<s>
The	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
(	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
mass	O
collaboration	O
project	O
announced	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
on	O
September	O
27	O
,	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Its	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
give	O
computer	O
users	O
freedom	O
and	O
control	O
in	O
their	O
use	O
of	O
their	O
computers	O
and	O
computing	B-Architecture
devices	I-Architecture
by	O
collaboratively	O
developing	O
and	O
publishing	O
software	O
that	O
gives	O
everyone	O
the	O
rights	O
to	O
freely	O
run	O
the	O
software	O
,	O
copy	O
and	O
distribute	O
it	O
,	O
study	O
it	O
,	O
and	O
modify	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
software	O
grants	O
these	O
rights	O
in	O
its	O
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
order	O
to	O
ensure	O
that	O
the	O
entire	O
software	O
of	O
a	O
computer	O
grants	O
its	O
users	O
all	O
freedom	O
rights	O
(	O
use	O
,	O
share	O
,	O
study	O
,	O
modify	O
)	O
,	O
even	O
the	O
most	O
fundamental	O
and	O
important	O
part	O
,	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
(	O
including	O
all	O
its	O
numerous	O
utility	O
programs	O
)	O
needed	O
to	O
be	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
According	O
to	O
its	O
manifesto	O
,	O
the	O
founding	O
goal	O
of	O
the	O
project	O
was	O
to	O
build	O
a	O
free	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
and	O
if	O
possible	O
,	O
"	O
everything	O
useful	O
that	O
normally	O
comes	O
with	O
a	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
so	O
that	O
one	O
could	O
get	O
along	O
without	O
any	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
not	O
free.	O
"	O
</s>
<s>
Stallman	O
decided	O
to	O
call	O
this	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
GNU	B-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
recursive	O
acronym	O
meaning	O
"	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
's	I-Operating_System
not	I-Operating_System
Unix	I-Operating_System
!	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
)	O
,	O
basing	O
its	O
design	O
on	O
that	O
of	O
Unix	B-Application
,	O
a	O
proprietary	B-Application
operating	I-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
1991	O
,	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
appeared	O
,	O
developed	O
outside	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
by	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
,	O
and	O
in	O
December	O
1992	O
it	O
was	O
made	O
available	O
under	O
version	O
2	O
of	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Combined	O
with	O
the	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
utilities	O
already	O
developed	O
by	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
it	O
allowed	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
that	O
was	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
commonly	O
known	O
as	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
announced	O
his	O
intent	O
to	O
start	O
coding	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
in	O
a	O
Usenet	B-Application
message	O
in	O
September	O
1983	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Despite	O
never	O
having	O
used	O
Unix	B-Application
prior	O
,	O
Stallman	O
felt	O
that	O
it	O
was	O
the	O
most	O
appropriate	O
system	O
design	O
to	O
use	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
,	O
as	O
it	O
was	O
portable	O
and	O
"	O
fairly	O
clean	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
When	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
first	O
started	O
they	O
had	O
an	O
Emacs	B-Application
text	B-Application
editor	I-Application
with	O
Lisp	B-Language
for	O
writing	O
editor	O
commands	O
,	O
a	O
source	O
level	O
debugger	B-Application
,	O
a	O
yacc-compatible	O
parser	B-Language
generator	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
linker	B-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
required	O
its	O
own	O
C	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
and	O
tools	O
to	O
be	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
,	O
so	O
these	O
also	O
had	O
to	O
be	O
developed	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
June	O
1987	O
,	O
the	O
project	O
had	O
accumulated	O
and	O
developed	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
for	O
an	O
assembler	B-Language
,	O
an	O
almost	O
finished	O
portable	O
optimizing	O
C	B-Language
compiler	B-Language
(	O
GCC	B-Application
)	O
,	O
an	O
editor	O
(	O
GNU	B-Application
