<s>
Generalised	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Reference	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
and	I-Library
Methodology	I-Library
(	O
GERAM	B-Library
)	O
is	O
a	O
generalised	O
enterprise	B-Library
architecture	I-Library
framework	I-Library
for	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
and	O
business	O
process	O
engineering	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
identifies	O
the	O
set	O
of	O
components	O
recommended	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
framework	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
by	O
a	O
joint	O
task	O
force	O
of	O
both	O
the	O
International	O
Federation	O
of	O
Automatic	O
Control	O
(	O
IFAC	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
International	O
Federation	O
of	O
Information	O
Processing	O
(	O
IFIP	O
)	O
on	O
enterprise	O
architectures	O
for	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
started	O
with	O
the	O
evaluation	O
of	O
then-existing	O
frameworks	O
for	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
application	I-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
was	O
developed	O
into	O
an	O
overall	O
definition	O
of	O
a	O
so-called	O
"	O
generalised	O
architecture	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
basics	O
of	O
GERAM	B-Library
is	O
that	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
was	O
seen	O
as	O
the	O
major	O
issue	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
and	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	O
modelling	O
tools	O
(	O
GEMT	O
)	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GERAM	B-Library
provides	O
a	O
generic	O
description	O
of	O
all	O
the	O
elements	O
recommended	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
and	O
integration	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generalised	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Reference	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
and	I-Library
Methodology	I-Library
(	O
GERAM	B-Library
)	O
is	O
an	O
enterprise-reference	O
architecture	O
that	O
models	O
the	O
whole	O
life	O
history	O
of	O
an	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
project	O
from	O
its	O
initial	O
concept	O
in	O
the	O
eyes	O
of	O
the	O
entrepreneurs	O
who	O
initially	O
developed	O
it	O
,	O
through	O
its	O
definition	O
,	O
functional	O
design	O
or	O
specification	O
,	O
detailed	O
design	O
,	O
physical	O
implementation	O
or	O
construction	O
,	O
and	O
finally	O
operation	O
to	O
obsolescence	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generalised	B-Library
Enterprise	I-Library
Reference	I-Library
Architecture	I-Library
and	I-Library
Methodology	I-Library
(	O
GERAM	B-Library
)	O
was	O
developed	O
in	O
the	O
1990s	O
by	O
an	O
IFAC/IFIP	O
Task	O
Force	O
on	O
Architectures	O
for	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Integration	I-Architecture
,	O
which	O
consisted	O
of	O
Peter	O
Bernus	O
,	O
James	O
G	O
.	O
Nell	O
and	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
IFAC/IFIP	O
Task	O
Force	O
on	O
Architectures	O
for	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Integration	I-Architecture
was	O
established	O
in	O
1990	O
and	O
has	O
studied	O
enterprise-reference	O
architectures	O
ever	O
since	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
task	O
force	O
established	O
the	O
requirements	O
to	O
be	O
satisfied	O
by	O
candidate	O
enterprise-reference	O
architectures	O
and	O
their	O
associated	O
methodologies	O
to	O
fulfill	O
the	O
needs	O
of	O
industry	O
for	O
such	O
aids	O
to	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
result	O
has	O
been	O
called	O
GERAM	B-Library
,	O
for	O
"	O
Generalized	O
Enterprise-Reference	O
Architecture	O
and	O
Methodology	O
"	O
,	O
by	O
the	O
Task	O
Force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
development	O
of	O
enterprise-reference	O
architecture	O
has	O
evolved	O
from	O
the	O
development	O
of	O
Design	O
Methodology	O
for	O
Advanced	O
Manufacturing	O
Systems	O
in	O
the	O
1980s	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
CIMOSA	B-Library
,	O
the	O
Open	O
System	O
Architecture	O
for	O
CIM	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GERAM	B-Library
framework	I-Library
was	O
first	O
published	O
by	O
Peter	O
Bernus	O
and	O
Laszlo	O
Nemes	O
in	O
1994	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	O
Reference	O
Architecture	O
(	O
GERA	O
)	O
:	O
Defines	O
the	O
enterprise	O
related	O
generic	O
concepts	O
recommended	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concepts	O
include	O
enterprise	O
systems	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
