O
fork	B-Application
your	O
repositories.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Enterprise	O
is	O
a	O
self-managed	O
version	O
of	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
with	O
similar	O
functionality	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
November	O
2020	O
,	O
source	O
code	O
for	O
GitHub	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Server	O
was	O
leaked	O
online	O
in	O
an	O
apparent	O
protest	O
against	O
DMCA	O
takedown	O
of	O
youtube-dl	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
came	O
from	O
GitHub	B-Application
accidentally	O
sharing	O
the	O
code	O
with	O
Enterprise	O
customers	O
themselves	O
,	O
not	O
from	O
an	O
attack	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
servers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
2008	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
has	O
offered	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
,	O
a	O
static	O
web	O
hosting	O
service	O
for	O
blogs	O
,	O
project	O
documentation	O
,	O
and	O
books	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
content	O
is	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
Git	B-Application
repository	B-General_Concept
,	O
either	O
as	O
files	O
served	O
to	O
visitors	O
verbatim	O
or	O
in	O
Markdown	B-Application
format	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
is	O
integrated	O
with	O
Jekyll	B-Protocol
static	O
website	O
and	O
blog	O
generator	O
and	O
GitHub	B-Application
continuous	O
integration	O
pipelines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
time	O
the	O
content	O
source	O
is	O
updated	O
,	O
Jekyll	B-Protocol
regenerates	O
the	O
website	O
and	O
automatically	O
serves	O
it	O
via	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
infrastructure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
the	O
rest	O
of	O
GitHub	B-Application
,	O
it	O
includes	O
both	O
free	O
and	O
paid	O
tiers	O
of	O
service	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Websites	O
generated	O
through	O
this	O
service	O
are	O
hosted	O
either	O
as	O
subdomains	B-Protocol
of	O
the	O
github.io	O
domain	O
,	O
or	O
can	O
be	O
connected	O
to	O
custom	O
domains	O
bought	O
through	O
a	O
third-party	O
domain	B-Application
name	I-Application
registrar	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
supports	O
HTTPS	O
encryption	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
also	O
operates	O
a	O
pastebin-style	O
site	O
called	O
Gist	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
for	O
code	B-Application
snippets	I-Application
,	O
as	O
opposed	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
proper	O
,	O
which	O
is	O
for	O
larger	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tom	O
Preston-Werner	O
débuted	O
the	O
feature	O
at	O
a	O
Ruby	B-Language
conference	O
in	O
2008	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gist	O
builds	O
on	O
the	O
traditional	O
simple	O
concept	O
of	O
a	O
pastebin	O
by	O
adding	O
version	B-Architecture
control	I-Architecture
for	O
code	B-Application
snippets	I-Application
,	O
easy	O
forking	O
,	O
and	O
TLS	B-Protocol
encryption	I-Protocol
for	O
private	O
pastes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
each	O
"	O
gist	O
"	O
is	O
its	O
own	O
Git	B-Application
repository	B-General_Concept
,	O
multiple	O
code	B-Application
snippets	I-Application
can	O
be	O
contained	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
page	O
and	O
they	O
can	O
be	O
pushed	O
and	O
pulled	O
using	O
Git	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gists	O
 '	O
URLs	O
use	O
hexadecimal	O
IDs	O
,	O
and	O
edits	O
to	O
gists	O
are	O
recorded	O
in	O
a	O
revision	B-Architecture
history	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
can	O
show	O
the	O
text	O
difference	O
of	O
thirty	O
revisions	O
per	O
page	O
with	O
an	O
option	O
between	O
a	O
"	O
split	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
unified	O
"	O
view	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Like	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
Gists	O
can	O
be	O
forked	B-Application
,	O
"	O
starred	O
"	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
count	O
of	O
revisions	O
,	O
stars	O
,	O
and	O
forks	B-Application
is	O
indicated	O
on	O
the	O
gist	O
page	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
launched	O
a	O
new	O
program	O
called	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
Student	O
Developer	B-Application
Pack	O
to	O
give	O
students	O
over	O
the	O
age	O
of	O
13	O
free	O
access	O
to	O
popular	O
development	O
tools	O
and	O
services	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
partnered	O
with	O
Bitnami	B-General_Concept
,	O
Crowdflower	O
,	O
DigitalOcean	B-Application
,	O
DNSimple	O
,	O
HackHands	O
,	O
Namecheap	O
,	O
Orchestrate	O
,	O
Screenhero	O
,	O
SendGrid	B-Application
,	O
Stripe	B-Application
,	O
Travis	B-Application
CI	I-Application
,	O
and	O
Unreal	B-Operating_System
Engine	I-Operating_System
to	O
launch	O
the	O
program	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2016	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
