<s>
A	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
program	O
is	O
a	O
computer	O
program	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
a	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
,	O
providing	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
create	O
,	O
store	O
,	O
manage	O
,	O
query	O
,	O
analyze	O
,	O
and	O
visualize	O
geographic	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
that	O
is	O
,	O
data	O
representing	O
phenomena	O
for	O
which	O
location	O
is	O
important	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
industry	O
encompasses	O
a	O
broad	O
range	O
of	O
commercial	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
products	O
that	O
provide	O
some	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
these	O
capabilities	O
within	O
various	O
information	B-General_Concept
technology	I-General_Concept
architectures	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
earliest	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Canadian	O
Geographic	B-Application
Information	I-Application
System	I-Application
started	O
in	O
1963	O
,	O
were	O
bespoke	O
programs	O
developed	O
specifically	O
for	O
a	O
single	O
installation	O
(	O
usually	O
a	O
government	O
agency	O
)	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
custom-designed	O
data	B-Application
models	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Perhaps	O
the	O
first	O
general-purpose	O
software	O
that	O
provided	O
a	O
range	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
functionality	O
was	O
the	O
Synagraphic	O
Mapping	O
Package	O
(	O
SYMAP	O
)	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Howard	O
T	O
.	O
Fisher	O
and	O
others	O
at	O
the	O
nascent	O
Harvard	O
Laboratory	O
for	O
Computer	O
Graphics	O
and	O
Spatial	O
Analysis	O
starting	O
in	O
1965	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
While	O
not	O
a	O
true	O
full-range	O
GIS	B-Application
program	O
,	O
it	O
included	O
some	O
basic	O
mapping	O
and	O
analysis	O
functions	O
,	O
and	O
was	O
freely	O
available	O
to	O
other	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Through	O
the	O
1970s	O
,	O
the	O
Harvard	O
Lab	O
continued	O
to	O
develop	O
and	O
publish	O
other	O
packages	O
focused	O
on	O
automating	O
specific	O
operations	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
SYMVU	O
(	O
3-D	O
surface	O
visualization	O
)	O
,	O
CALFORM	O
(	O
choropleth	O
maps	O
)	O
,	O
POLYVRT	O
(	O
topological	B-Application
vector	I-Application
data	O
management	O
)	O
,	O
WHIRLPOOL	O
(	O
vector	B-Application
overlay	I-Application
)	O
,	O
GRID	O
and	O
IMGRID	O
(	O
raster	B-Application
data	O
management	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
,	O
several	O
of	O
these	O
modules	O
were	O
brought	O
together	O
into	O
Odyssey	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
commercial	O
complete	O
GIS	B-Application
programs	O
,	O
released	O
in	O
1980	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
During	O
the	O
late	O
1970s	O
and	O
early	O
1980s	O
,	O
GIS	B-Application
was	O
emerging	O
in	O
many	O
large	O
government	O
agencies	O
that	O
were	O
responsible	O
for	O
managing	O
land	O
and	O
facilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Notable	O
examples	O
included	O
the	O
Map	B-Application
Overlay	I-Application
and	I-Application
Statistical	I-Application
System	I-Application
(	O
MOSS	O
)	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Fish	O
&	O
Wildlife	O
Service	O
and	O
Bureau	O
of	O
Land	O
Management	O
(	O
BLM	O
)	O
starting	O
in	O
1976	O
;	O
the	O
PROJ	B-Language
library	O
developed	O
at	O
the	O
United	O
States	O
Geological	O
Survey	O
(	O
USGS	O
)	O
,	O
one	O
of	O
the	O
first	O
programming	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
available	O
;	O
and	O
GRASS	B-Application
GIS	I-Application
originally	O
developed	O
by	O
the	O
Army	O
Corps	O
of	O
Engineers	O
starting	O
in	O
1982	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
formed	O
the	O
foundation	O
of	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
1980s	O
also	O
saw	O
the	O
beginnings	O
of	O
most	O
commercial	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
including	O
Esri	O
ARC/INFO	B-Application
in	O
1982	O
;	O
Intergraph	O
IGDS	O
in	O
1985	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
Mapping	O
Display	O
and	O
Analysis	O
System	O
(	O
MIDAS	O
)	O
,	O
the	O
first	O
GIS	B-Application
product	O
for	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
which	O