Emacs	I-Application
)	O
,	O
and	O
various	O
Unix	B-Application
utilities	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
ls	B-Application
,	O
grep	B-Application
,	O
awk	B-Application
,	O
make	O
and	O
ld	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
They	O
had	O
an	O
initial	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
that	O
needed	O
more	O
updates	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Once	O
the	O
kernel	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
compiler	B-Language
were	O
finished	O
,	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
was	O
able	O
to	O
be	O
used	O
for	O
program	O
development	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
main	O
goal	O
was	O
to	O
create	O
many	O
other	O
applications	O
to	O
be	O
like	O
the	O
Unix	B-Application
system	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
was	O
able	O
to	O
run	O
Unix	B-Application
programs	O
but	O
was	O
not	O
identical	O
to	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
incorporated	O
longer	O
file	O
names	O
,	O
file	O
version	O
numbers	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
crashproof	O
file	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Manifesto	O
was	O
written	O
to	O
gain	O
support	O
and	O
participation	O
from	O
others	O
for	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
People	O
could	O
donate	O
funds	O
,	O
computer	B-Architecture
parts	I-Architecture
,	O
or	O
even	O
their	O
own	O
time	O
to	O
write	O
code	O
and	O
programs	O
for	O
the	O
project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
origins	O
and	O
development	O
of	O
most	O
aspects	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
(	O
and	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
in	O
general	O
)	O
are	O
shared	O
in	O
a	O
detailed	O
narrative	O
in	O
the	O
Emacs	B-Application
help	O
system	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
(	O
C-h	O
g	O
runs	O
the	O
Emacs	B-Application
editor	O
command	O
describe-gnu-project	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Manifesto	O
was	O
written	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
to	O
gain	O
support	O
and	O
participation	O
in	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Manifesto	O
,	O
Stallman	O
listed	O
four	O
freedoms	O
essential	O
to	O
software	O
users	O
:	O
freedom	O
to	O
run	O
a	O
program	O
for	O
any	O
purpose	O
,	O
freedom	O
to	O
study	O
the	O
mechanics	O
of	O
the	O
program	O
and	O
modify	O
it	O
,	O
freedom	O
to	O
redistribute	O
copies	O
,	O
and	O
freedom	O
to	O
improve	O
and	O
change	O
modified	O
versions	O
for	O
public	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
ensure	O
code	O
remained	O
free	B-Application
and	O
provide	O
it	O
to	O
the	O
public	O
,	O
Stallman	O
created	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
(	O
GPL	B-License
)	O
,	O
which	O
allowed	O
software	O
and	O
the	O
future	O
generations	O
of	O
code	O
derived	O
from	O
it	O
to	O
remain	O
free	B-Application
for	O
public	O
use	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Although	O
most	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
's	O
output	O
is	O
technical	O
in	O
nature	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
launched	O
as	O
a	O
social	O
,	O
ethical	O
,	O
and	O
political	O
initiative	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
well	O
as	O
producing	O
software	O
and	O
licenses	O
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
has	O
published	O
a	O
number	O
of	O
writings	O
,	O
the	O
majority	O
of	O
which	O
were	O
authored	O
by	O
Richard	O
Stallman	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
uses	O
software	O
that	O
is	O
free	B-Application
for	O
users	O
to	O
copy	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
and	O
distribute	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
is	O
free	B-Application
in	O
the	O
sense	O
that	O
users	O
can	O
change	O
the	O
software	O
to	O
fit	O
individual	O
needs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
way	O
programmers	O
obtain	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
depends	O
on	O
where	O
they	O
get	O
it	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Proceeds	O
from	O
associate	O
members	O
,	O
purchases	O
,	O
and	O
donations	O
support	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyleft	B-License
is	O
what	O
helps	O
maintain	O
free	B-Application
use	O
of	O
this	O
software	O
among	O
other	O
programmers	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Copyleft	B-License
gives	O
the	O
legal	O
right	O
to	O
everyone	O