announced	O
the	O
launch	O
of	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
Campus	O
Experts	O
program	O
to	O
train	O
and	O
encourage	O
students	O
to	O
grow	O
technology	O
communities	O
at	O
their	O
universities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Campus	O
Experts	O
are	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
primary	O
ways	O
that	O
GitHub	B-Application
funds	O
student-oriented	O
events	O
and	O
communities	O
,	O
Campus	O
Experts	O
are	O
given	O
access	O
to	O
training	O
,	O
funding	O
,	O
and	O
additional	O
resources	O
to	O
run	O
events	O
and	O
grow	O
their	O
communities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
also	O
provides	O
some	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
"	O
SaaS	B-Architecture
"	O
)	O
integrations	O
for	O
adding	O
extra	O
features	O
to	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Waffle.io	O
:	O
Project	O
management	O
for	O
software	O
teams	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Automatically	O
see	O
pull	O
requests	O
,	O
automated	O
builds	O
,	O
reviews	O
,	O
and	O
deployments	O
across	O
all	O
of	O
your	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
in	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Rollbar	O
:	O
Integrate	O
with	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
provide	O
real-time	O
debugging	O
tools	O
and	O
full-stack	O
exception	O
reporting	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
compatible	O
with	O
all	O
popular	O
code	O
languages	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
.NET	B-Application
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Node.js	B-Language
,	O
Android	B-Application
,	O
iOS	B-Application
,	O
Go	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
C#	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codebeat	O
:	O
For	O
automated	O
code	O
analysis	O
specialized	O
in	O
web	O
and	O
mobile	O
developers	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
supported	O
languages	O
for	O
this	O
software	O
are	O
Elixir	B-Language
,	O
Go	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
Swift	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
Kotlin	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
and	O
TypeScript	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Travis	B-Application
CI	I-Application
:	O
To	O
provide	O
confidence	O
for	O
your	O
apps	O
while	O
doing	O
test	O
and	O
ship	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Supported	O
languages	O
:	O
Go	B-Application
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
,	O
Objective-C	B-Language
,	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
PHP	B-Application
,	O
Ruby	B-Language
,	O
and	O
Swift	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitLocalize	O
automatically	O
syncs	O
with	O
your	O
repository	B-General_Concept
so	O
you	O
can	O
keep	O
your	O
workflow	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
Sponsors	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
make	O
monthly	O
money	O
donations	O
to	O
projects	O
hosted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Verge	O
said	O
that	O
GitHub	B-Application
Sponsors	O
"	O
works	O
exactly	O
like	O
Patreon	O
"	O
because	O
"	O
developers	B-Application
can	O
offer	O
various	O
funding	O
tiers	O
that	O
come	O
with	O
different	O
perks	O
,	O
and	O
they	O
'll	O
receive	O
recurring	O
payments	O
from	O
supporters	O
who	O
want	O
to	O
access	O
them	O
and	O
encourage	O
their	O
work	O
"	O
except	O
with	O
"	O
zero	O
fees	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
program.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Furthermore	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
offers	O
incentives	O
for	O
early	O
adopters	O
during	O
the	O
first	O
year	O
:	O
it	O
pledges	O
to	O
cover	O
payment	O
processing	O
costs	O
and	O
match	O
sponsorship	O
payments	O
up	O
to	O
$	O
5,000	O
per	O
developer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
July	O
2020	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
stored	O
a	O
February	O
archive	O
of	O
the	O
site	O
in	O
an	O
abandoned	O
mountain	O
mine	O
in	O
Svalbard	O
,	O
Norway	O
,	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
Arctic	O
World	O
Archive	O
and	O
not	O
far	O
from	O
the	O
Svalbard	O
Global	O
Seed	O
Vault	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
archive	O
contained	O
the	O
code	O
of	O
all	O
active	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
that	O
of	O
dormant	O
,	O
but	O
significant	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GitHub	B-Application
Archive	O
Program	O
is	O
also	O
working	O
with	O
partners	O
on	O
Project	O
Silica	O
,	O
in	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
store	O
all	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
for	O
10,000	O
years	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
March	O
2014	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
programmer	B-Application
Julie	O
Ann	O
Horvath	O
alleged	O
that	O
founder	O
and	O
CEO	O
Tom	O
Preston-Werner	O
and	O
his	O
wife	O
,	O
Theresa	O
