<s>
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
subfield	O
of	O
human-computer	O
interaction	O
that	O
focuses	O
on	O
the	O
design	O
and	O
evaluation	O
of	O
interactive	O
systems	O
for	O
humans	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
specific	O
emphasis	O
in	O
gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
is	O
on	O
variations	O
in	O
how	O
people	O
of	O
different	O
genders	O
interact	O
with	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
research	O
has	O
been	O
conducted	O
in	O
the	O
following	O
areas	O
(	O
among	O
others	O
)	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
design	O
of	O
display	B-Device
screen	O
sizes	O
and	O
how	O
they	O
affect	O
different	O
genders	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
investigates	O
ways	O
in	O
which	O
attributes	O
of	O
software	O
(	O
or	O
even	O
hardware	O
)	O
can	O
interact	O
with	O
gender	O
differences	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
with	O
all	O
of	O
HCI	O
,	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
is	O
a	O
highly	O
interdisciplinary	O
area	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Findings	O
from	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
psychology	O
,	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
,	O
marketing	O
,	O
neuroscience	O
,	O
education	O
,	O
and	O
economics	O
strongly	O
suggest	O
that	O
men	O
and	O
women	O
problem	O
solve	O
,	O
communicate	O
,	O
and	O
process	O
information	O
differently	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
investigates	O
whether	O
these	O
differences	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
taken	O
into	O
account	O
in	O
the	O
design	O
of	O
software	O
and	O
hardware	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
term	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
was	O
coined	O
in	O
2004	O
by	O
Laura	O
Beckwith	O
,	O
a	O
PhD	O
candidate	O
at	O
Oregon	O
State	O
University	O
,	O
and	O
her	O
advisor	O
Margaret	O
Burnett	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
discovered	O
that	O
,	O
although	O
there	O
had	O
been	O
some	O
activity	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
characterized	O
as	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
work	O
,	O
people	O
did	O
not	O
know	O
about	O
each	O
other	O
's	O
work	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2004	O
:	O
The	O
concept	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
made	O
explicit	O
(	O
Laura	O
Beckwith	O
,	O
Margaret	O
Burnett	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
2006	O
:	O
A	O
research	O
workshop	O
on	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Here	O
are	O
some	O
results	O
from	O
the	O
Gender	B-General_Concept
HCI	I-General_Concept
research	O
conducted	O
to	O
date	O
–	O
ordered	O
from	O
most	O
to	O
least	O
recent	O
,	O
within	O
categories	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
For	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
problem-solving	O
tasks	O
,	O
(	O
1	O
)	O
female	O
end	O
users	O
had	O
significantly	O
lower	O
self-efficacy	O
than	O
males	O
and	O
(	O
2	O
)	O
women	O
with	O
low	O
self-efficacy	O
were	O
significantly	O
less	O
likely	O
to	O
work	O
effectively	O
with	O
problem-solving	O
features	O
available	O
in	O
the	O
software	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
a	O
study	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
attitudes	O
and	O
self-efficacy	O
of	O
147	O
college	O
students	O
,	O
gender	O
differences	O
existed	O
in	O
self-efficacy	O
for	O
complex	O
tasks	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
word	B-General_Concept
processing	I-General_Concept
and	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
software	I-Application
)	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
simpler	O
tasks	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
problem-solving	O
tasks	O
,	O
female	O
end	O
users	O
were	O
significantly	O
slower	O
to	O
try	O
out	O
unfamiliar	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
spreadsheet	B-Application
problem-solving	O
tasks	O
,	O
tinkering	O
(	O
playfully	O
experimenting	O
)	O
with	O
features	O
was	O
adopted	O
by	O
males	O
more	O
often	O
than	O
females	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Factors	O
affecting	O
low	O
retention	O
of	O
women	O
in	O
computer	B-General_Concept
science	I-General_Concept
majors	O
in	O
college	O
included	O
women	O
's	O
lower	O
previous	O
experience	O
in	O
computing	O
compared	O
to	O
men	O
,	O
their	O
low	O
self-perceived	O
ability	O
,	O
discouragement	O
by	O
the	O
dominant	O
male	O
peer	O
culture	O
,	O
and	O
lack	O
of	O
encouragement	O
from	O
faculty	O
.	O
</s>
