<s>
The	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
is	O
most	O
useful	O
in	O
fields	O
such	O
as	O
psychology	O
where	O
researchers	O
typically	O
use	O
small	O
groups	O
and	O
measurements	O
are	O
often	O
integers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
was	O
proposed	O
by	O
Nick	O
Brown	O
and	O
James	O
Heathers	O
in	O
2016	O
,	O
following	O
increased	O
awareness	O
of	O
the	O
replication	O
crisis	O
in	O
some	O
fields	O
of	O
science	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
is	O
straightforward	O
to	O
perform	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
mean	O
is	O
then	O
checked	O
against	O
this	O
list	O
(	O
being	O
aware	O
of	O
the	O
fact	O
that	O
values	O
may	O
be	O
rounded	B-Algorithm
inconsistently	O
:	O
depending	O
on	O
the	O
context	O
,	O
a	O
mean	O
of	O
1.125	O
may	O
be	O
reported	O
as	O
1.12	O
or	O
1.13	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
a	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
reveals	O
that	O
the	O
reported	O
mean	O
is	O
mathematically	O
impossible	O
:	O
the	O
result	O
of	O
dividing	O
any	O
whole	O
number	O
by	O
20	O
,	O
written	O
to	O
2	O
decimal	B-Architecture
places	I-Architecture
,	O
must	O
be	O
of	O
the	O
form	O
X.X0	O
or	O
X.X5	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
impossible	O
to	O
divide	O
any	O
integer	O
by	O
20	O
and	O
produce	O
a	O
result	O
with	O
an	O
"	O
8	O
"	O
in	O
the	O
second	O
decimal	B-Architecture
place	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
Even	O
if	O
the	O
data	O
fails	O
the	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
,	O
this	O
is	O
not	O
automatically	O
a	O
sign	O
of	O
manipulation	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
However	O
,	O
it	O
can	O
be	O
a	O
sign	O
that	O
some	O
data	O
has	O
been	O
improperly	O
excluded	O
or	O
that	O
the	O
mean	O
has	O
been	O
illegitimately	O
fudged	O
in	B-Algorithm
order	I-Algorithm
to	I-Algorithm
make	I-Algorithm
the	I-Algorithm
results	I-Algorithm
appear	I-Algorithm
more	I-Algorithm
significant	I-Algorithm
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
works	O
best	O
with	O
data	O
sets	O
in	O
which	O
:	O
the	O
sample	O
size	O
is	O
relatively	O
small	O
,	O
the	O
number	O
of	O
subcomponents	O
in	O
composite	O
measures	O
is	O
also	O
small	O
,	O
and	O
the	O
mean	O
is	O
reported	O
to	O
multiple	O
decimal	B-Architecture
places	I-Architecture
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
some	O
cases	O
,	O
a	O
valid	O
mean	O
may	O
appear	O
to	O
fail	O
the	O
test	O
if	O
the	O
input	O
data	O
is	O
not	O
discretized	B-Algorithm
as	O
expected	O
–	O
for	O
example	O
,	O
if	O
people	O
are	O
asked	O
how	O
many	O
slices	O
of	O
pizza	O
they	O
ate	O
at	O
a	O
buffet	O
,	O
some	O
people	O
may	O
respond	O
with	O
a	O
fraction	O
such	O
as	O
"	O
three	O
and	O
a	O
half	O
"	O
instead	O
of	O
a	O
whole	O
number	O
as	O
expected	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Of	O
these	O
articles	O
,	O
71	O
were	O
amenable	O
to	O
GRIM	B-General_Concept
test	I-General_Concept
analysis	O
;	O
36	O
of	O
these	O
contained	O
at	O
least	O
one	O
impossible	O
value	O
and	O
16	O
contained	O
multiple	O
impossible	O
values	O
.	O
</s>