to	O
use	O
,	O
edit	O
,	O
and	O
redistribute	O
programs	O
or	O
programs	O
 '	O
code	O
as	O
long	O
as	O
the	O
distribution	O
terms	O
do	O
not	O
change	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
sometimes	O
differentiate	O
between	O
"	O
strong	O
"	O
and	O
"	O
weak	O
"	O
copyleft	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
"	O
Weak	O
"	O
copyleft	B-License
programs	O
typically	O
allow	O
distributors	O
to	O
link	O
them	O
together	O
with	O
non-free	O
programs	O
,	O
while	O
"	O
strong	O
"	O
copyleft	B-License
strictly	O
forbids	O
this	O
practice	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
's	O
output	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
a	O
strong	O
copyleft	B-License
,	O
although	O
some	O
is	O
released	O
under	O
a	O
weak	O
copyleft	B-License
or	O
a	O
lax	O
,	O
push-over	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
license	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
first	O
goal	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
was	O
to	O
create	O
a	O
whole	O
free-software	B-Application
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
.	O
</s>
<s>
Because	O
UNIX	B-Application
was	O
already	O
widespread	O
and	O
ran	O
on	O
more	O
powerful	O
machines	O
,	O
compared	O
to	O
contemporary	O
CP/M	B-Application
or	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
machines	O
of	O
time	O
,	O
it	O
was	O
decided	O
it	O
would	O
be	O
a	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
operating	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
Richard	O
Stallman	O
later	O
commented	O
that	O
he	O
considered	O
MS-DOS	B-Application
"	O
a	O
toy	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
By	O
1992	O
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
had	O
completed	O
all	O
of	O
the	O
major	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
utilities	O
,	O
but	O
had	O
not	O
completed	O
their	O
proposed	O
operating	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
With	O
the	O
release	O
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
started	O
independently	O
by	O
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
in	O
1991	O
,	O
and	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GPLv2	O
with	O
version	O
0.12	O
in	O
1992	O
,	O
for	O
the	O
first	O
time	O
it	O
was	O
possible	O
to	O
run	O
an	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
composed	O
completely	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Though	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
,	O
it	O
was	O
developed	O
using	O
GCC	B-Application
and	O
other	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
programming	O
tools	O
and	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
compilation	B-Language
of	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
is	O
still	O
done	O
with	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
toolchains	O
,	O
but	O
it	O
is	O
currently	O
possible	O
to	O
use	O
the	O
Clang	B-Application
compiler	B-Language
and	O
the	O
LLVM	B-Application
toolchain	O
for	O
compilation	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
As	O
of	O
present	O
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
has	O
not	O
released	O
a	O
version	O
of	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
that	O
is	O
suitable	O
for	O
production	O
environments	O
since	O
the	O
commencement	O
of	O
the	O
GNU/Hurd	B-Application
project	O
over	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
A	O
stable	O
version	O
(	O
or	O
variant	O
)	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
can	O
be	O
run	O
by	O
combining	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
packages	I-Application
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
,	O
making	O
a	O
functional	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
calls	O
this	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
,	O
and	O
the	O
defining	O
features	O
are	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
:	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Application
packages	I-Application
(	O
except	O
for	O
GNU	B-Application
Hurd	I-Application
)	O
The	O
GNU	B-Application
packages	I-Application
consist	O
of	O
numerous	O
operating	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
tools	O
and	O
utilities	O
(	O
shell	B-Operating_System
,	O
coreutils	B-Application
,	O
compilers	B-Language
,	O
libraries	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GCC	B-Application
compiler	I-Application
can	O
generate	O
machine-code	O
for	O
a	O
large	O
variety	B-Application