later	O
became	O
MapInfo	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
would	O
proliferate	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
with	O
the	O
advent	O
of	O
more	O
powerful	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
,	O
Microsoft	B-Application
Windows	I-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
1990	O
U.S.	O
Census	O
,	O
which	O
raised	O
awareness	O
of	O
the	O
usefulness	O
of	O
geographic	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
to	O
businesses	O
and	O
other	O
new	O
users	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Several	O
trends	O
emerged	O
in	O
the	O
late	O
1990s	O
that	O
have	O
significantly	O
changed	O
the	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
ecosystem	O
leading	O
to	O
the	O
present	O
,	O
by	O
moving	O
in	O
directions	O
beyond	O
the	O
traditional	O
full-featured	O
desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
application	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
emergence	O
of	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
facilitated	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
component	B-Library
libraries	I-Library
and	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interfaces	I-Application
,	O
both	O
commercial	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
,	O
which	O
encapsulated	O
specific	O
GIS	B-Application
functions	O
,	O
allowing	O
programmers	O
to	O
build	O
spatial	O
capabilities	O
into	O
their	O
own	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Second	O
,	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
spatial	B-Algorithm
extensions	I-Algorithm
to	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
systems	I-General_Concept
(	O
also	O
both	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
commercial	O
)	O
created	O
new	O
opportunities	O
for	O
data	O
storage	O
for	O
traditional	O
GIS	B-Application
,	O
but	O
also	O
enabled	O
spatial	O
capabilities	O
to	O
be	O
integrated	O
into	O
enterprise	O
information	O
systems	O
,	O
including	O
business	O
processes	O
such	O
as	O
human	O
resources	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Third	O
,	O
as	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
emerged	O
,	O
web	O
mapping	O
quickly	O
became	O
one	O
of	O
its	O
most	O
popular	O
applications	O
;	O
this	O
led	O
to	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Server-based	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
that	O
could	O
perform	O
the	O
same	O
functions	O
as	O
a	O
traditional	O
GIS	B-Application
,	O
but	O
at	O
a	O
location	O
remote	O
from	O
a	O
client	O
who	O
only	O
needed	O
a	O
web	O
browser	O
installed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
of	O
these	O
have	O
combined	O
to	O
enable	O
emerging	O
trends	O
in	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
use	O
of	O
cloud	B-Architecture
computing	I-Architecture
,	O
software	B-Architecture
as	I-Architecture
a	I-Architecture
service	I-Architecture
(	O
SAAS	B-Architecture
)	O
,	O
and	O
smartphones	B-Application
to	O
broaden	O
the	O
availability	O
of	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
processing	O
,	O
and	O
visualization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
software	B-Library
component	I-Library
of	O
a	O
traditional	O
geographic	B-Application
information	I-Application
system	I-Application
is	O
expected	O
to	O
provide	O
a	O
wide	O
range	O
of	O
functions	O
for	O
handling	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
:	O
</s>
<s>
Data	O
management	O
,	O
including	O
the	O
creation	O
,	O
editing	O
,	O
and	O
storage	O
of	O
geographic	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
transformations	O
such	O
as	O
changing	O
coordinate	O
systems	O
and	O
converting	O
between	O
raster	B-Application
and	I-Application
vector	I-Application
models	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
modern	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
ecosystem	O
includes	O
a	O
variety	O
of	O
products	O
that	O
may	O
include	O
more	O
or	O
less	O
of	O
these	O
capabilities	O
,	O
collect	O
them	O
in	O
a	O
single	O
program	O
,	O
or	O
distribute	O
them	O
over	O
the	O
Internet	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
traditional	O
form	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
first	O
developed	O
for	O
mainframes	O
and	O
minicomputers	O
,	O
then	O
Unix	B-Device
workstations	I-Device
,	O
and	O
now	O
personal	B-Device
computers	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
