<s>
Geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
(	O
GIS	B-Application
)	O
play	O
a	O
constantly	O
evolving	O
role	O
in	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
intelligence	O
(	O
GEOINT	O
)	O
and	O
United	O
States	O
national	O
security	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
technologies	O
allow	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
efficiently	O
manage	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
and	O
produce	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
to	O
combine	O
GEOINT	O
with	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
intelligence	O
collection	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
perform	O
highly	O
developed	O
analysis	O
and	O
visual	O
production	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
GIS	B-Application
produces	O
up-to-date	O
and	O
more	O
reliable	O
GEOINT	O
to	O
reduce	O
uncertainty	O
for	O
a	O
decisionmaker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
GIS	B-Application
programs	O
are	O
Web-enabled	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
constantly	O
work	O
with	O
a	O
decision	O
maker	O
to	O
solve	O
their	O
GEOINT	O
and	O
national	O
security	O
related	O
problems	O
from	O
anywhere	O
in	O
the	O
world	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
many	O
types	B-Application
of	I-Application
GIS	I-Application
software	I-Application
used	O
in	O
GEOINT	O
and	O
national	O
security	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Google	B-Application
Earth	I-Application
,	O
ERDAS	B-Application
IMAGINE	I-Application
,	O
GeoNetwork	B-Language
opensource	I-Language
,	O
and	O
Esri	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GIS	B-Application
is	O
a	O
system	O
that	O
incorporates	O
software	O
,	O
hardware	O
,	O
and	O
data	O
for	O
collecting	O
,	O
managing	O
,	O
analyzing	O
,	O
and	O
portraying	O
geographically	O
referenced	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
can	O
enter	O
different	O
kinds	O
of	O
data	O
in	O
map	O
form	O
into	O
a	O
GIS	B-Application
to	O
begin	O
their	O
analysis	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
United	O
States	O
Geological	O
Survey	O
(	O
USGS	O
)	O
digital	O
line	O
graph	O
data	O
,	O
contour	O
lines	O
,	O
elevation	O
maps	O
,	O
topographic	O
maps	O
,	O
geologic	O
maps	O
,	O
and	O
satellite	O
imagery	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
can	O
also	O
convert	O
digital	O
information	O
into	O
forms	O
that	O
a	O
GIS	B-Application
can	O
identify	O
and	O
utilize	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
census	O
tabular	O
data	O
or	O
Microsoft	O
Excel	O
files	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Users	O
can	O
easily	O
capture	O
digital	O
data	O
in	O
a	O
GIS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
If	O
the	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
digital	O
,	O
then	O
users	O
will	O
need	O
to	O
employ	O
various	O
techniques	O
to	O
capture	O
the	O
data	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
digitizing	O
maps	O
by	O
hand-tracing	O
with	O
a	O
computer	O
mouse	O
,	O
utilizing	O
a	O
digitizing	B-Device
tablet	I-Device
to	O
collect	O
feature	O
coordinates	O
,	O
using	O
electronic	O
scanners	O
,	O
or	O
uploading	O
Global	O
Positioning	O
System	O
(	O
GPS	O
)	O
coordinates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
applies	O
to	O
the	O
geographical	O
facets	O
of	O
various	O
aspects	O
of	O
everyday	O
life	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
transportation	O
,	O
logistics	O
,	O
medicine	O
,	O
marketing	O
,	O
sociology	O
,	O
ecology	O
,	O
pure	O
and	O
applied	O
sciences	O
,	O
emergency	O
management	O
,	O
and	O
criminology	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GEOINT	O
is	O
also	O
the	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
product	O
of	O
a	O
process	O
that	O
is	O
focused	O
externally	O
,	O
designed	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
level	O
of	O
uncertainty	O
for	O
a	O
decisionmaker	O
,	O
and	O
that	O
uses	O
information	O
derived	O
from	O
all	O
sources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
National	O
Geospatial-Intelligence	O
Agency	O
(	O
NGA	O
)	O
,	O
who	O
has	O
overall	O
responsibility	O
for	O
GEOINT	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Intelligence	O
Community	O
(	O
IC	O
)	O
,	O
defines	O
GEOINT	O
as	O
"	O
information	O
about	O
any	O
object	O
—	O
natural	O
or	O
man-made	O
—	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
observed	O
or	O
referenced	O
to	O
the	O
Earth	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
national	O
security	O
implications.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
sources	O
produce	O
digital	O
imagery	O
via	O
electro-optical	O
systems	O
,	O
radar	B-Application
,	O
infrared	O
,	O
visible	O
light	O
,	O
multispectral	O
,	O
or	O
hyperspectral	B-Application
imageries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
allows	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
capture	O
,	O
manage	O
,	O