,	O
engaged	O
in	O
a	O
pattern	O
of	O
harassment	O
against	O
her	O
that	O
led	O
to	O
her	O
leaving	O
the	O
company	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
April	O
2014	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
released	O
a	O
statement	O
denying	O
Horvath	O
's	O
allegations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
following	O
an	O
internal	O
investigation	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
confirmed	O
the	O
claims	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
CEO	O
Chris	O
Wanstrath	O
wrote	O
on	O
the	O
company	O
blog	O
,	O
"	O
The	O
investigation	O
found	O
Tom	O
Preston-Werner	O
in	O
his	O
capacity	O
as	O
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
CEO	O
acted	O
inappropriately	O
,	O
including	O
confrontational	O
conduct	O
,	O
disregard	O
of	O
workplace	O
complaints	O
,	O
insensitivity	O
to	O
the	O
impact	O
of	O
his	O
spouse	O
's	O
presence	O
in	O
the	O
workplace	O
,	O
and	O
failure	O
to	O
enforce	O
an	O
agreement	O
that	O
his	O
spouse	O
should	O
not	O
work	O
in	O
the	O
office.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
July	O
25	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
a	O
developer	B-Application
based	O
in	O
Iran	O
wrote	O
on	O
Medium	B-Protocol
that	O
GitHub	B-Application
had	O
blocked	O
his	O
private	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
and	O
prohibited	O
access	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
pages	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Soon	O
after	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
confirmed	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
now	O
blocking	O
developers	B-Application
in	O
Iran	O
,	O
Crimea	O
,	O
Cuba	O
,	O
North	O
Korea	O
,	O
and	O
Syria	O
from	O
accessing	O
private	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
reopened	O
access	O
to	O
GitHub	B-Application
Pages	O
days	O
later	O
,	O
for	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
regardless	O
of	O
location	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
also	O
revealed	O
that	O
using	O
GitHub	B-Application
while	O
visiting	O
sanctioned	O
countries	O
could	O
result	O
in	O
similar	O
actions	O
occurring	O
on	O
a	O
user	O
's	O
account	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
responded	O
to	O
complaints	O
and	O
the	O
media	O
through	O
a	O
spokesperson	O
,	O
saying	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
is	O
subject	O
to	O
US	O
trade	O
control	O
laws	O
,	O
and	O
is	O
committed	O
to	O
full	O
compliance	O
with	O
applicable	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
At	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
vision	O
is	O
to	O
be	O
the	O
global	O
platform	O
for	O
developer	B-Application
collaboration	O
,	O
no	O
matter	O
where	O
developers	B-Application
reside	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
includes	O
keeping	O
public	O
repositories	B-General_Concept
services	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
for	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
projects	O
,	O
available	O
and	O
accessible	O
to	O
support	O
personal	O
communications	O
involving	O
developers	B-Application
in	O
sanctioned	O
regions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Developers	B-Application
who	O
feel	O
that	O
they	O
should	O
not	O
have	O
restrictions	O
can	O
appeal	O
for	O
the	O
removal	O
of	O
said	O
restrictions	O
,	O
including	O
those	O
who	O
only	O
travel	O
to	O
,	O
and	O
do	O
not	O
reside	O
in	O
,	O
those	O
countries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
has	O
forbidden	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
VPNs	B-Application
and	O
IP	B-Application
proxies	I-Application
to	O
access	O
the	O
site	O
from	O
sanctioned	O
countries	O
,	O
as	O
purchase	O
history	O
and	O
IP	O
addresses	O
are	O
how	O
they	O
flag	O
users	O
,	O
among	O
other	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
4	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
Russia	O
blacklisted	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
because	O
GitHub	B-Application
initially	O
refused	O
to	O
take	O
down	O
user-posted	O
suicide	O
manuals	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
a	O
day	O
,	O
Russia	O
withdrew	O
its	O
block	O
,	O
and	O
GitHub	B-Application
began	O
blocking	O
specific	O
content	O
and	O
pages	O
in	O
Russia	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
December	O
31	O
,	O
2014	O
,	O
India	O
blocked	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
along	O
with	O
31	O
other	O
websites	O
over	O
pro-ISIS	O
content	O
posted	O
by	O
users	O
;	O
the	O
block	O
was	O
lifted	O
three	O
days	O
later	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
October	O
8	O
,	O
2016	O
,	O
Turkey	O
blocked	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
prevent	O
email	O
leakage	O
of	O
a	O
hacked	O
account	O
belonging	O
to	O
the	O
country	O
's	O
energy	O
minister	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
March	O
26	O
,	O
2015	O
,	O
a	O
large-scale	O
DDoS	O
attack	O
was	O
launched	O
against	O
GitHub.com	B-Application