;	O
business	O
process	O
modeling	O
;	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
for	O
different	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
architecture	O
(	O
business	O
users	O
,	O
system	O
designers	O
,	O
IT	O
modeling	O
specialists	O
,	O
others	O
)	O
;	O
integrated	O
model	O
representation	O
in	O
different	O
model	B-Architecture
views	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Engineering	I-Architecture
Methodologies	O
(	O
GEEM	O
)	O
:	O
Describe	O
the	O
generic	O
processes	O
of	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	O
Modeling	B-Language
Languages	I-Language
(	O
GEML	O
)	O
:	O
Define	O
the	O
generic	O
constructs	O
(	O
building	O
blocks	O
)	O
for	O
enterprise	O
modeling	O
adapted	O
to	O
the	O
different	O
needs	O
of	O
people	O
creating	O
and	O
using	O
enterprise	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	O
Modeling	O
Tools	O
(	O
GEMT	O
)	O
:	O
Define	O
the	O
generic	O
implementation	O
of	O
enterprise-integration	O
methodologies	O
and	O
modeling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
and	O
other	O
support	O
for	O
creation	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
enterprise	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
models	O
will	O
be	O
represented	O
using	O
generic	O
modeling	B-Language
language	I-Language
constructs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Modules	O
(	O
GMs	O
)	O
:	O
Identify	O
generally	O
applicable	O
products	O
to	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	O
Reference	O
Architecture	O
(	O
GERA	O
)	O
defines	O
the	O
enterprise	O
related	O
generic	O
concepts	O
recommended	O
for	O
use	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
These	O
concepts	O
include	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
;	O
enterprise	O
entity	O
types	O
,	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
with	O
business	O
process	O
modelling	O
;	O
integrated	O
model	O
representation	O
in	O
different	O
model	B-Architecture
views	I-Architecture
and	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
for	O
different	O
users	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
architecture	O
(	O
business	O
users	O
,	O
system	O
designers	O
,	O
IT	O
modelling	O
specialists	O
,	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Figure	O
2	O
:	O
GERA	O
Life-Cycle	O
Concept	O
,	O
shows	O
the	O
GERA	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
of	O
enterprise	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
total	O
of	O
9	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Operation	O
phase	O
employs	O
the	O
released	O
operational	O
processes	O
and	O
the	O
provided	O
resources	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
products	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Identifies	O
entity	O
types	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
and	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
3	O
:	O
GERA	O
Enterprise	O
Entity	O
Concept	O
,	O
shows	O
the	O
GERA	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
of	O
enterprise	O
entities	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
total	O
of	O
9	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
has	O
been	O
defined	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Strategic	O
Enterprise	O
Management	O
Entity	O
(	O
type	O
1	O
)	O
:	O
defines	O
the	O
necessity	O
and	O
the	O
starting	O
of	O
any	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
effort	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
3	O
also	O
shows	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
of	O
the	O
methodology	O
(	O
type	O
5	O
entity	O
)	O
and	O
the	O
process	O
model	O
developed	O
during	O
the	O
early	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
of	O
the	O
methodology	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
there	O
must	O
be	O
a	O
clear	O
distinction	O
between	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
of	O
the	O
methodology	O
with	O
its	O
different	O
phases	O
and	O
its	O
process	O
model	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
applicable	O
during	O
all	O
phases	O
of	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GERA	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
model	O
has	O
defined	O
four	O
different	O
views	O
:	O
function	O
,	O
information	O
,	O
decision/organisation	O
and	O
resource/structure	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
model	O
of	O
GERA	O
provides	O
for	O
two	O
different	O
categories	O
of	O
modelling	O
:	O
operation	O
control	O
and	O
customer-service	O
related	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