exploit	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
and	O
visualize	O
geographically	O
referenced	O
information	O
,	O
physical	O
features	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
is	O
thus	O
a	O
critical	O
infrastructure	O
for	O
the	O
GEOINT	O
and	O
national	O
security	O
community	O
in	O
manipulating	O
and	O
interpreting	O
spatial	O
knowledge	O
in	O
an	O
information	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
extracts	O
real	O
world	O
geographic	O
or	O
other	O
information	O
into	O
datasets	O
,	O
maps	O
,	O
metadata	O
,	O
data	O
models	O
,	O
and	O
workflow	O
models	O
within	O
a	O
geodatabase	O
that	O
is	O
used	O
to	O
solve	O
GEOINT-related	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
provides	O
a	O
structure	O
for	O
map	O
and	O
data	O
production	O
that	O
allows	O
a	O
user	O
to	O
add	O
other	O
data	O
sources	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
satellite	O
or	O
UAV	O
imagery	O
,	O
as	O
new	O
layers	O
to	O
a	O
geodatabase	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
map	O
and	O
chart	O
production	O
agency	O
and	O
imagery	O
intelligence	O
agency	O
,	O
the	O
principal	O
two	O
agencies	O
of	O
GEOINT	O
,	O
use	O
GIS	B-Application
to	O
efficiently	O
work	O
together	O
to	O
solve	O
decisionmaker	O
's	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
questions	O
,	O
to	O
communicate	O
effectively	O
between	O
their	O
unique	O
departments	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
provide	O
constantly	O
updated	O
,	O
accurate	O
GEOINT	O
to	O
their	O
national	O
security	O
and	O
warfighter	O
domains	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Another	O
important	O
aspect	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
is	O
its	O
ability	O
to	O
fuse	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
with	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
intelligence	O
collection	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
signals	O
intelligence	O
(	O
SIGINT	O
)	O
,	O
measurement	O
and	O
signature	O
intelligence	O
(	O
MASINT	O
)	O
,	O
human	O
intelligence	O
(	O
HUMINT	O
)	O
,	O
or	O
open	B-Algorithm
source	I-Algorithm
intelligence	I-Algorithm
(	O
OSINT	B-Algorithm
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
GIS	B-Application
user	O
can	O
incorporate	O
and	O
fuse	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
of	O
intelligence	O
into	O
applications	O
that	O
provide	O
corroborated	O
GEOINT	O
throughout	O
an	O
organization	O
's	O
information	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
enables	O
efficient	O
management	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
the	O
fusion	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
with	O
other	O
forms	O
of	O
intelligence	O
collection	O
,	O
and	O
advanced	O
analysis	O
and	O
visual	O
production	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
gives	O
the	O
users	O
the	O
capability	O
to	O
quickly	O
and	O
easily	O
identify	O
,	O
overlay	O
,	O
and	O
fuse	O
georeferenced	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
from	O
various	O
sources	O
to	O
create	O
maps	O
or	O
support	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Esri	O
designed	O
the	O
technology	O
for	O
inexperienced	O
GIS	B-Application
users	O
of	O
national	O
security	O
intelligence	O
and	O
defense	O
organizations	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
Web-based	O
enterprise	B-Application
solution	I-Application
for	O
publishing	O
,	O
distributing	O
,	O
and	O
exploiting	O
GEOINT	O
data	O
among	O
designated	O
organizations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
Esri	O
,	O
the	O
DGInet	O
technology	O
"	O
uses	O
thin	B-Device
clients	I-Device
to	O
search	O
massive	O
amounts	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
and	O
intelligence	O
data	O
using	O
low-bandwidth	O
Web	O
services	O
for	O
data	O
discovery	O
,	O
dissemination	O
,	O
and	O
horizontal	O
fusion	O
of	O
data	O
and	O
products.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
PLTS	O
for	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Specialized	O
Solutions	O
is	O
a	O
group	O
of	O
software	O
applications	O
that	O
extends	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
to	O
facilitate	O
database	O
driven	O
cartographic	O
production	O
for	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
and	O
mapping	O
agencies	O
,	O
nautical	O
and	O
aeronautical	O
chart	O
production	O
,	O
foundation	O
mapping	O
,	O
and	O
defense	O
mapping	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geoprocessing	O
is	O
based	O
on	O
a	O
framework	O
of	O
data	O
transformation	O
in	O
GIS	B-Application
and	O
is	O
a	O
collection	O
of	O
hundreds	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
tools	O
that	O
manipulate	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
or	O
other	O
data	O
in	O
GIS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
geoprocessing	O
tool	O
performs	O
an	O
operation	O
(	O
often	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
tool	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
Clip	O
"	O
)	O
on	O
an	O
