<s>
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
is	O
a	O
line	O
of	O
video	O
game	O
cheat	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
originally	O
designed	O
by	O
Codemasters	O
,	O
sold	O
by	O
Camerica	O
and	O
Galoob	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
device	O
in	O
the	O
series	O
was	O
released	O
in	O
1990	O
for	O
the	O
Nintendo	O
Entertainment	O
System	O
,	O
with	O
subsequent	O
devices	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
,	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
,	O
Genesis	B-Operating_System
,	O
and	O
Game	O
Gear	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
All	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
devices	O
temporarily	O
modify	O
game	O
data	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
do	O
things	O
unintended	O
by	O
developers	O
such	O
as	O
,	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
game	O
,	O
cheating	O
,	O
manipulating	O
various	O
aspects	O
of	O
games	O
,	O
and	O
accessing	O
unused	O
assets	O
and	O
functions	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Five	O
million	O
units	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
products	O
were	O
sold	O
worldwide	O
,	O
and	O
most	O
video	B-Device
game	I-Device
console	I-Device
emulators	O
feature	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
code	O
support	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Emulators	O
that	O
have	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
support	O
also	O
allow	O
a	O
near-unlimited	O
number	O
of	O
codes	O
to	O
be	O
entered	O
whereas	O
the	O
actual	O
products	O
have	O
an	O
upper	O
and	O
lower	O
limit	O
,	O
between	O
three	O
and	O
six	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1993	O
,	O
Codemasters	O
began	O
development	O
on	O
a	O
"	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
2	O
"	O
,	O
with	O
Galoob	O
to	O
market	O
and	O
distribute	O
the	O
device	O
in	O
North	O
America	O
,	O
but	O
no	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
devices	O
were	O
released	O
for	O
the	O
fifth	B-Application
generation	I-Application
of	I-Application
consoles	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Other	O
companies	O
have	O
produced	O
similar	O
hacking	O
devices	O
such	O
as	O
the	O
Code	B-Device
Breaker	I-Device
,	O
Action	B-Device
Replay	I-Device
,	O
and	O
Game	B-Device
Shark	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
brand	O
was	O
later	O
revived	O
by	O
the	O
company	O
Hyperkin	O
,	O
who	O
released	O
cheat	O
systems	O
for	O
newer	O
consoles	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Codemasters	O
later	O
implemented	O
similar	O
cheat	O
systems	O
in	O
some	O
of	O
their	O
later	O
games	O
post-Game	O
Genie	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
TOCA	O
Touring	O
Car	O
Championship	O
and	O
Colin	B-Application
McRae	I-Application
Rally	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
original	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
systems	O
were	O
pass-through	O
devices	O
that	O
attached	O
between	O
a	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
and	O
the	O
console	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Upon	O
starting	O
the	O
console	B-Device
,	O
the	O
player	O
is	O
presented	O
with	O
a	O
menu	O
to	O
enter	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
characters	O
,	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
a	O
"	O
code	O
"	O
,	O
that	O
reference	O
addresses	O
in	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
of	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
code	O
contains	O
an	O
integer	O
value	O
that	O
is	O
read	O
by	O
the	O
system	O
in	O
place	O
of	O
the	O
data	O
actually	O
present	O
on	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
patches	O
the	O
program	O
code	O
of	O
a	O
game	O
,	O
the	O
codes	O
are	O
sometimes	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
patch	O
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
was	O
packaged	O
with	O
a	O
booklet	O
of	O
codes	O
that	O
could	O
be	O
used	O
across	O
various	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
create	O
new	O
codes	O
,	O
it	O
is	O
possible	O
to	O
enter	O
random	O
codes	O
into	O
a	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
evolutionary	O
approach	O
is	O
equivalent	O
to	O
using	O
random	O
POKE	B-Language
operations	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Usually	O
,	O
entering	O
random	O
codes	O
will	O
result	O
in	O
no	O
noticeable	O
change	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
or	O
freezing	B-General_Concept
the	O
game	O
and	O
possibly	O
corrupting	O
save	O
data	O
,	O
but	O
a	O
useful	O
difference	O
may	O
appear	O
in	O
the	O
game	O
if	O
this	O
process	O
is	O
repeated	O
many	O
times	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
ROM	B-Device
files	O
,	O
emulators	O
,	O
and	O
compilers	O
for	O
these	O
games	O
and	O
systems	O
,	O
it	O
has	O
become	O
possible	O
to	O
reverse	O
engineer	O
games	O
to	O
find	O
specific	O
ROM	B-Device
data	O
to	O