program	O
provides	O
a	O
full	O
suite	O
of	O
capabilities	O
,	O
although	O
some	O
programs	O
are	O
modularized	O
with	O
extensions	O
that	O
can	O
be	O
purchased	O
separately	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
program	O
which	O
runs	O
on	O
a	O
remote	O
server	B-Application
(	O
usually	O
in	O
concert	O
with	O
an	O
HTTP	B-Application
server	I-Application
)	O
,	O
handling	O
many	O
or	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
above	O
functions	O
,	O
taking	O
in	O
requests	O
and	O
delivering	O
results	O
via	O
the	O
World	O
Wide	O
Web	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Thus	O
,	O
the	O
client	O
typically	O
accesses	O
server	B-Application
capabilities	O
using	O
a	O
normal	O
web	O
browser	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Early	O
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
was	O
focused	O
specifically	O
on	O
web	O
mapping	O
,	O
only	O
including	O
the	O
output	O
phase	O
,	O
but	O
current	O
server	B-Application
GIS	B-Application
provides	O
the	O
full	O
suite	O
of	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
server	B-Application
software	I-Application
is	O
at	O
the	O
core	O
of	O
modern	O
cloud-based	B-Architecture
platforms	O
such	O
as	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
software	B-Library
component	I-Library
that	O
provides	O
a	O
focused	O
set	O
of	O
documented	O
functions	O
,	O
which	O
software	O
developers	O
can	O
incorporate	O
into	O
their	O
own	O
programs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
modern	O
object-oriented	B-Language
programming	I-Language
languages	I-Language
such	O
as	O
C#	B-Application
,	O
JavaScript	B-Language
and	O
Python	B-Language
,	O
these	O
are	O
typically	O
encapsulated	O
as	O
classes	O
with	O
a	O
documented	O
application	B-Application
programming	I-Application
interface	I-Application
(	O
API	B-Application
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
An	O
extension	O
to	O
an	O
existing	O
database	O
software	O
program	O
(	O
most	O
commonly	O
,	O
an	O
object-relational	B-General_Concept
database	I-General_Concept
management	I-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
that	O
creates	O
a	O
geometry	O
datatype	O
,	O
enabling	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
to	O
be	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
column	O
in	O
a	O
table	O
,	O
but	O
also	O
provides	O
new	O
functions	O
to	O
query	O
languages	O
such	O
as	O
SQL	B-Language
that	O
include	O
many	O
of	O
the	O
management	O
and	O
analysis	O
functions	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
enables	O
database	B-Application
managers	I-Application
and	O
programmers	O
to	O
perform	O
GIS	B-Application
functions	O
without	O
traditional	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
current	O
software	O
industry	O
consists	O
of	O
many	O
competing	O
products	O
of	O
each	O
of	O
these	O
types	O
,	O
in	O
both	O
open-source	B-Application
and	O
commercial	O
forms	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Many	O
of	O
these	O
are	O
listed	O
below	O
;	O
for	O
a	O
direct	O
comparison	O
of	O
the	O
characteristics	O
of	O
some	O
of	O
them	O
,	O
see	O
Comparison	B-Application
of	I-Application
geographic	I-Application
information	I-Application
systems	I-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
open	O
source	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
has	O
—	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
software	O
history	O
—	O
a	O
long	O
tradition	O
with	O
the	O
appearance	O
of	O
a	O
first	O
system	O
in	O
1978	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Numerous	O
systems	O
are	O
available	O
which	O
cover	O
all	O
sectors	O
of	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
handling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
following	O
open-source	B-Application
desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
projects	O
are	O
reviewed	O
in	O
Steiniger	O
and	O
Bocher	O
(	O
2008/9	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
ILWIS	B-Language
(	O
Integrated	O
Land	O
and	O
Water	O
Information	O
System	O
)	O
Integrates	O
image	O
,	O
vector	O
and	O
thematic	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
JUMP	B-Application
GIS	I-Application
/	O
OpenJUMP	B-Application
((Open )	O
Java	B-Language
Unified	O
Mapping	O
Platform	O
)	O
The	O
desktop	O
GISs	O
OpenJUMP	B-Application
,	O
SkyJUMP	O
,	O
deeJUMP	O
and	O
Kosmo	B-Language
all	O
emerged	O
from	O