existing	O
GIS	B-Application
dataset	O
and	O
produces	O
a	O
new	O
dataset	O
as	O
a	O
result	O
of	O
the	O
utilized	O
tool	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
users	O
utilize	O
these	O
tools	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
workflow	O
model	O
that	O
quickly	O
and	O
easily	O
transforms	O
raw	O
data	O
into	O
the	O
desired	O
product	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Tracking	O
Analyst	O
extension	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
create	O
time	O
series	O
visualizations	O
to	O
analyze	O
time	O
and	O
location	O
sensitive	O
information	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Tracking	O
Server	O
program	O
is	O
an	O
Esri	O
enterprise	O
technology	O
that	O
integrates	O
real-time	O
data	O
with	O
GIS	B-Application
to	O
disseminate	O
information	O
quickly	O
and	O
easily	O
to	O
decisionmakers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
program	O
enables	O
the	O
user	O
to	O
obtain	O
data	O
in	O
any	O
format	O
and	O
transmit	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
necessary	O
consumer	O
or	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Tracking	O
Analyst	O
user	O
,	O
to	O
conduct	O
filters	O
or	O
alerts	O
on	O
specific	O
attributes	O
of	O
incoming	O
data	O
or	O
global	O
positions	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
log	O
data	O
into	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Server	I-Application
for	O
efficient	O
project	O
management	O
and	O
information	O
sharing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
Tracking	O
Server	O
and	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Tracking	O
Analyst	O
are	O
used	O
together	O
,	O
a	O
user	O
can	O
monitor	O
changes	O
in	O
data	O
as	O
they	O
occur	O
in	O
real-time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Military	O
Analyst	O
extension	O
incorporates	O
display	O
and	O
analysis	O
tools	O
that	O
allow	O
the	O
use	O
and	O
production	O
of	O
vector	O
and	O
raster	B-Algorithm
products	O
,	O
line-of-sight	O
analysis	O
,	O
hillshade	O
analysis	O
,	O
terrain	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
Military	O
Grid	O
Reference	O
System	O
(	O
MGRS	O
)	O
conversion	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
National	O
security	O
intelligence	O
and	O
defense	O
organizations	O
use	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Military	O
Analyst	O
extension	O
to	O
integrate	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
with	O
other	O
defense	O
data	O
,	O
analyze	O
digital	O
terrains	O
,	O
and	O
prepare	O
for	O
battle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
program	O
also	O
enables	O
such	O
users	O
to	O
manage	O
and	O
analyze	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
and	O
relationships	O
between	O
mission	O
planning	O
,	O
logistics	O
,	O
and	O
C2I	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
allows	O
for	O
easier	O
and	O
faster	O
identification	O
,	O
understanding	O
,	O
and	O
movement	O
of	O
ally	O
and	O
hostile	O
forces	O
on	O
a	O
map	O
by	O
combining	O
GIS	B-Application
spatial	O
analysis	O
techniques	O
with	O
common	O
military	O
symbols	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NGA	O
uses	O
GIS	B-Application
products	O
to	O
create	O
digital	O
nautical	O
,	O
aeronautical	O
,	O
and	O
topographic	O
charts	O
and	O
maps	O
,	O
to	O
perform	O
geotechnical	O
and	O
coordinate	O
system	O
analysis	O
,	O
and	O
to	O
help	O
solve	O
a	O
large	O
variety	O
of	O
national	O
security	O
and	O
military	O
problems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
NGA	O
is	O
a	O
U.S.	O
Department	O
of	O
Defense	O
combat	O
support	O
agency	O
and	O
a	O
member	O
of	O
the	O
IC	O
,	O
it	O
uses	O
GIS	B-Application
to	O
produce	O
precise	O
,	O
up-to-date	O
GEOINT	O
for	O
members	O
of	O
the	O
U.S.	O
Armed	O
Forces	O
,	O
the	O
IC	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
government	O
agencies	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Web-enabled	O
GIS	B-Application
applications	O
allow	O
for	O
fast	O
,	O
efficient	O
sharing	O
and	O
disseminating	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
products	O
,	O
and	O
intelligence	O
from	O
the	O
NGA	O
to	O
its	O
allies	O
,	O
warfighters	O
,	O
partners	O
,	O
and	O
other	O
agencies	O
across	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GEOINT	O
Online	O
provides	O
quick	O
,	O
easy	O
,	O
and	O
reliable	O
access	O
to	O
current	O
NGA	O
intelligence	O
products	O
,	O
changes	O
in	O
activities	O
or	O
regions	O
,	O
information	O
from	O
analyst	O
's	O
blogs	O
and	O
Intellipedia	O
,	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
imagery	O
,	O
maps	O
and	O
charts	O
,	O
major	O
GIS	B-Application
commercial	O
software	O
packages	O
,	O
and	O
GIS	B-Application
combinations	O
of	O
these	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
user	O
can	O
also	O
edit	O
and	O
format	O
existing	O
NGA/GIS	O
products	O
and	O
maps	O
to	O
create	O
,	O
print	O
,	O
and	O
download	O
new	O
products	O
that	O
fulfill	O
current	O
decisionmaker	O
requirements	O
.	O
</s>