increase	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
accommodate	O
different	O
users	O
of	O
enterprise	O
models	O
;	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
business	O
users	O
,	O
system	O
designers	O
,	O
and	O
IT-modelling	O
specialists	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
modelling	O
of	O
all	O
entity	O
types	O
across	O
all	O
phases	O
of	O
their	O
respective	O
life	O
cycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
provide	O
generic	O
constructs	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
macro	O
constructs	O
(	O
GEMs	O
)	O
built	O
from	O
generic	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Figure	O
5	O
shows	O
the	O
reference	O
architecture	O
for	O
those	O
enterprise	O
entity	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
which	O
require	O
generic	O
constructs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
particular	O
level	O
indicates	O
the	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
entity	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
methodologies	O
(	O
GEEM	O
)	O
describe	O
the	O
process	O
of	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
and	O
,	O
according	O
to	O
the	O
GERAM	B-Library
framework	I-Library
(	O
Figure	O
1	O
)	O
,	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
model	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	O
operation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise-engineering	O
methodologies	O
should	O
orient	O
themselves	O
on	O
the	O
life-cycle	O
concept	O
identified	O
in	O
GERA	O
and	O
should	O
support	O
the	O
different	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
phases	O
shown	O
in	O
Figure	O
2	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
process	O
itself	O
is	O
usually	O
directed	O
towards	O
the	O
enterprise	O
entity	O
type	O
3	O
(	O
see	O
above	O
)	O
operation	O
and	O
carried	O
out	O
as	O
an	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
task	O
by	O
an	O
enterprise	O
entity	O
type	O
2	O
(	O
Figures	O
2	O
and	O
4	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
integration	O
task	O
may	O
start	O
at	O
any	O
relevant	O
engineering	O
phase	O
(	O
indicated	O
in	O
Figure	O
6	O
:	O
Enterprise	B-Architecture
Engineering	I-Architecture
and	O
the	O
Life-Cycle	O
Concept	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
of	O
the	O
entity	O
life	B-Architecture
cycle	I-Architecture
and	O
may	O
employ	O
any	O
of	O
those	O
phases	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
processes	O
relating	O
to	O
the	O
different	O
phases	O
of	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
should	O
be	O
independent	O
of	O
each	O
other	O
to	O
support	O
different	O
sequences	O
of	O
engineering	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Enterprise	B-Architecture
engineering	I-Architecture
methodologies	O
may	O
be	O
described	O
in	O
terms	O
of	O
process	O
models	O
with	O
detailed	O
instruction	O
for	O
each	O
step	O
of	O
the	O
integration	O
process	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Process	O
representation	O
of	O
methodologies	O
should	O
employ	O
the	O
relevant	O
modelling	B-Language
language	I-Language
discussed	O
below	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
enterprise	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
(	O
GEML	O
)	O
define	O
generic	O
constructs	O
(	O
building	O
blocks	O
)	O
for	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
provide	O
constructs	O
capable	O
of	O
capturing	O
the	O
semantics	O
of	O
enterprise	O
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
increase	O
the	O
efficiency	O
of	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
support	O
the	O
modelling	O
of	O
all	O
entity	O
types	O
across	O
all	O
phases	O
of	O
their	O
respective	O
life	O
cycles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
addition	O
,	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
have	O
to	O
provide	O
generic	O
constructs	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
macro	O
constructs	O
(	O
GEMs	O
)	O
build	O
from	O
generic	O
ones	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
enterprise	O
modelling	O
tools	O
(	O
GEMT	O
)	O
define	O
the	O
generic	O
implementation	O
of	O
the	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
methodologies	O
and	O
modelling	B-Language
languages	I-Language
and	O
other	O
support	O
for	O
creation	O
and	O
use	O
of	O
enterprise	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Generic	O
Modules	O
(	O
GMs	O
)	O
identify	O
generally	O
applicable	O
products	O
to	O
be	O
employed	O
in	O
enterprise	B-Architecture
integration	I-Architecture
(	O
e.g.	O
</s>