JUMP	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
uDig	B-Language
API	B-Application
and	O
source	O
code	O
(	O
Java	B-Language
)	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Besides	O
these	O
,	O
there	O
are	O
other	O
open	O
source	O
GIS	B-Application
tools	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
Capaware	B-Language
A	O
C++	O
3D	O
GIS	B-Application
Framework	O
with	O
a	O
multiple	O
plugin	O
architecture	O
for	O
geographic	O
graphical	O
analysis	O
and	O
visualization	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	B-Application
Mapping	I-Application
Tools	I-Application
A	O
collection	O
of	O
command-line	O
tools	O
for	O
manipulating	O
geographic	O
and	O
Cartesian	O
data	O
sets	O
and	O
producing	O
PostScript	O
illustrations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
FalconView	B-Application
A	O
mapping	O
system	O
created	O
by	O
the	O
Georgia	O
Tech	O
Research	O
Institute	O
for	O
the	O
Windows	O
family	O
of	O
operating	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Kalypso	B-Application
Uses	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
GML3	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TerraView	B-Application
Handles	O
vector	O
and	O
raster	B-Application
data	O
stored	O
in	O
a	O
relational	O
or	O
geo-relational	O
database	O
,	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
a	O
frontend	O
for	O
TerraLib	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Whitebox	B-Application
GAT	I-Application
Cross-platform	O
,	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Apart	O
from	O
desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
,	O
many	O
other	O
types	O
of	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
exist	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GeoServer	B-Language
Written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
and	O
relies	O
on	O
GeoTools	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Allows	O
users	O
to	O
share	O
and	O
edit	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
MapGuide	B-Application
Open	I-Application
Source	I-Application
Runs	O
on	O
Linux	O
or	O
Windows	O
,	O
supports	O
Apache	O
and	O
IIS	O
web	O
servers	O
,	O
and	O
has	O
APIs	B-Application
(	O
PHP	O
,	O
.NET	O
,	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
and	O
JavaScript	B-Language
)	O
for	O
application	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mapnik	B-Language
C++	O
/Python	O
library	O
for	O
rendering	O
-	O
used	O
by	O
OpenStreetMap	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MapServer	B-Application
Written	O
in	O
C	O
.	O
Developed	O
by	O
the	O
University	O
of	O
Minnesota	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
PostGIS	B-Application
Spatial	B-Algorithm
extensions	I-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
database	O
,	O
allowing	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ArangoDB	B-Operating_System
Builtin	O
features	O
available	O
for	O
Spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
management	O
,	O
allowing	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SpatiaLite	B-Language
Spatial	B-Algorithm
extensions	I-Algorithm
for	O
the	O
open	O
source	O
SQLite	B-Language
database	O
,	O
allowing	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TerraLib	B-Application
Provides	O
advanced	O
functions	O
for	O
GIS	B-Application
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
OrientDB	B-Operating_System
Builtin	O
features	O
available	O
for	O
Spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
management	O
,	O
allowing	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
queries	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GeoBase	O
(	O
Telogis	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
)	O
Geospatial	B-General_Concept
mapping	O
software	O
available	O
as	O
a	O
software	B-Application
development	I-Application
kit	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
OpenLayers	B-Language
Open	O
source	O
AJAX	B-Device
library	O
for	O
accessing	O
geographic	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
layers	O
of	O
all	O
kinds	O
,	O
originally	O
developed	O
and	O
sponsored	O
by	O
MetaCarta	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GeoTools	B-Application
Open	O
source	O
GIS	B-Application
toolkit	O
written	O
in	O
Java	B-Language
,	O
using	O
Open	O
Geospatial	B-General_Concept
Consortium	O
specifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
R	B-Language
package	I-Language
