<s>
The	O
Galaksija	B-Device
(	O
;	O
,	O
meaning	O
"	O
Galaxy	B-Application
"	O
)	O
was	O
a	O
build-it-yourself	O
computer	O
designed	O
by	O
Voja	O
Antonić	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
meant	O
that	O
only	O
a	O
relative	O
minority	O
of	O
people	O
owned	O
one	O
–	O
mostly	O
a	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
or	O
a	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
though	O
most	O
Yugoslavs	O
were	O
only	O
familiar	O
with	O
a	O
programmable	O
calculator	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
his	O
own	O
words	O
,	O
some	O
time	O
in	O
1983	O
,	O
Voja	O
Antonić	O
,	O
while	O
vacationing	O
in	O
Hotel	O
Teuta	O
in	O
Risan	O
,	O
was	O
reading	O
the	O
application	O
handbook	O
for	O
the	O
RCA	O
CDP1802	B-General_Concept
CPU	B-Device
and	O
stumbled	O
upon	O
CPU-assisted	O
video	O
generation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Since	O
the	O
CDP1802	B-General_Concept
was	O
very	O
primitive	O
,	O
he	O
decided	O
that	O
a	O
Zilog	B-General_Concept
Z80	I-General_Concept
processor	O
could	O
perform	O
the	O
task	O
as	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Near	O
the	O
same	O
time	O
that	O
Antonić	O
made	O
his	O
discovery	O
,	O
Dejan	O
Ristanović	O
,	O
a	O
computer	O
programmer	O
and	O
journalist	O
was	O
entrusted	O
with	O
preparing	O
a	O
special	O
edition	O
of	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
magazine	O
that	O
would	O
be	O
focused	O
on	O
home	O
computers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
magazine	O
(	O
Galaksija	B-Device
)	O
would	O
become	O
twinned	O
with	O
the	O
name	O
of	O
the	O
computer	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
number	O
may	O
in	O
reality	O
be	O
greater	O
if	O
people	O
who	O
did	O
not	O
purchase	O
any	O
kits	O
(	O
including	O
PCB	O
and	O
ROMs	B-Device
)	O
were	O
accounted	O
for	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Later	O
,	O
Institute	O
for	O
school	O
books	O
and	O
teaching	O
aids	O
together	O
with	O
Elektronika	O
Inženjering	O
started	O
mass	O
commercial	O
production	O
of	O
Galaksija	B-Device
computers	O
,	O
mainly	O
to	O
be	O
delivered	O
to	O
schools	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
–	O
4	O
KB	O
(	O
optional	O
,	O
also	O
2732	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
)	O
–	O
additional	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
commands	O
,	O
assembler	O
,	O
machine	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
monitor	I-General_Concept
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Character	O
ROM	B-Device
–	O
2	O
KB	O
(	O
2716	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
)	O
contains	O
character	O
definitions	O
,	O
characters	O
are	O
8	O
x	O
13	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
,	O
the	O
block	O
graphics	O
were	O
vertically	O
divided	O
in	O
a	O
4:5:4	O
scheme	O
,	O
and	O
horizontally	O
in	O
a	O
4:4	O
scheme	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Pseudographics	B-Data_Structure
:	O
2x3	O
dot	B-General_Concept
matrix	I-General_Concept
combinations	O
in	O
graphic	O
character	O
subset	O
–	O
64x48	O
dots	O
total	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Sound	O
:	O
None	O
according	O
to	O
specifications	O
,	O
but	O
tape	O
interface	O
was	O
occasionally	O
used	O
as	O
audio	O
output	O
port	O
–	O
like	O
the	O
"	O
EAR	O
"	O
port	O
on	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
used	O
both	O
as	O
audio	O
and	O
cassette	B-Device
tape	I-Device
interface	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
is	O
a	O
BASIC	O
interpreter	B-Application
originally	O
partly	O
based	O
on	O
code	O
taken	O
from	O
TRS-80	B-Device
Level	O
1	O
BASIC	O
,	O
which	O
the	O
creator	O
believed	O
to	O
have	O
been	O
a	O
Microsoft	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
after	O
extensive	O
modifications	O
to	O
include	O
video	O
generation	O
code	O
(	O
as	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
was	O
a	O
major	O
participant	O
to	O
reduce	O
the	O
cost	O
of	O
hardware	O
)	O
and	O
improve	O
the	O
programming	O
language	O
,	O
what	O
remained	O
from	O
the	O
original	O
is	O
said	O
to	O
be	O
mainly	O
flow-control	O
and	O
floating	B-Algorithm
point	I-Algorithm
code	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
fully	O
contained	O
in	O
4	O
KB	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
A	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
1	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Additional	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
or	O
"	O
2	O
"	O
provided	O
more	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