modify	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
information	O
can	O
be	O
directly	O
converted	O
into	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
codes	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
is	O
covered	O
by	O
US	O
Patent	O
#5112051	O
,	O
"	O
Interfacing	O
device	O
for	O
a	O
computer	O
games	O
system	O
"	O
,	O
filed	O
May	O
30	O
,	O
1990	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
NES	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
attaches	O
to	O
the	O
end	O
of	O
the	O
NES	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
,	O
causing	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
to	O
protrude	O
from	O
the	O
console	B-Device
when	O
fully	O
inserted	O
,	O
making	O
the	O
depression	O
impossible	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
was	O
designed	O
in	O
such	O
a	O
way	O
that	O
it	O
did	O
not	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
depressed	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
start	O
the	O
game	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
design	O
put	O
even	O
more	O
stress	O
on	O
the	O
LIF	B-Algorithm
socket	O
than	O
standard	O
game	O
insertion	O
,	O
bending	O
pins	O
and	O
eventually	O
causing	O
units	O
to	O
be	O
unplayable	O
without	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
present	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
's	O
shape	O
made	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
insert	O
into	O
a	O
New-Style	B-Device
NES	I-Device
without	O
applying	O
excessive	O
force	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galoob	O
addressed	O
this	O
problem	O
by	O
creating	O
an	O
adapter	O
with	O
was	O
offered	O
to	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
owners	O
for	O
free	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
also	O
exists	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
for	O
the	O
Family	O
Computer	O
,	O
distributed	O
by	O
Realtec	O
and	O
sold	O
in	O
areas	O
where	O
Famiclones	B-Operating_System
were	O
common	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
edition	O
is	O
incompatible	O
with	O
certain	O
games	O
,	O
such	O
as	O
Star	B-Application
Fox	I-Application
and	O
Super	B-Application
Mario	I-Application
RPG	I-Application
:	I-Application
Legend	I-Application
of	I-Application
the	I-Application
Seven	I-Application
Stars	I-Application
,	O
as	O
these	O
games	O
use	O
pins	O
that	O
went	O
unused	O
in	O
most	O
games	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
also	O
has	O
problems	O
with	O
the	O
SNS-101	B-General_Concept
,	O
as	O
only	O
two	O
codes	O
can	O
be	O
used	O
at	O
a	O
time	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
are	O
three	O
known	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
SNES	B-Application
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
(	O
v1	O
,	O
v1.1	O
,	O
v2	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
edition	O
similarly	O
has	O
a	O
slot	O
for	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
while	O
itself	O
needing	O
to	O
be	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
console	B-Device
's	O
game	O
slot	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
physical	O
design	O
made	O
it	O
difficult	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
with	O
any	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
other	O
than	O
the	O
original	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
it	O
could	O
be	O
made	O
to	O
work	O
,	O
if	O
one	O
attempted	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
on	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Pocket	O
,	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Light	O
,	O
or	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
,	O
they	O
would	O
find	O
the	O
large	O
top	O
portion	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
would	O
come	O
into	O
contact	O
with	O
the	O
top	O
of	O
the	O
handheld	O
before	O
it	O
was	O
fully	O
engaged	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Therefore	O
,	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
would	O
need	O
to	O
be	O
bent	O
backwards	O
in	O
order	O
to	O
function	O
,	O
placing	O
strain	O
on	O
the	O
mechanism	O
that	O
allows	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
pressed	O
down	O
far	O
enough	O
to	O
reach	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
contacts	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
this	O
history	O
,	O
it	O
will	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
SP	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
standard	O
unit	O
will	O
not	O
fit	O
in	O
a	O
Super	B-Device
Game	I-Device
Boy	I-Device
,	O
but	O
with	O
some	O
minor	O
modification	O
to	O
the	O
plastic	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
fit	O
and	O
work	O
normally	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
There	O
was	O
also	O
a	O
third	O
party	O
"	O
Super	B-Device
Game	I-Device
Boy	I-Device
to	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
Adapter	O
"	O
,	O