implementing	O
a	O
framework	O
for	O
fitting	O
and	O
applying	O
geostatistics	O
(	O
i.e.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
free	O
and	O
open-source	B-Application
R	B-Language
packages	I-Language
implementing	O
two	O
frameworks	O
for	O
instantiating	O
and	O
applying	O
Geographically	O
Weighted	O
(	O
GW	O
)	O
models	O
,	O
so	O
to	O
analyse	O
any	O
geo-spatial	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Chameleon	B-Application
Environments	O
for	O
building	O
applications	O
with	O
MapServer	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Note	O
:	O
Almost	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
companies	O
below	O
offer	O
Desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
and	O
WebMap	O
Server	B-Application
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
such	O
as	O
Manifold	B-Application
Systems	I-Application
and	O
Esri	O
offer	O
Spatial	O
DBMS	B-Application
products	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Autodesk	O
Products	O
that	O
interface	O
with	O
its	O
AutoCAD	B-Algorithm
software	O
package	O
include	O
Map	O
3D	O
,	O
Topobase	O
,	O
and	O
MapGuide	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Bentley	O
Systems	O
Products	O
that	O
interface	O
with	O
its	O
MicroStation	B-Algorithm
software	O
package	O
include	O
Bentley	O
Map	O
and	O
Bentley	O
Map	O
View	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ENVI	B-Application
Utilized	O
for	O
image	O
analysis	O
,	O
exploitation	O
,	O
and	O
hyperspectral	O
analysis	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ERDAS	B-Application
IMAGINE	I-Application
Products	O
include	O
Leica	O
Photogrammetry	B-Application
Suite	O
,	O
ERDAS	O
ER	O
Mapper	O
,	O
ERDAS	O
ECW/JP2	O
SDK	O
(	O
ECW	O
(	O
file	O
format	O
)	O
)	O
and	O
ERDAS	O
APOLLO	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Esri	O
Products	O
include	O
ArcMap	B-Application
,	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
,	O
ArcSDE	B-Application
,	O
ArcIMS	B-Application
,	O
ArcWeb	O
services	O
and	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
Server	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Intergraph	O
Products	O
include	O
G/Technology	O
,	O
GeoMedia	B-Application
,	O
GeoMedia	B-Application
Professional	O
,	O
GeoMedia	B-Application
WebMap	O
,	O
and	O
add-on	O
products	O
for	O
industry	O
sectors	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
photogrammetry	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
MapInfo	B-Application
Desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
MapInfo	B-Application
Professional	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Cadcorp	O
Products	O
include	O
Cadcorp	O
SIS	O
,	O
GeognoSIS	O
,	O
mSIS	O
and	O
developer	B-Application
kits	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Caliper	O
Products	O
include	O
Maptitude	B-Application
,	O
TransModeler	O
and	O
TransCAD	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Dragon/ips	B-Application
Remote	O
sensing	O
software	O
with	O
GIS	B-Application
capabilities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Geosoft	O
GIS	B-Application
and	O
data	O
processing	O
software	O
used	O
in	O
natural	O
resource	O
exploration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GeoTime	O
software	O
for	O
3D	O
visual	O
analysis	O
and	O
reporting	O
of	O
location	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
over	O
time	O
;	O
an	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
extension	O
is	O
also	O
available	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Global	B-Application
Mapper	I-Application
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
currently	O
developed	O
by	O
Blue	O
Marble	O
Geographics	O
;	O
originally	O
based	O
on	O
USGS	O
dlgv32	O
source	O
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Golden	O
Software	O
GIS	B-Application
and	O
scientific	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MapDotNet	B-Application
Framework	O
written	O
in	O
C#	B-Application
/.NET	O
for	O
building	O
WPF	O
,	O
Silverlight	O
,	O
and	O
HTML5	O
applications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Manifold	B-Application
System	I-Application
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
package	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
RegioGraph	O
by	O
GfK	O
GeoMarketing	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
for	O
business	O
planning	O
and	O
analyses	O
;	O
company	O
also	O
provides	O
compatible	O
maps	O