of	I-Application
computer-architectures	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
–	O
this	O
implements	O
program	O
scheduling	O
,	O
multitasking	O
,	O
device	O
drivers	O
,	O
memory	O
management	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
and	O
allows	O
the	O
system	O
to	O
run	O
on	O
a	O
large	O
variety	B-Application
of	I-Application
computer-architectures	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Linus	O
Torvalds	O
released	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
in	O
1992	O
;	O
it	O
is	O
however	O
not	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
non-GNU	O
programs	O
–	O
various	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
packages	O
which	O
are	O
not	O
a	O
part	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
but	O
are	O
released	O
under	O
the	O
GNU	B-License
General	I-License
Public	I-License
License	I-License
or	O
another	O
FSF-approved	O
Free	B-Application
Software	I-Application
License	B-License
.	O
</s>
<s>
Within	O
the	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
website	O
,	O
a	O
list	O
of	O
projects	O
is	O
laid	O
out	O
and	O
each	O
project	O
has	O
specifics	O
for	O
what	O
type	O
of	O
developer	O
is	O
able	O
to	O
perform	O
the	O
task	O
needed	O
for	O
a	O
certain	O
piece	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
packaging	O
of	O
GNU	B-Application
tools	I-Application
,	O
together	O
with	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
and	O
other	O
programs	O
,	O
is	O
usually	O
called	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
(	O
distro	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
calls	O
the	O
combination	O
of	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
and	O
the	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
"	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
"	O
,	O
and	O
asks	O
others	O
to	O
do	O
the	O
same	O
,	O
resulting	O
in	O
the	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
naming	I-Application
controversy	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Most	O
Linux	B-Application
distros	I-Application
combine	O
GNU	B-Application
packages	I-Application
with	O
a	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
which	O
contains	O
proprietary	B-Application
binary	O
blobs	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNU	B-Operating_System
Free	B-Application
System	I-Application
Distribution	I-Application
Guidelines	I-Application
(	O
GNU	B-Application
FSDG	I-Application
)	O
is	O
a	O
system	O
distribution	O
commitment	O
used	O
to	O
explain	O
what	O
it	O
means	O
for	O
an	O
installable	O
system	O
distribution	O
(	O
such	O
as	O
a	O
Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
)	O
to	O
qualify	O
as	O
free	B-Application
(	O
libre	O
)	O
,	O
and	O
help	O
distribution	O
developers	O
make	O
their	O
distributions	O
qualify	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Mostly	O
,	O
the	O
list	O
describes	O
distributions	O
that	O
are	O
a	O
combination	O
of	O
GNU	B-Application
packages	I-Application
with	O
a	O
Linux-libre	B-Application
kernel	B-Operating_System
(	O
a	O
modified	O
Linux	B-Operating_System
kernel	I-Operating_System
that	O
removes	O
binary	O
blobs	O
,	O
obfuscated	O
code	O
,	O
and	O
portions	O
of	O
code	O
under	O
proprietary	B-Application
licenses	I-Application
)	O
and	O
consist	O
only	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
(	O
eschewing	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
entirely	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Distributions	O
that	O
have	O
adopted	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
FSDG	I-Application
include	O
Dragora	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
-Libre	O
,	O
gNewSense	O
,	O
GNU	B-Application
Guix	I-Application
System	I-Application
,	O
Hyperbola	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
-libre	O
,	O
Parabola	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
-libre	O
,	O
Trisquel	B-Application
GNU/Linux	I-Application
,	O
Ututo	O
,	O
and	O
a	O
few	O
others	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Fedora	O
Project	O
's	O
distribution	O
license	B-License
guidelines	O
were	O
used	O
as	O
a	O
basis	O
for	O
the	O
FSDG	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Fedora	O
Project	O
's	O
own	O
guidelines	O
,	O
however	O
,	O
currently	O
do	O
not	O
follow	O
the	O
FSDG	O
,	O
and	O
thus	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
does	O
not	O
consider	O
Fedora	O
to	O
be	O
a	O
fully	O
free	B-Application
(	O
libre	O
)	O
GNU/Linux	B-Application