commands	O
,	O
assembler	O
,	O
monitor	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
chip	O
labeled	O
as	O
"	O
A	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
Galaksija	B-Device
,	O
Voja	O
Antonić	O
was	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
ROM	B-Device
1	O
"	O
or	O
just	O
"	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROM	B-Device
"	O
A	O
"	O
contained	O
bootstrap	B-Operating_System
code	O
of	O
Galaksija	B-Device
,	O
its	O
control	O
code	O
(	O
rudimentary	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
)	O
,	O
video	O
generation	O
code	O
(	O
as	O
Galaksija	B-Device
did	O
not	O
have	O
advanced	O
video	O
subsystem	O
its	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
CPU	B-Device
was	O
responsible	O
even	O
for	O
generating	O
video	B-Application
signal	I-Application
)	O
and	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Fitting	O
all	O
this	O
functionality	O
in	O
4	O
KB	O
of	O
2732	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
required	O
a	O
lot	O
of	O
effort	O
and	O
some	O
sacrifices	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
of	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
is	O
a	O
2732	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
chip	O
that	O
contains	O
extensions	O
to	O
the	O
original	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
available	O
in	O
base	O
ROM	B-Device
(	O
"	O
A	O
"	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
labeled	O
as	O
"	O
B	O
"	O
by	O
the	O
creator	O
of	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
,	O
Voja	O
Antonić	O
,	O
but	O
was	O
commonly	O
referred	O
to	O
as	O
"	O
ROM	B-Device
2	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
contained	O
added	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
commands	O
and	O
functions	O
(	O
mostly	O
trigonometric	O
)	O
as	O
well	O
as	O
a	O
Z80	B-General_Concept
assembler	O
and	O
a	O
machine	B-General_Concept
code	I-General_Concept
monitor	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
ROM	B-Device
was	O
not	O
required	O
and	O
was	O
an	O
optional	O
upgrade	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
planned	O
on	O
the	O
mainboard	B-Device
,	O
the	O
content	O
of	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
was	O
not	O
automatically	O
initialized	O
during	O
booting	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
users	O
had	O
to	O
execute	O
a	O
Galaksija	B-Language
BASIC	I-Language
command	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
machine	B-Language
code	I-Language
program	O
from	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
before	O
they	O
can	O
gain	O
additional	O
features	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
also	O
meant	O
that	O
even	O
Galaksijas	B-Device
with	O
ROM	B-Device
"	O
B	O
"	O
plugged	O
in	O
can	O
behave	O
entirely	O
as	O
base	O
models	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Character	O
ROM	B-Device
of	O
home	O
computer	O
Galaksija	B-Device
is	O
a	O
2716	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
chip	O
that	O
contains	O
graphical	O
definitions	O
of	O
Galaksija	B-Device
's	O
character	O
set	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
had	O
no	O
special	O
name	O
and	O
was	O
labeled	O
"	O
2716	O
"	O
after	O
the	O
type	O
of	O
2	O
KB	O
EPROM	B-General_Concept
needed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galaksija	B-Device
had	O
a	O
slightly	O
modified	O
(	O
localized	O
)	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
character	I-Protocol
set	I-Protocol
:	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
contained	O
64	O
pseudo-graphics	B-Data_Structure
characters	O
,	O
having	O
different	O
combinations	O
of	O
dots	O
in	O
2x3	O
matrix	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Each	O
character	O
was	O
represented	O
as	O
8x13	O
matrix	B-General_Concept
of	O
pixels	B-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
this	O
ROM	B-Device
,	O
8-pixel	O
rows	O
of	O
each	O
character	O
are	O
represented	O
as	O
8	O
bits	O
of	O
one	O
byte	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galaksija	B-Device
used	O
cassette	B-Device
tape	I-Device
as	O
secondary	O
storage	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
featured	O
a	O
5-pin	O
DIN	B-Architecture
connector	I-Architecture
used	O
to	O
connect	O
the	O
computer	O
to	O
a	O
cassette	B-Device
tape	I-Device
recorder	I-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
Tape	O
interface	O
circuitry	O
was	O
rudimentary	O
–	O
other	O
than	O
few	O
elements	O
controlling	O
the	O
levels	O
it	O
was	O
essentially	O