and	O
market	O
data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SuperMap	B-Application
Inc	I-Application
.	I-Application
a	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
provider	O
that	O
offers	O
Desktop	O
,	O
Component	O
,	O
Web	O
,	O
and	O
Mobile	B-Application
GIS	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
TerrSet	B-Application
(	O
formerly	O
IDRISI	B-Application
)	O
GIS	B-Application
and	O
Image	O
Processing	O
product	O
developed	O
by	O
Clark	O
Labs	O
at	O
Clark	O
University	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
TNTmips	B-Application
by	O
MicroImages	O
a	O
system	O
integrating	O
desktop	O
GIS	B-Application
,	O
advanced	O
image	O
processing	O
,	O
2D-3D-stereo	O
visualization	O
,	O
desktop	O
cartography	O
,	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
database	B-Application
management	I-Application
,	O
and	O
webmap	O
publishing	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
twiGIS	B-Application
a	O
web	O
based	O
GIS/FM	O
software	O
,	O
developed	O
by	O
Arkance	O
Systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Boeing	B-Application
's	I-Application
Spatial	I-Application
Query	I-Application
Server	I-Application
Spatially	O
enables	O
Sybase	O
ASE	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
IBM	B-Application
Db2	I-Application
Allows	O
spatial	O
querying	O
and	O
storing	O
of	O
most	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Informix	B-Application
Allows	O
spatial	O
querying	O
and	O
storing	O
of	O
most	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
MySQL	B-Application
Allows	O
spatial	O
querying	O
and	O
storing	O
of	O
most	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
types	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Microsoft	B-Application
SQL	I-Application
Server	I-Application
(	O
2008	O
and	O
later	O
)	O
GIS	B-Application
products	O
such	O
as	O
MapInfo	B-Application
and	O
Cadcorp	O
SIS	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
edit	O
this	O
data	O
while	O
Esri	O
and	O
others	O
are	O
expected	O
to	O
be	O
able	O
to	O
read	O
and	O
edit	O
this	O
data	O
at	O
some	O
point	O
in	O
the	O
future	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Oracle	B-Application
Spatial	I-Application
Product	O
allows	O
users	O
to	O
perform	O
geographic	O
operations	O
and	O
store	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
types	O
in	O
an	O
Oracle	O
environment	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
commercial	O
GIS	B-Application
packages	O
can	O
read	O
and	O
edit	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
stored	O
in	O
this	O
way	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SAP	B-Application
HANA	I-Application
Allows	O
users	O
to	O
store	O
common	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
types	O
,	O
load	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
files	O
with	O
well-known	B-Language
text	I-Language
(	O
WKT	O
)	O
and	O
well-known	B-Language
binary	I-Language
(	O
WKB	O
)	O
formats	O
and	O
perform	O
spatial	O
processing	O
using	O
SQL	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Open	O
Geospatial	B-General_Concept
Consortium	O
(	O
OGC	O
)	O
certification	O
allows	O
third	O
party	O
GIS	B-Application
software	I-Application
providers	O
to	O
store	O
and	O
process	O
spatial	B-General_Concept
data	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
GIS	B-Application
products	O
such	O
as	O
ArcGIS	B-Application
from	O
Esri	O
work	O
with	O
HANA	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Teradata	O
Teradata	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
allows	O
storage	O
and	O
spatial	O
analysis	O
on	O
location-based	O
data	O
which	O
is	O
stored	O
using	O
native	O
geospatial	B-General_Concept
data-types	O
within	O
the	O
Teradata	O
database	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
VMDS	B-Application
Version	O
managed	O
data	O
store	O
from	O
Smallworld	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Crunchy	O
Certified	O
PostGIS	B-Application
-	O
Open	O
Geospatial	B-General_Concept
Consortium	O
certified	O
open	O
source	O
distribution	O
of	O
PostgreSQL	B-Application
with	O
PostGIS	B-Application
from	O
Crunchy	O
Data	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
SensorUp	O
SensorUp	O
provides	O
the	O
Cloud	B-Architecture
hosting	I-Architecture
and	O
SDKs	O
,	O
based	O
on	O
the	O
Open	O
Geospatial	B-General_Concept
Consortium	O
SensorThings	B-Device
API	I-Device
standard	O
.	O
</s>