distribution	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
From	O
the	O
mid-1990s	O
onward	O
,	O
with	O
many	O
companies	O
investing	O
in	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
,	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
redirected	O
its	O
funds	O
toward	O
the	O
legal	O
and	O
political	O
support	O
of	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
development	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
Software	O
development	O
from	O
that	O
point	O
on	O
focused	O
on	O
maintaining	O
existing	O
projects	O
,	O
and	O
starting	O
new	O
projects	O
only	O
when	O
there	O
was	O
an	O
acute	O
threat	O
to	O
the	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
community	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
of	O
the	O
most	O
notable	O
projects	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
is	O
the	O
GNU	B-Application
Compiler	I-Application
Collection	I-Application
,	O
whose	O
components	O
have	O
been	O
adopted	O
as	O
the	O
standard	O
compiler	B-Language
system	O
on	O
many	O
Unix-like	B-Operating_System
systems	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
copyright	O
of	O
most	O
works	O
by	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
is	O
owned	O
by	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
GNOME	B-Application
desktop	I-Application
effort	O
was	O
launched	O
by	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
because	O
another	O
desktop	B-General_Concept
system	I-General_Concept
,	O
KDE	B-Application
,	O
was	O
becoming	O
popular	O
but	O
required	O
users	O
to	O
install	O
Qt	B-Language
,	O
which	O
was	O
then	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
To	O
prevent	O
people	O
from	O
being	O
tempted	O
to	O
install	O
KDE	B-Application
and	O
Qt	B-Language
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
simultaneously	O
launched	O
two	O
projects	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
One	O
was	O
the	O
Harmony	B-Library
toolkit	I-Library
.	O
</s>
<s>
This	O
was	O
an	O
attempt	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
replacement	O
for	O
Qt	B-Language
.	O
</s>
<s>
Had	O
this	O
project	O
been	O
successful	O
,	O
the	O
perceived	O
problem	O
with	O
the	O
KDE	B-Application
would	O
have	O
been	O
solved	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
second	O
project	O
was	O
GNOME	B-Application
,	O
which	O
tackled	O
the	O
same	O
issue	O
from	O
a	O
different	O
angle	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
It	O
aimed	O
to	O
make	O
a	O
replacement	O
for	O
KDE	B-Application
that	O
had	O
no	O
dependencies	O
on	O
proprietary	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
The	O
Harmony	B-Library
project	O
did	O
n't	O
make	O
much	O
progress	O
,	O
but	O
GNOME	B-Application
developed	O
very	O
well	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
Eventually	O
,	O
the	O
proprietary	B-Application
component	O
that	O
KDE	B-Application
depended	O
on	O
(	O
Qt	B-Language
)	O
was	O
released	O
as	O
free	B-Application
software	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNOME	B-Application
has	O
since	O
dissociated	O
itself	O
from	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
and	O
the	B-Operating_System
Free	I-Operating_System
Software	I-Operating_System
Foundation	I-Operating_System
;	O
and	O
is	O
now	O
independently	O
managed	O
by	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
Project	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNU	B-Operating_System
Enterprise	O
(	O
GNUe	O
)	O
is	O
a	O
meta-project	O
started	O
in	O
1996	O
,	O
and	O
can	O
be	O
regarded	O
as	O
a	O
sub-project	O
of	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNUe	O
's	O
goal	O
is	O
to	O
create	O
free	B-Application
"	O
enterprise-class	O
data-aware	O
applications	O
"	O
(	O
enterprise	O
resource	O
planners	O
,	O
etc	O
.	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
GNUe	O
is	O
designed	O
to	O
collect	O
Enterprise	O
software	O
for	O
the	B-Operating_System
GNU	I-Operating_System
system	I-Operating_System
in	O
a	O
single	O
location	O
(	O
much	O
like	O
the	O
GNOME	B-Application
project	O
collects	O
Desktop	O
software	O
)	O
.	O
</s>
<s>
In	O
2001	O
,	O
the	B-Application
GNU	I-Application
Project	I-Application
received	O
the	O
USENIX	O
Lifetime	O
Achievement	O
Award	O
for	O
"	O
the	O
ubiquity	O
,	O
breadth	O
,	O
and	O
quality	O
of	O
its	O
freely	O
available	O
redistributable	O
and	O
modifiable	O
software	O
,	O
which	O
has	O
enabled	O
a	O
generation	O
of	O
research	O
and	O
commercial	O
development	O
"	O
.	O
</s>