that	O
lasted	O
for	O
just	O
under	O
five	O
days	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
attack	O
,	O
which	O
appeared	O
to	O
originate	O
from	O
China	O
,	O
primarily	O
targeted	O
GitHub-hosted	O
user	O
content	O
describing	O
methods	O
of	O
circumventing	B-Application
Internet	I-Application
censorship	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
April	O
19	O
,	O
2020	O
,	O
Chinese	O
police	O
detained	O
Chen	O
Mei	O
and	O
Cai	O
Wei	O
(	O
volunteers	O
for	O
Terminus	O
2049	O
,	O
a	O
project	O
hosted	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
accused	O
them	O
of	O
"	O
picking	O
quarrels	O
and	O
provoking	O
trouble.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
GitHub	B-Application
has	O
a	O
$	O
200,000	O
contract	O
with	O
U.S.	O
Immigration	O
and	O
Customs	O
Enforcement	O
(	O
ICE	O
)	O
for	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
on-site	O
product	O
GitHub	B-Application
Enterprise	O
Server	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
contract	O
was	O
renewed	O
in	O
2019	O
,	O
despite	O
internal	O
opposition	O
from	O
many	O
GitHub	B-Application
employees	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
an	O
email	O
sent	O
to	O
employees	O
,	O
later	O
posted	O
to	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
blog	O
on	O
October	O
9	O
,	O
2019	O
,	O
CEO	O
Nat	O
Friedman	O
stated	O
"	O
The	O
revenue	O
from	O
the	O
purchase	O
is	O
less	O
than	O
$	O
200,000	O
and	O
not	O
financially	O
material	O
for	O
our	O
company.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
He	O
announced	O
that	O
GitHub	B-Application
had	O
pledged	O
to	O
donate	O
$	O
500,000	O
to	O
"	O
nonprofit	O
groups	O
supporting	O
immigrant	O
communities	O
targeted	O
by	O
the	O
current	O
administration.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
response	O
,	O
at	O
least	O
150	O
GitHub	B-Application
employees	O
signed	O
an	O
open	O
letter	O
re-stating	O
their	O
opposition	O
to	O
the	O
contract	O
,	O
and	O
denouncing	O
alleged	O
human	O
rights	O
abuses	O
by	O
ICE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Detractors	O
of	O
GitHub	B-Application
describe	O
the	O
branch	O
renaming	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
form	O
of	O
performative	O
activism	O
and	O
have	O
urged	O
GitHub	B-Application
to	O
cancel	O
their	O
ICE	O
contract	O
instead	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
open	O
letter	O
from	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
open	B-License
source	I-License
community	O
was	O
shared	O
on	O
GitHub	B-Application
in	O
December	O
2019	O
,	O
demanding	O
that	O
the	O
company	O
drop	O
its	O
contract	O
with	O
ICE	O
and	O
provide	O
more	O
transparency	O
into	O
how	O
they	O
conduct	O
business	O
and	O
partnerships	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
January	O
2021	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
fired	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
employees	O
after	O
he	O
expressed	O
concern	O
for	O
colleagues	O
as	O
a	O
violent	O
mob	O
stormed	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Capitol	O
,	O
calling	O
some	O
of	O
the	O
rioters	O
"	O
Nazis.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
an	O
investigation	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
's	O
COO	O
said	O
there	O
were	O
"	O
significant	O
errors	O
of	O
judgment	O
and	O
procedure	O
"	O
with	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
decision	O
to	O
fire	O
the	O
employee	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
investigation	O
,	O
GitHub	B-Application
reached	O
out	O
to	O
the	O
employee	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
company	O
's	O
head	O
of	O
human	O
resources	O
resigned	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2023	O
,	O
parts	O
of	O
the	O
social	O
media	O
platform	O
,	O
Twitter	B-Application
were	O
uploaded	O
onto	O
GitHub	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
leak	O
was	O
first	O
reported	O
by	O
the	O
New	O
York	O
Times	O
and	O
was	O
part	O
of	O
a	O
legal	O
filing	O
Twitter	B-Application
submitted	O
to	O
the	O
US	O
District	O
Court	O
of	O
Northern	O
California	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
claiming	O
that	O
the	O
postings	O
infringed	O
on	O
copyright	O
property	O
owned	O
by	O
Twitter	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Twitter	B-Application
is	O
also	O
asking	O
the	O
court	O
for	O
information	O
that	O
will	O
help	O
them	O
unmask	O
the	O
user	O
that	O
posted	O
the	O
source	O
code	O
to	O
the	O
website	O
who	O
posted	O
under	O
the	O
username	O
"	O
FreeSpeechEnthusiast	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
the	O
original	O
developer	B-Application
of	O
the	O
Git	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
has	O
criticized	O
the	O
merging	O
ability	O
of	O
the	O
GitHub	B-Application
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Electron	B-Operating_System
,	O
an	O
open-source	B-License
framework	O
to	O
use	O
JavaScript-based	O
websites	O
as	O
desktop	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