one-bit	O
digital	O
equivalent	O
to	O
the	O
one	O
in	O
the	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
input	O
signal	O
was	O
routed	O
to	O
the	O
integrated	O
circuit	O
otherwise	O
responsible	O
for	O
keyboard	B-Device
,	O
so	O
the	O
CPU	B-Device
would	O
"	O
see	O
"	O
the	O
input	O
signal	O
as	O
a	O
series	O
of	O
very	O
fast	O
key	O
presses	O
of	O
varying	O
lengths	O
and	O
gaps	O
between	O
them	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
normally	O
stated	O
that	O
original	O
Galaksija	B-Device
does	O
not	O
have	O
any	O
dedicated	O
(	O
separate	O
)	O
audio	O
ports	O
and	O
most	O
of	O
the	O
programs	O
were	O
written	O
as	O
silent	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
was	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
possible	O
to	O
utilize	O
the	O
cassette	B-Device
tape	I-Device
port	O
as	O
an	O
audio	O
output	O
as	O
well	O
like	O
it	O
is	O
done	O
in	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
(	O
its	O
"	O
EAR	O
"	O
connector	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
only	O
technical	O
difference	O
between	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
and	O
Galaksija	B-Device
in	O
regards	O
to	O
existence	O
of	O
audio	O
is	O
that	O
ZX	B-Operating_System
Spectrum	I-Operating_System
has	O
a	O
built-in	O
beeper	O
,	O
while	O
Galaksija	B-Device
's	O
plans	O
do	O
not	O
include	O
any	O
kind	O
of	O
a	O
speaker	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
Autumn	O
1983	O
,	O
Računari	O
’s	O
editor	O
contacted	O
Zoran	O
Modli	O
,	O
the	O
DJ	O
of	O
Radio	O
Belgrade	O
202	O
's	O
Ventilator	B-Device
202	I-Device
program	O
,	O
asking	O
him	O
to	O
broadcast	O
software	O
as	O
part	O
of	O
the	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
stored	O
software	O
on	O
data	O
cassette	O
,	O
Modli	O
was	O
able	O
to	O
alert	O
listeners	O
about	O
an	O
upcoming	O
data	O
broadcast	O
,	O
broadcast	O
the	O
data	O
as	O
sound	O
over	O
the	O
regular	O
FM	O
wave	O
and	O
listeners	O
were	O
able	O
to	O
record	O
the	O
data	O
broadcast	O
using	O
home	O
cassette	O
decks	O
and	O
load	O
the	O
software	O
on	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
via	O
the	O
data	O
cassette	O
drive	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Ventilator	B-Device
202	I-Device
became	O
a	O
hub	O
of	O
software	O
sharing	O
,	O
with	O
home	O
programmers	O
editing	O
previously	O
broadcast	O
software	O
and	O
sending	O
in	O
the	O
edits	O
for	O
future	O
rebroadcast	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Over	O
three	O
years	O
Ventilator	B-Device
202	I-Device
broadcast	O
150	O
pieces	O
of	O
software	O
for	O
the	O
Galaksija	B-Device
,	O
the	O
Spectrum	O
and	O
Commodore	O
64	O
,	O
including	O
a	O
digital	O
magazine	O
,	O
named	O
Hack	O
News	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Modli	O
notes	O
that	O
while	O
much	O
of	O
the	O
software	O
was	O
written	O
for	O
the	O
Ventilator	B-Device
202	I-Device
audience	O
by	O
Yugoslavian	O
authors	O
,	O
plenty	O
of	O
those	O
same	O
authors	O
were	O
also	O
cracking	B-Application
,	O
pirating	O
and	O
sharing	O
commercial	O
software	O
via	O
the	O
show	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Galaksija	B-Device
's	O
case	B-General_Concept
was	O
not	O
pre-built	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Instead	O
,	O
the	O
guide	O
suggested	O
it	O
to	O
be	O
built	O
out	O
of	O
the	O
printed	O
circuit	O
board	O
material	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
Pertinax	O
)	O
also	O
used	O
for	O
the	O
mainboard	B-Device
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
guide	O
included	O
instructions	O
on	O
cleaning	O
,	O
painting	O
and	O
even	O
decorating	O
the	O
assembled	O
case	B-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
name	O
"	O
GALAKSIJA	B-Device
"	O
and	O
decorative	O
border	O
were	O
to	O
be	O
added	O
using	O
Letraset	O
transfer	O
letter	O
sheets	O
after	O
the	O
first	O
(	O
white	O
)	O
coat	O
of	O
paint	O
but	O
before	O
the	O
second	O
coat	O
of	O
final	O
colour	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
keyboard	B-Device
is	O
laid	O
out	O
such	O
that	O
keys	O
have	O
their	O
own	O
memory-mapped	B-Architecture
addresses	I-Architecture
that	O
,	O
in	O
most	O
cases	O
,	O
follow	O
the	O
same	O
order	O
as	O
ASCII	B-Protocol
code	I-Protocol
of	O
the	O
letter	O
on	O
the	O
key	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
saved	O
the	O
ROM	B-Device
space	O
by	O
reducing	O
lookup	O
tables	O
but	O
significantly	O
increased	O
the	O
complexity	O
of	O
single-layer	O
keyboard	B-Device
PCB	O
such	O
that	O
it	O
alone	O
required	O
35	O
jumpers	B-Device
.	O
</s>