allowing	O
the	O
player	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
to	O
a	O
Super	B-Device
Game	I-Device
Boy	I-Device
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unit	O
is	O
also	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Color	O
or	O
Game	B-Device
Boy	I-Device
Advance	I-Device
cartridges	B-Protocol
(	O
which	O
will	O
not	O
physically	O
fit	O
into	O
the	O
unit	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
On	O
the	O
Genesis/Mega	B-Operating_System
Drive	I-Operating_System
,	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
can	O
function	O
as	O
a	O
country	O
converter	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
since	O
most	O
of	O
these	O
games	O
are	O
only	O
"	O
locked	O
"	O
to	O
their	O
respective	O
regions	O
by	O
the	O
shape	O
of	O
the	O
cartridges	B-Protocol
and/or	O
a	O
set	O
of	O
a	O
few	O
bytes	O
in	O
the	O
header	O
of	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Some	O
games	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
with	O
the	O
Genesis	B-Operating_System
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
unit	O
is	O
also	O
not	O
compatible	O
with	O
Sega	B-Device
32X	I-Device
cartridges	B-Protocol
(	O
see	O
"	O
legal	O
issues	O
"	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Game	O
Gear	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
had	O
a	O
more	O
complicated	O
design	O
than	O
those	O
for	O
other	O
systems	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
inserted	O
into	O
the	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
slot	O
,	O
another	O
slot	O
would	O
pop-up	O
to	O
insert	O
the	O
Game	O
Gear	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
codes	O
were	O
printed	O
on	O
sticky	O
labels	O
to	O
put	O
on	O
the	O
back	O
of	O
the	O
Game	O
Gear	O
cartridge	B-Protocol
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
code	O
input	O
menu	O
for	O
the	O
Game	O
Gear	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
,	O
a	O
player	O
typing	O
the	O
word	O
"	O
DEAD	O
"	O
will	O
cause	O
the	O
screen	O
to	O
move	O
up	O
and	O
down	O
,	O
possibly	O
as	O
an	O
Easter	O
egg	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Again	O
,	O
some	O
games	O
do	O
not	O
work	O
with	O
this	O
version	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
(	O
see	O
"	O
legal	O
issues	O
"	O
below	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
introduction	O
of	O
the	O
original	O
NES	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
was	O
met	O
by	O
firm	O
opposition	O
from	O
Nintendo	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Nintendo	O
sued	O
Galoob	O
in	O
the	O
case	O
Galoob	O
v	O
.	O
Nintendo	O
,	O
claiming	O
that	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
created	O
derivative	O
works	O
in	O
violation	O
of	O
copyright	O
law	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sales	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
initially	O
stopped	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
,	O
but	O
not	O
in	O
Canada	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
many	O
gaming	O
magazines	O
at	O
the	O
time	O
,	O
Galoob	O
placed	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
ads	O
saying	O
"	O
Thank	O
You	O
Canada	O
!	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
After	O
the	O
courts	O
found	O
that	O
use	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
did	O
not	O
result	O
in	O
a	O
derivative	O
work	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
could	O
do	O
nothing	O
to	O
stop	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
from	O
being	O
sold	O
in	O
the	O
U.S.	O
</s>
<s>
Around	O
the	O
time	O
of	O
the	O
lawsuit	O
from	O
Galoob	O
,	O
Nintendo	O
tried	O
to	O
use	O
other	O
methods	O
to	O
thwart	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
,	O
using	O
ROM	B-Device
checksum	O
in	O
later	O
titles	O
intended	O
to	O
detect	O
the	O
cheat	O
modifications	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
versions	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
had	O
the	O
ability	O
to	O
hide	O
Genie	O
modifications	O
from	O
checksum	O
routines	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sega	O
,	O
on	O
the	O
other	O
hand	O
,	O
was	O
a	O
full	O
endorser	O
of	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
,	O
with	O
their	O
official	O
seal	O
of	O
approval	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
substantially	O
more	O
powerful	O
device	O
was	O
developed	O
by	O
Codemasters	O
for	O
the	O
Super	B-Application
NES	I-Application
,	O
with	O
many	O
improvements	O
including	O
the	O
ability	O
for	O
users	O
to	O
find	O
their	O
own	O
cheat	O
codes	O
,	O
to	O
selectively	O
activate	O
cheats	O
during	O
gameplay	O
using	O
the	O
game	O
controller	O
,	O
to	O
switch	O
games	O
into	O
a	O
slow-motion	O
mode	O
,	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
automatically	O
save	O
and	O
restore	O
the	O
high-scores	O
from	O
games	O
into	O
battery-backed	O
memory	O
on	O
the	O
Game	B-Device
Genie	I-Device
device	O
itself	O
.	O
</s>
